Project Title Dept.

of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of the Proposed System

Data transmission using optical wireless has been identified as a technology that can be
utilized for communications in critical environments, such as aircrafts or hospitals, where
radio frequency (RF)-based transmissions are usually prohibited or refrained to avoid
interference with critical systems. Moreover, a huge amount of unregulated bandwidth is
available at infrared and visible light frequencies. Researchers around the world are fine-
tuning technologies that use standard lighting equipment to cheaply transmit high-speed data
streams wirelessly, even while the equipment appears to be producing nothing more than
normal illumination. Generally, the technologies rapidly and subtly fluctuate the intensity of
light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, in a way that is imperceptible to the human eye. The idea of
using light to send information, a field now known as visible light communications, has been
around for well over a century. In fact, Alexander Graham Bell sent a wireless phone
message in 1880 using his invention known as the Photo phone. But academic and
commercial interest in visible light communication has accelerated in recent years. The
increasing popularity of LED lights, which can be more finely controlled than traditional
incandescent bulbs, makes light-based technology more practical and economical. Also, the
exponentially growing demand of wireless communication devices has taxed radio spectrum,
resulting in a need to find alternatives.

Li-Fi is transmission of data through illumination by taking the fiber out of fiber optics by
sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can
follow. Li-Fi is the term some have used to label the fast and cheap wireless-communication
system, which is the optical version of Wi-Fi. The term was first used in this context by
Harald Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. At the heart of this
technology is a new generation of high brightness light-emitting diodes, says Harald Haas
from the University of Edinburgh, UK. Very simply, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital
1, if it‘s off you transmit a 0.Haas says, They can be switched on and off very quickly, which
gives nice opportunities for transmitted data. It is possible to encode data in the light by
varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and
0s.The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that human eye cannot notice, so the output
appears constant. More sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rate.
Terms at the University of Oxford and the University of Edingburgh are focusing on parallel
data transmission using array of LEDs, where each LED transmits a different data stream.
Other group are using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light frequency
encoding a different data channel. Li-Fi, as it has been dubbed, has already achieved

1
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

blisteringly high speed in the lab. Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin,
Germany have reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per second using a standard white-
light LED. The technology was demonstrated at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show in Las
Vegas using a pair of Casio smart phones to exchange data using light of varying intensity
given off from their screens, detectable at a distance of up to ten metres In October 2011 a
number of companies and industry groups formed the Li-F Consortium, to promote high-
speed optical wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount of radio based wireless
spectrum available by exploiting a completely different part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The consortium believes it is possible to achieve more than 10Gbps, theoretically allowing a
high-definition film to be downloaded in 30 seconds.

History of Li-Fi
• Graham Bell(1880) -Photophone. He demonstrated the photophone(radio phone).
which transmitted speech on modulated sunlight over several hundred meters.

• Nakagawa laboratory (2003)- Transmission with LEDs.

• Visible Light Communications Consortium (VLCC) Released Visible Light

Communication Standard Based on IrDA Core Specification in 2003

• Jan 2010: researchers from Siemens and Fraunhofer Institute of Telecomm.

demonstrated transmission at 500mbps

• December 2010: St. Cloud Minnesota

• July 2011: live demonstration was presented

• December 2011: 802.15.7 as Visible Light Communication standard by IEEE

1.2 Motivation
The extensive usage of devices, which is increasing the shortage of the radio wave spectrum,
may lead to a situation where the demand is higher than the supply. Visible Light
assimilates an enormous reservation of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum that
is 10,000 times the radio frequency spectrum. Light-Fidelity technology is less costly,
compared to Wireless-Fidelity, since it is based using on low-cost Light-emitting-diodes
(LED) as transmitters in addition to other low-priced electronics. Replacing radio waves
based systems with Li-Fi technology will decrease the cost of the system by a factor of
10[1]. Light Fidelity, which is based on visible light communication, can replace radio
frequencies in a wide range of applications to increase the efficiency of data transferal

2
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

and energy usage. The preeminent objective of this research is to increase the practicality and
efficiency of Wireless Fidelity based applications by exploiting cost effective
optical communication systems (Li-Fi).

1.3 Objectives
In this day and age, wireless communication has become as common as electricity. We use it
in our everyday lives for various purposes. Mainly for wireless communication we use
Wi-Fi, sometimes Bluetooth. However, there are circumstances where Wi-Fi is not entirely
possible or recommended. One of such cases is sending files wirelessly. Sometimes you may
need to share files with a large group of people in a room, such as in an exam which is taken
on computers, or in a conference. Although it is possible to send it using Wi-Fi, security
would be an issue, as radio waves can be intercepted and hacked. It is also highly impractical
to share it using wired means, as it would cause inconvenience and waste time. Therefore,
using the new and rising technology of Li-Fi would be the best solution. It can be used to
send data using visible light wirelessly in a secure fashion, and it is also cheap to implement.

3
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

1.4 Background

1.4.1 Li-Fi Vs Wi-Fi

1.4.2 Misconceptions about Li-Fi

Li-Fi is a new technology developed by Harald Haas. Not many know of it as of yet,
so it’s only natural that there would be some myths about it flying around. Following
are some of the most common misconceptions about Light Fidelity:

1. The light flickers: this might be the most common myth about Li-Fi. When people
learn of the idea of sending data in 0s and 1s, by turning the LED on and off rapidly,
they imagine that the LEDs will flicker on and off, being a hindrance. In fact, that is
not the case, although it is not entirely incorrect. It is true that the LED flickers on
and off, but it does so in such high speeds, that it is impossible to notice with the
human eye (although still possible for a machine to notice). To the onlooker, it will
seem as though the LED is constantly turned on.

2. The light needs to be turned on at all times: this is another myth that is true to a
certain extent. Since Li-Fi needs visible light to transfer data, it is true that the LED
must remain on to keep the transmission going. However, LEDs can be dimmed
down until they are so low, to the human eye it looks like it is turned off, but the
receiver can still detect it.

4
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

3. Other light sources, such as sunlight, can cause interference: Li-Fi works by
turning the LED on to transmit a digital 1 and off for a 0. That is why, its natural to
believe that if there are other light sources, such as sunlight, it could cause the
receiver to believe that a constant digital 1 is being transmitted. In fact, that is not the
case. By going through a process of optical filtering, which is fairly simple, extra
unwanted sources of light can be filtered out so that there is no interference.

4. Li-Fi can only be used in one direction: some may believe that transmitting in both
directions using Li-Fi is not possible as the uplink and downlink transmissions may
interfere with each other, but that is incorrect. Uplink and downlink can be separated
from each other by using different wavelengths to transmit, or various other methods.

1.5 Impact Statements

1.5.1 Economic Impact Statement

Li-Fi technology is a low-cost alternative to the available base stations which
have power consumption that reaches up to a multiple of Giga-watts. Base
station are not just costly, they are also considered non-efficient in terms of
energy consumption. Li-Fi technology will reduce the number and the cost of
requisite base stations significantly as it is based on cheap low-cost Light
Emitting Diodes LED as transmitters, though it cannot replace them
completely yet. If the available infrastructure and ordinary off-shelf light
sources are replaced with Li-Fi Light emitting diodes LED, hot-spots can be
provided for users in indoor systems.

1.5.2 Social Impact Statement

Wireless communication has become a necessity as electricity nowadays.
Human being requires its services for meeting the demands of their everyday
lives. Mainly for wireless communication, Wi-Fi is used and the consumption
is increasing at high rates leading to a shortage in the bandwidths that can be
reserved and provided for each application. Thus, Li-Fi has come to stand
alongside with Wi-Fi for reducing the pressure on the radio wave spectrum
considering the huge reservoir of unused frequencies of visible light that is
10,000 times the radio wave spectrum. A combination of wave lengths can be
utilized for providing users with diversified potential speeds. In addition to
that, Li-Fi can guarantee for users that no one outside the room can hack the
data that they send through Li-Fi, since light signals cannot penetrate walls.

5
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

1.5.3 Environment Impact Statement

Li-Fi is an optical wireless communication that uses light to transmit data,

which make it a green wireless communication. It does not lead to any
electronic waste as it needs only few various pieces of equipment that are not
significantly expensive and available to public. It requires only a LED bulb
and a photo detector or a solar cell. If a solar cell is utilized, any energy
consumption will not be required; hence, it will not affect the environment.
Li-Fi can equip people with an alternative for Wi-Fi, which can provide them
a network for exchanging data with potential speeds that are faster than Wi-Fi.
Moreover, Li-Fi does not have adverse effects on our health, since it uses light
unlike RF wave systems that are hazardous to our health.

1.6 Expected Outcomes:

1.7 Organization of the report:

Contents of each chapter and report organizations is to be included briefly.

6
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 [1] Title: Smart Parking Information System Exploiting Visible Light
communication.

Abstract- In this paper, we propose a smart parking information system exploiting

visible light communication (VLC) technology to help drivers getting the real-time
parking information as well as direction guide. By providing accurate information on
available parking spaces, drivers save time and fuel and increase efficiency of the
parking process. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is validated through
experiments in an indoor environment.

Authors- Nammoon Kim, Changqiang Jing, Biao Zhou and Youngok Kim.

Year and Publication- IJSN 2014.

Technology used- A novel smart parking information system exploiting the real-time
parking information as well as the direction guide. In the parking entrance, VLC
module of safety bar, ground or ceiling and head light or installed VLC module in
car are communicating. In this process, the vehicle and light module of celling
exchange number of vehicle and ID of light. Thus, the smart parking lot system can
guide the driver to the nearest empty parking space by using direction indicator
based on location information of vehicles. Digital encodings such as Non Return to
Zero (NRZ), Return to Zero (RZ), Manchester encoding for data transmission.
Merits- Low Pass Filter (LPF) was applied to eliminate external noise and light from
other light source.

Demerits- Reception ratio is rapidly decreased after 1.7m. Overlapping part is

generated because of the position and intensity angle.

2.2 [2] Title: Reading Lamp-Based Visible Light Communication System for Inflight
Entertainment.

Abstract- This paper explores the use of a reading lamp as an access point for a
Visible Light Communication (VLC) downlink channel. We have established an
infrared uplink channel based on a network adapter, supporting both a VLC receiver
and an infrared emitter. The optical signal power distribution over the passenger area
has been also studied using a Monte Carlo Ray-Tracing algorithm. The hardware
implementation and testing results are also presented.

Authors- C. Quintana, V. Guerra, J. Rufo, J. Rabadan and R. Perez-Jimenez.

7
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

Year and publication- IEEE MARCH 2013.

Technology used- In this paper we propose a full optical wireless strategy for
passenger connectivity in planes during flight. It uses a VLC system as a downlink,
while an infrared link provides the uplink channel. A network adapter was introduced
to improve the performance. And also OOK and PPM provides better performance
against AWGN. Using Ethernet as a distribution network inside the aircraft and the
use of a Power over Ethernet (PoE) system to feed them up, and so the shielded
twisted pair cable will be used to power the lamps.

Merits- Use of optical lenses for collimating the light beam in the passenger’s table.
A simulation based on a Monte Carlo-Ray tracing algorithm has been performed in
order to calculate the signal to noise ratio at different points of the user’s table.

Demerits- OOK does not guarantee the absence of flickering and both of them
(OOK and PPM) have lower spectral efficiency.

2.3 [3] Title: Design of an Integrated Optical Receiver for Mobile Visible Light
Communications.

Abstract- This paper presents a project to design and implement, an optical receiver
system for a visible light communications (VLC). The link is capable of receiving
on-off keying non-return zero data (OOK NRZ) at speeds up to 10 Mbit/s and it be
interfaced with a PC, Notebook or mobile phone through a USB 2.0 port. The paper
shows the practical implementation and the experiment results of the designed
receiver.

Authors- A. Burton, C. Amiot, H. Le Minh and Z. Ghassemlooy.

Year and publication- 2011 PGNet.

Technology used - This paper presents the design and analysis of a mobile VLC
receiver with an interface for a PC or Note Book via the USB 2.0 port capable of
receiving OOK NRZ data at 10Mbit/s error free. The Band-pass filter is required to
remove the high frequency components of the signal above the required 10 MHz
level as signals above this will contribute towards the noise. The next stage of the
receiver will be to realize the band-pass filter and connect the FT232R USB UART
I.C. This will enable full connectivity to a PC or Notebook.

Merits- The received arbitrary OOK NRZ data (length 210-1) at speeds of 1, 2, 3
and 4 Mbit/s after the TIA. The eyes are clear thus show error free performance.

Demerits- The ‘bottle-neck’ to the system currently restricting the bandwidth is tied
to the unequalized modulation bandwidth of the LED.

8
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

2.4 [4] Title: A Study on Realization of Visible Light Communication System for
Power Line Communication Using 8-bit Microcontroller.

Abstract- To solve the problems of the current wireless communications system, a

visible light communications system for power line communication (PLC) via 8-bit
Micro controller is created and the capacity is analyzed. The exclusive PLC chip
PLC-485MA, an 8-bit ATmega16 microcontroller, high brightness 5pi light emitting
diodes (LEDs), and the LLS08-A1 visible light-receiving sensor were used for the
transmitter and receiver.

Authors- Ji-Hun Yun, Geun-Bin Hong, and Yong-kab Kim.

Year and Publication- 2010 KIEEME.

Technology used- Visible light communication technology, which has gotten notice
as a next generation communication technology, is particularly attractive for home
networks. Among the technologies, the visible light communication system is
designed and brought into a network using PLC to study application of the LED
system that is necessarily relevant for living.

Merits- The voltage loss of the green LED is 1.46 V, and the voltage loss of the blue
LED is 0.47 V, which shows the best performance among the LEDs.

Demerits- At a distance of 50 cm, the voltage was 3.26 V, so that 1.06 V was
confirmed as the voltage loss.

9
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

10
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

Chapter 3
Design of the Proposed System
3.1 Introduction
It is quite often that traveler travelling to remote areas find it difficult to get onto the right
path. The problem grows up during night, due to lack of visibility, non-functioning of GPS
since not everywhere on the highway we find the mobile networks which can be used for
navigation. At that time if there is another mean which can provide the traveler with the right
pathway and location, it will surely reduce the panic and encourage more travelers to take the
road trip. Thus, to tackle with this problem, we propose to install Li-Fi in the streetlights. Li-
Fi (light fidelity technology) is the recent technology that emerged in the Field of wireless
communication.

There are many researches are going in these fields such as: “Li-Fi the path to a new way of
communication”. These units have microcontrollers having data previously stored in it (i.e.
direction indications). As soon as a vehicle comes in the range of the visible light of these
poles, it transmits the data to that vehicle. The available information gets displayed on the
LCD installed with receiver in the vehicle. This Li-Fi based highway navigation system
where the LEDs that are used in streetlights for illumination purpose will also be providing
the travelers with the information of the present location and all the divergence ahead. This
project has a very wide scope in near future as it can help setup outdoor as well as indoor
navigation system. The main idea of our paper is to create a navigation system for the areas
like highways and broad-lanes to create automatic navigation for the travelers using Li-Fi
technology. This will revolutionize the highway routing as it become a better alternative to
GPS system.

In order to understand the limitations imposed by the medium where Li-Fi is used, we have
studied the nature of light and the possible impediments in these environments through
literature review of preceding related researches. Through literature review, we have also
obtained the requisite knowledge about the working principle of Li-Fi, which helped in
establishing the file-sending protocol that we developed. Establishing the file sending
protocol formed the basis from which the design of the Li-Fi based application was initiated.

11
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

3.2 Block Diagram of the proposed system

Figure 3.1 Block diagram of the proposed system

3.3 Model Design

3.3.1 Led Vs Laser

specification Light Emitting Diode Laser Diode
Working It emits light by spontaneous It emits light by stimulated
operation emission. emission.
Output power Emitted light power is relatively Output power is high (Few mW to
low, Linearly proportional to GW) , Proportional to current
drive current above the threshold
Bias/Current It requires small applied bias and It requires high driving power and
operates under relatively low high injected current density is
current densities. needed.
Output pattern Higher Lower
Ease of use Easier Harder
Lifetime Longer Long
Spectral width Wider, 25 to 100 nm Narrower, <10-5 to 5 nm
(10 to 50 THz) (<1 MHz to 2 MHz)
Eye Safety Generally considered eye-safe Must be rendered eye-safe,
especially for λ < 1400 nm
Cost Low Moderate to High

12
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

3.3.2 LDR Vs Photodiode

Features Photoresistor Photodiode
Directional No, Photoresistor is sensitive to Yes, Photodiode is sensitive to
incident light from anywhere in incident light from particular
front of it. direction and insensitive from other
directions.
Cost Less More
Resistance change No change in resistance for light Effective resistance varies with
with applied intensity regardless of applied applied voltage
voltage voltage i.e. it remains same.

3.3.3 8051 Vs PIC Vs AVR Vs ARM

8051 PIC AVR ARM

Bus width 8-bit for standard 8/16/32-bit 8/32-bit 32-bit
core mostly also
available in
64-bit
Communicatio UART, PIC, UART, UART, USART, UART,
n Protocols USART,SPI,I2C USART, LIN, SPI, I2C, USART,
CAN, Ethernet, (special purpose LIN, I2C,
SPI, I2S AVR support SPI, CAN,
CAN, USB, USB,
Ethernet) Ethernet,
I2S, DSP,
SAI, IrDA
Speed 12 Clock/instruction 4 1 clock/ 1 clock/
cycle Clock/instructio instruction cycle instruction
n cycle cycle
Memory ROM, SRAM, FLAS SRAM, FLASH Flash, SRAM, Flash,
H EEPROM SDRAM,
EEPROM
ISA CLSC Some feature of RISC RISC
RISC
Memory Von Neumann Harvard Modified Modified
Architecture architecture architecture Harvard
architecture
Power Average Low Low Low
Consumption
Families 8051 variants PIC16,PIC17, Tiny, Atmega, ARMv4,5,6,
PIC18, PIC24, Xmega, special 7 and series
PIC32 purpose AVR

13
 Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

Community Vast Very Good Very Good Vast

Manufacturer NXP, Atmel, Silicon Microchip Atmel Apple,
Labs, Dallas, Cyprus, Average Nvidia,
Infineon, etc. Qualcomm,
Samsung
Electronics,
and TI etc.
         Cost  Very Low Average Average Low
Other Feature Known for its Cheap Cheap, effective High speed
Standard operation

Vast

 
Popular AT89C51, P89v51, PIC18fXX8, Atmega8, 16, LPC2148,
Microcontroller etc. PIC16f88X, 32, Arduino ARM
s PIC32MXX Community Cortex-M0
to ARM
Cortex-M7,
etc.

14
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

3.4 Specifications of the proposed system

3.4.1 Components

1]

3.3 Design of various blocks of the system

3.3.1 Hardware Design

1. Power supply design

2. Design and interfacing of various blocks of the system

3. Schematic design of project

4. PCB layout

Chapter 4
SIMULATION AND TESTING
4.1 Introduction

4.2 Hardware Testing

Testing Methodology, Individual block testing

PCB testing

4.3 Software Testing

Simulation procedures with results / waveforms

15
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

Testing should include observation and simulation, observations using statistical data
with evidence in terms of photos of testing.

All the results and solutions obtained by carrying out project work may be written
qualitatively and quantitatively in detail.

16
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

Chapter 5
RESULT ANALYSIS, CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE
SCOPES
5.1 Introduction

5.2 Result Analysis

Result analysis in sentences from the observations or result obtained after testing of the
proposed system

5.3 Conclusions
4 to 5 sentences.

5.4 Future Scopes

17
 Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

References
References should be in IEEE format see

https://ieee-dataport.org/sites/default/files/analysis/27/IEEE%20Citation%20Guidelines.pdf

For example:
[1] S. Chen,L. Hanzo, N.N. Ahmad, and A. Wolfgang “Adaptive minimum bit error rate beam
forming assisted QPSK receiver,” Proc. IEEE International Conference on
Communications, June,2004, Paris, France.

18
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

APPENDIX
1. Plagiarism Report
2. Time Management Table
3. Financial Management (BOM) Table
4. Important datasheets if any

19
Project Title Dept. of E&TC, PVG’s COET, Pune

20