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7.3.5 Prestress
Text Output
The text output for tendon forces is shown below and gives the following information:
1. Tendon extension: the expected extension of the each strand in the tendon after allowing for anchorage and
duct friction and anchorage draw-in.
2. Tendon size data: 3 - 5/12.7: 3 tendons make up of 5 strands of 12.7mm diameter strand. For each
calculation point in each span of the tendon the following information is provided:
Graphical Output
The graphic output for tendon forces is shown below and gives the following information:
General information for each tendon:
1. Tendon extension: the expected extension of the each strand in the tendon after allowing for anchorage and
duct friction and anchorage draw-in.
2. Tendon size data: the
1. Number of Tendons:- 3 - 5/12.7: 3 tendons made up of 5 strands of 12.7mm diameter strand.
2. Spacing of Tendons:- 5/12.7@1000: tendons made up of 5 strands of 12.7mm diameter strand at
1000mm centres.
For each span The Average Service Force is plotted and a value is assigned to it at the centre of the span.
For each calculation point in each span of the tendon the following information is provided:
1. Transfer Strand: Force in a single strand at transfer, after all short term losses
2. Service Strand: Force in a single strand at service, after all short and long term losses
At points where a tendon does not exist in the frame, no values are plotted.
The cursor will show the values at a selected point on each of the curves.
Information Dialog
A typical Info dialog is shown below As well as the tendon extension and size data, at the selected point, for each
tendon it defines
Tendons that do not exist at this point will be shown with forces equal to 0.
The total prestress effect at each point is then the sum of the primary and secondary prestress moments at that
location.
Text Output
The tendon actions are divided into four groups in the text output. The table of output for each group is only created if
there is a force of that type induced in a specific run. The run we have used to generate the actions shown below is
different to the one have used for all of the other output explanations. The tendon profile and concrete elevation used
is shown below
For parabolic profiles, RAPT uses a uniformly distributed load to model the uplift from the prestress in each span/strip
calculated from the curvature of the upward parabola. It is calculated from the average prestress force within the
drape length in that span/strip. The downward distributed loads from the reverse parabolas are also represented by
distributed loads calculated from the curvature of the reverse parabolas. At the ends of tendons where the anchorage
is placed at an angle, the resulting force will be treated as a concentrated force.
Forces induced by point load profiles (harped tendons) are represented by a uniform force over the length of the
circular curve tangential to the 2 straight lines forming the harped shape.
If the centroid of the section slopes away from the point where a tendon ends, an axial force will be applied to account
for the difference in slope between the prestress force and the centroid.
The following information is shown for each distributed load for each tendon profile and strip.
The following information is shown for each concentrated load for each tendon profile and strip.
The following information is shown for each tendon profile and strip. It shows values for the left and right anchors of
the tendon: If there is eccentricity at only one end then the moment at the other end will be shown with a value of 0.
At any variation in cross section where the centroid of the concrete section steps or changes slope (ie the ends of drop
panels, steps, changing panel width from span to span, etc) there will be forces imposed by the prestress. If the
7.3.5.2 Frame Definition and Design: Tendon Actions 2
RAPT User Manual Copyright PCDC
change in section is sharp (a step), a bending moment will be generated, if a tapered change, a force couple will be
generated. Theory Section 16.1.3 describes the calculation of these forces.
The output screen lists all forces and moments that occur along the structure due to these changes in cross section.
The properties listed are:
1. Reference Column
2. Distance from Col: Defines the position of the force or moment from the column specified in 1.
3. Prestress Force: The average prestress force at the location. If in the middle of a span, then the average
value for the span is used. If near a column then the average force either side of the column is used.
4. Point Loads: Change of Slope: angle through which the centroid has deviated. (due to taper). A positive slope
infers that the surface has rotated in an anticlockwise direction in comparison with the previous surface slope.
5. Point Loads: Vertical Load: Load applied to the structure due to the angle change in the concrete centroid. A
positive force will result for a negative change in slope. A negative force is an upwards force.
6. Point Moments: Change of Centroid: the vertical step through which the centroid has deviated. A positive step
indicates that the centroid has moved downwards from the last centroid position.
7. Point Moments: Applied Moment: The resulting moment applied to the structure due to the step in the
centroid. A positive moment acts in a clockwise direction.
8. Transfer Factor: Factor applied to the effective moments and forces shown to give the transfer equivalent
forces and moments.
Graphical Output
The three groups of forces described above are displayed on 2 separate graphs.
The Forces From Tendon Profiles graph includes the forces and moments discussed in
The Forces from Changes in Section graph displays the forces and moments discussed in Forces from Changes in
Concrete Centroid above.
Note that the left scale is for distributed loads (kN/m in this case) and the right scale is for Point loads (kN in this
case). Point Moments are all drawn the same size as scaling these can often produce useless results for the user. Look
at the Information Dialog or the text output for values for these.
Information Dialog
To view the information describing any of the loads shown on these graphics views, open the Information Dialog from
the graphics toolbar , or press Ctrl + I, and then left click on a load to be viewed. While the dialog is in view, click
on any other load to view its information and the dialog data will be updated automatically.
1. tendon depth
2. centroid depth of the cross section
3. e = distance of the tendon from the centroid used to calculate P * e for the basic prestress moment
4. Peff = Effective prestress force
5. Mtotal = Moment caused at each section by the prestress forces (ie MTotal = Peff. e + Msec). This is
calculated from the analysis of the 7.3.5.2 Prestress Actions
6. Msec = The secondary Moment calculated at each cross section = MTotal - P * e.
7. Reaction: the resulting reaction from the secondary moment, Msec, at either end of this span.
8. Transfer Factor. The factor used to convert results from results at long term to results at the Transfer
condition.
No graphics output is available for this output file. Graphics output for the overall secondary moments Bending
Moment/Shear diagram is available in Bending Moments->Load Cases.
1. Calculate the moment and shear diagrams for each Primary Load Case (using a frame stiffness analysis) (ie
Self Weight, SDL, Prestress forces etc)
2. Calculates the moment and shear diagrams/envelopes for the Design Combinations (ie Ultimate, Deflection,
Shear etc).
Both Load Cases and Load Combinations may be defined by an 7.3.6.3 envelope of moments and shears if the Design
Combination is defined by more than one combination of Primary Load Cases, or if Live Load Patterning is requested or
a bending moment envelope is defined in input, or by a single 7.3.6.2 moment and shear diagram in other cases
NOTE: Column moments are given at the mid-depth of the intersecting concrete member. They have not been
reduced to the face of the intersecting concrete member
Pattern Loading
Only live loads which are defined in the load case whose Load Type is Live Load are considered for pattern loading.
Loads in any other case including Alternate Live Loads are not patterned. All loads defined in the Live Load case are
patterned including point loads and point moments. Distributed loads are internally converted to span loads so that
any loads that extend over more than one span RAPT will be reduced to span loads and can be patterned properly. If
the user does not wish some of the live loads to be patterned they should be placed in an extra load case (type :
7.2.4.1 Other Load). This case must then be added to the relevant load combinations by the user with the appropriate
factors.
Specific live load moment and shear envelopes have not been produced for the pattern load cases because the
requirements of several codes do not allow for the creation of an envelope independent of other loads such as dead
load.
Skip (pattern) live load logic is as follows for different design codes,
For AS3600.
For CP2004,
The dead load includes self weight and superimposed dead loads. These load cases are then
combined with the other load cases for ultimate strength with different dead load factors on
loaded and unloaded spans as required by these codes.
Text View
Moments are given for each column above and below the floor and reactions are given for each column. Moment and
shear values and the point location are listed at each calculation point in each span in each strip in the frame.
Graphics View
Separate diagrams are provided for bending moments and shears.
The support flexural critical section moments at or near the column face at each end of each span are identified on the
moment plot along with a span moment value. The location of the span moment value is the same for the plots of all
load cases and load combinations. It is determined by the location of the maximum span moment point (positive
moment in this case) in each span for the ultimate flexure bending moment diagram.
The shear critical section values near the column face at each end of each span are identified on the shear plot
When the cursor is showing at a selected point, the values of moment and shear at that point are shown.
Information Dialog
To view the information used to plot the curves on these graphics views, open the Information Dialog from the
graphics toolbar , or press Ctrl + I, and then left click on design location desired. While the dialog is in view, click
on any other point or move with the toolbar buttons or quick keys to view its information and the dialog data will be
updated automatically.
The dialog will list:
1. Location from left end of span (and to the right end of the span in brackets).
2. Moment at that point
3. Shear at that point.
Graphics View
Separate diagrams are provided for bending moments and shears.
The extreme support flexural critical section moments at or near the column face at each end of each span are
identified on the moment plot along with the extreme span moment value. The location of the span moment value is
the same for the plots of all load cases and combinations. It is determined by the location of the maximum span
moment point (positive moment in this case) in each span for the ultimate flexure bending moment envelope.
The extreme shear critical section values near the column face at each end of each span are identified on the shear
plot
Information Dialog
To view the information used to plot the curves on these graphics views, open the Information Dialog from the
graphics toolbar , or press Ctrl + I, and then left click on design location desired. While the dialog is in view, click
on any other point or move with the toolbar buttons or quick keys to view its information and the dialog data will be
updated automatically.
1. Location from left end of span (and to the right end of the span in brackets).
2. Minimum Moment at that point
3. Maximum Moment at that point
4. Shear coexisting with minimum moment at that point.
5. Shear coexisting with maximum moment at that point.