Bagas Aulia Rahman

02311640000001
Tugas 7 mekanika fluida

Major and minor loss in pipe, tubes and duct systems

The head loss of a pipe, tube or duct system, is the same as that produced in a straight pipe or
duct whose length is equal to the pipes of the original systems plus the sum of the equivalent
lengths of all the components in the system. This can be expressed as

hloss = Σ hmajor_losses + Σ hminor_losses (1)

where

hloss = total head loss in the pipe or duct system

hmajor_losses = major loss due to friction in the pipe or duct system

hminor_losses = minor loss due to the components in the system

• Major Head Loss - head loss or pressure loss - due to friction in pipes and ducts.
• Minor Head Loss - head loss or pressure loss - due to components as valves, bends, tees
and the like in the pipe or duct system.

Summarized Major Losses

The major head loss for a single pipe or duct can be expressed as:

hmajor_loss = λ (l / dh) (v2 / 2 g) (2)

where

hloss = head loss (m, ft)

λ = Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient

l = length of duct or pipe (m)

dh = hydraulic diameter (m)

v = flow velocity (m/s, ft/s)

g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2, ft/s2)

Note! - the head unit is with reference to the density of the flowing fluid. For other units - like
mm Water Column - check Velocity Pressure Head.

Summarized Minor Losses

Minor head loss can be expressed as:

hminor_loss = ξ v2/ 2 g (3)

where

ξ = minor loss coefficient

Since the velocity - v - in equation (2) in general is related to the pipe or duct where the
component is located, the sum of the minor losses in a pipe or duct can be expressed as:

Σ hminor_losses = Σ ξ (v2/ 2 g) (4)

The minor loss can be calculated by summarizing the minor loss coefficients - and multiplying
the sum with the dynamic pressure head.

Total Head Loss in a Single Pipe or Duct

The total head loss for a single pipe can be calculated by using equation (1) and (3):

hloss_single = λ (l / dh) (v2 / 2 g) + Σ ξ v2/ 2 g (5)

or

hloss_single = (λ (l / dh) + Σ ξ ) (v2/ 2 g) (6)

Total Head Loss in Serial Connected Pipes

The total head loss in several serial connected pipes can be calculated by adding the total head
loss in each pipe or duct. The total head loss can be expressed as:

hloss_serial = Σ [(λ1 (l1 / dh1) + Σ ξ1) (v12/ 2 g) + .. + λn (ln / dhn) + Σ ξn) (vn2/ 2
g)] (7)

for 1 to n serial connected pipes

Pipa 1, 2, dan 3 mempunyai panjang dan diameter masing-masing sebagai berikut300 m dan300
mm, 150 m dan200 mm, serta 250 m dan250 mm, terbuat dari besi cor baru mengalirkan air pada
temperatur 15oC. Jik aΔz=10m,hitung debit aliran dari A ke B.

Pipa besi cor: Koefisien kekasaran pipa diasumsikan masing-

masing f1= 0.019, f2= 0.021, dan f3= 0.020
Losses :