Lecture 5

Clauses
Saadia Mahmood ul Hassan
Department of Sports Sciences &Physical Education
Faculty of Allied Health Science
University of Lahore
 Clauses
Identifying adjective,
adverb, and noun
clauses in a sentence.
 PHRASE VS. CLAUSE

• A clause is a group of related words

containing a subject and a verb.

• It is different from a phrase in that a

phrase does not include a subject
and a verb relationship.
 IndEPEndEnt CLAUSES
 A clause that can stand by itself and
still make sense.
 It can be its OWN sentence, or be
part of a larger one:
 Jerry wants to be the quarterback
this week. (simple sentence)
 Jerry wants to be the quarterback
this week, but Jimmy thinks he will
be. (compound sentence)
 IndEPEndEnt CLAUSES
• By a comma and little conjunction (a nd,
but, or, nor, for, yet, and someti mes s o).
• By a semicolon, by itself.
• By a semicolon accompanied by a
conjunctive adverb (s uch as h ow ever,
moreover, nevertheles s , as a result,
consequently, etc.).
 And, of course, independent clauses are
often not connected by punctuation at all
but are separated by a period.
 SUboRdInAtE CLAUSES
• A clause that cannot stand by itself.
• It depends on something else, an
independent clause, for its meaning.
• A subordinate clause trying to stand
by itself would be a
sentence fragment.
• Subordinate clauses are sometimes
called dependent clauses.
 SUboRdInAtE CLAUSES
 Examples:
 While the kangaroo crossed the
road, the tourists stayed inside
their cars.
 The man who is coaching that team
is my father.
a
 What the team needs now is
championship!
Subordinate clauses can act as
adjectives, adverbs or nouns.
 USIng CommAS wItH CLAUSES
TWO TYPES ~~~ Essential vs.
Nonessential
 Essential = necessary, no commas
 Nonessential = extra info, use
commas

om
o
m
 Every player who hits a home run
receives a trophy. (Essential, no
commas)
 The players, who vary in age from
eight to twelve, wear blue
 AdjECtIVE CLAUSE
 Subordinate clause
 Modifies a noun or
pronoun
 B egins with a relative
pronoun
 RELAtIVE PRonoUnS
 Who/whoever
 Whom/whomever
 whose
 which
 What/whatever
 that
 where and when
(sometimes )
 AdjECtIVE CLAUSE ExAmPLES
 Men who are in the cooking
contest should know how to
make chili.
 Biology is the course that my
uncle teaches.

Watch Out ~ for the understood

“that”!
AdVERb CLAUSES
 Subordinate clause
 Modifies a verb, adverb or
adjective
 Tells:
 how, when, where, why, to what

extent and under what condition.

 Introduced by a subordinating
conjunction
 SUboRdInAtIng ConjUnCtIonS

after as though since when

although because so that whenever
as before than where
as if even though though
wherever
as long as if unless
whether
as soon as in order that until while

** There is also a list in your packet.

 AdVERb CLAUSE ExAmPLES

Because it was raining, we

came inside. (Intro. Adverb Clause
- IAC)

We went to the football game

after we ate dinner. (Regular
Order Adverb Clause-ROAC)
 noUn CLAUSES
 A noun clause is a
subordinate clause that
fu nctions as a noun.

 It can do anything a noun

can do:
 Subject, Predicate
Nominative, Direct Object,
 noUn CLAUSES
 Words that introduce noun clauses
are:
 How, if, that, what, whatever, when,
where, whether, which, who, whoever,
whom, whomever, whose, why
 Examples:
 The big question is whether he’ll finish
the marathon.
Everyone knows that Tim runs
at least a mile every day.
 don’t foRgEt tHE PoSItIon RULES!

• If the clause begins the sentence=

• Adverb or Noun
• If the clause follows a noun=
• usually Adjective
• If the clause follows the v e r b =
• Adverb or Noun
Subordinate clauses which allow us to add information
about people or things we are talking to, without a need
to repeat the name
e.g. That is the playground. The playground was built on
the main road.
That is the playground which was built on the main road.
• Relative clauses are introduced just after the
antecedent and are introduced by a pronoun or
a relative adverb.
• The most frequent ones are:
• who; whom; which; that (only in defining
relative clauses) and relative adverbs:
• where; when; why.
you write whom for people and which for
things, but it is more common to place
prepositions at the end of the sentence(and it is
more usual in spoken English).
• e.g. This is the player about whom you were asking
me.
• This is the athlete who you were asking me
Activity
• Choose the correct
relative pronoun or
relative adverb.
An actress is a
woman plays in films or
theatre plays.
Who,which.when whoever
This is the time of the
year many people
suffer from hay fever.
Which,who,whome,when
A playground is a
place cricket teams
play cricket.
Where,when,whibch,who
This is the
player mother is from
Canada.
Which,whenever,whosoev
er
Answers
• 1. The cyclist who won the race trained hard.
• 2. The pants that I bought yesterday are already stained.
• 3. The four team leaders, whomever the committee selects, will be at
tomorrow’s meeting.
• 4. Spaghetti, which we eat at least twice a week, is one of my family’s
favorite meals.
• 5. Where did you buy the dress what you wore last week?
• 6. The book, when it was finally returned, was torn and stained.
• 7. The store on the corner, where we usually buy all of our art
supplies, burned to the ground
Activity
BCCI aim for Pakistan snub at
ICC moot
NEW DELHI: The Indian cricket board (BCCI) is aiming to snub
Pakistan at the two-day ICC meeting which is scheduled to be held in
Singapore from December 7, trying its best to keep Pakistan out of the
six nations it will play during the upcoming World Test Championship.
The BCCI duo comprising its CEO Rahul Johri and acting secretary
Amitabh Chaudhary are supposed to attend the ICC meeting and will
also look to correct what current regime terms as a ‘flawed’ Future
Tours Programme.
“The ICC knows the ground realities and especially
chairman Shashank Manoharas who was BCCI
president sometime back. We can’t play Pakistan as it is
Indian government’s prerogative to allow us play them
in a bilateral series,” a senior BCCI official said on
Saturday.
REFRENCES

Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A. J.
Thomson and A. V. Martinet. Exercises 1.
Third edition. Oxford University Press.
1997. ISBN 0194313492
2. Practical English Grammar by A. J.
Thomson and A. V. Martinet. Exercises 2.
Third edition. Oxford University Press.
1997. ISBN 0194313506
3. Improve your Written English by Marion
Field, Published by How to Content, UK,
2009.
4. Grammar rules by Mary s. schatz, Garlic
press, USA, 2005.
5. Grammar in use by Raymond Murphy
Cambridge university press. UK, 1989.