Anwer1.

Chapter

a) The amount of product produced from reactant per unit time is called the rate of reaction.
b) If a solid substance converts to gaseous substance due to application of heat and converts to
solid directly due to cooling, then the substance is called sublimative or volatile substance.
Naphthalene does not turn liquid if heat is applied. Instead it vaporizes. That’s why it is a
sublimative or volatile substance.
c)

Anwer2. Chapter

a) The gram molecular mass or mole number of the solute presented in each liter of solution at
constant temperature is called the molarity of the solution
b) Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is a polar compound because, the difference of electronegativity of oxygen
and hydrogen is greater that's why the bonding pair electron attracted by oxygen and creates
partial positive and negative charges.
c) P is the lightest element of halogen group. So P is Fluorine (9). Now 9-4=5. Boron is the element
with 5 electron. The electronic configuration of Boron and fluorine are in excited state,

5 B =1s22s22p1

B*=1s22s12px12py1

9F=1s22s22p5

Boron share electron with 3 fluorine atoms to fill the octet of fluorine but boron does not obey the
octet rule. In boron trifluoride there are three bond pair electrons. And in outer shell of the boron
there are 6 electrons that means deficit of electron to contain the nearest noble gas structure.
That's why boron tri fluoride covalent bond forms which is an exception of octet rule.

d) 9-5=4, Beryllium is the element with 4 electrons. So P, Q, R indicates Fluorine (F), Boron (B),
Beryllium (Be).
 F, B and Be all are in the second period of periodic table. In the same period, by increasing atomic
number the size of the elements are decreasing. Fluorine, Boron, Beryllium all are in the same
period. So the order of atomic radius is

Beryllium (R)> Boron (Q) > Fluorine (P)

When the atomic radius is less, the electron affinity is greater and vice-versa. So order of electron
affinity will be just the opposite of atomic radius

Fluorine (P)> Boron (Q) > Beryllium (R)

So the three elements of stem don’t maintain the same order of atomic radius and electron affinity.

Fig (i) reaction

2HCl +CaCO3=CaCl2+CO2 (A) +H2O

So the salt is Calcium chloride and its acidic part is chloride ion

H2O is kept in beaker B. CO2 reaches to beaker B produced

from CaCO3 A by beaker on heating. By dissolving with water

CO2 produces a weak acid H2CO3 or carbonic acid.

Carbonic acid is a weak acid. It is partially ionised: H2CO3 (aq)

 2H+

(aq) + CO3

2 (aq)

Because of partial ionization the amount of H+ ion is less in

aqueous solution of H2CO3. The range of pH of weak acids is

generally from > 3 to < 7.

So, the range of pH of H2CO3 is from > 4 to < 6.

Anwer3. Chapter

a) Metals, nonmetals, metalloids and their compounds found from mines are called mineral
b) Electric conductor means material can pass electricity through that it. To pass electricity any
material needs to have free electron in its structure. Cu needs very low energy to introduce free
electron movement in its structure. That’s why Cu is a good electric conductor.
c) 2NH4Cl+CaO= 2NH3+CaCl2+H2O .So X is Ammonia (NH3). Electron configuration of Nitrogen(N)
and Hydrogen(H) are
1 1 1
N=1s22s22 p x 2 p y 2 pz

H= 1s1
In ammonia molecule Nitrogen atoms share one of their electrons from outermost energy level with
one electron of H atom. Thus N-H covalent bonds are created. In this way Nitrogen shares 3 electron
with hydrogen atom to from three N-H bonds. Pair of electrons positions itself in between the two
nucleuses of the two atoms.

In the NH3 molecule, one pair or 2 electrons of N atom didn’t participate in any bonding. So there is
one lone pair electron in NH3.

d) Y is Calcium Chloride (CaCl2).

Metal extraction process from CaCl2 and Zinc blend (ZnS) is not same. Ca is a highly reactive metal
whereas Zn is medium standard reactive metal. Extraction of Calcium is done through electrolysis.
For zinc it is done through carbon reduction.

In case of ZnS crushing is done after extracting from mine. Then for converting condensed ores to
oxides roasting is applied which is quite usual for sulfide ores.

2ZnS+ 3O2 = 2ZnO + 2SO2

Metal is then extracted by heating carbon along with metallic oxide.

In purification of Calcium by electrolysis, the impure metal of Ca used as anode a rod of the same
metal in pure form is used as cathode. The salt solution of Ca is used as electrolytic solution. Thus
highly reactive metal extraction is done.

So metal extraction process from CaCl 2 and Zinc blend (ZnS) is not same.

a) The attractive force by which the metal atoms are bonded together is called metallic bond
b) The polymer which is formed in addition polymerization reaction is called an addition polymer.
Polythene is produced when ethene is heated in presence of a little amount of oxygen at 1000
atmosphere pressure and 200°C temperature.

Here ethene molecules directly connected to one another and form a long-chained polymer. That’s
why polythene is called additional polymer.

c) Pond water contains lime stone (CaCO3). Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of higher organic
acid. Sodium stearate (C17H35COONa) is the sodium salt of stearic acid. It is used in soap. When
we use this soap in water containing lime stone, so long calcium salt remains in the water, it
does not produce any foam, only the soap is decayed.
2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ ----------------------- ► (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+
That’s why soap are not producing foam in pond.

d) 1st incident of the stem is due to environment pollution. When lots of industries are built, they
produce huge amount of industrial disposals which pollutes the environment. Different
industries dispose different kinds of heavy metal such as chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg),
and cadmium (Cd) as industrial effluent. These heavy metals or effluents enter soil and water.
They also enter the plants that grow on this soil. Again a huge quantity of caustic soda (NaOH)
emit from soap and detergent factories into soil and water. These toxic materials decreases the
fertility of land. Moreover leaves of plants fade in color due to presence of heavy metal in land.
So the 1st incident of stem is due industrial pollution.