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RAPT User Manual Copyright PCDC

7.3.5 Prestress

7.3.5.1 Tendon Forces


RAPT calculates the forces in the tendons at each calculation point along the frame taking into account all short and
long term losses based on the user selections in the input data. Friction is calculated allowing for the compound curve
shapes generated to achieve the desired profiles and the effects of draw-in. Expected tendon extensions are also
calculated. Both text and graphics output of the results are available.

Text Output
The text output for tendon forces is shown below and gives the following information:

General information for each tendon:

1. Tendon extension: the expected extension of the each strand in the tendon after allowing for anchorage and
duct friction and anchorage draw-in.
2. Tendon size data: 3 - 5/12.7: 3 tendons make up of 5 strands of 12.7mm diameter strand. For each
calculation point in each span of the tendon the following information is provided:

1 Locat: Location of point from left end of span


2 Transfer Strand: Force in a single strand at transfer, after all short term losses
3 Total: Force in the tendon at transfer, after all short term losses
4 Service Strand: Force in a single strand at service, after all short and long term losses
5 Total: Force in the tendon at service, after all short and long term losses
6 Slope: Slope of the tendon in radians at this point
Height of the tendon from the Top of Slab Datum to the centroid of the
7 Height:
tendon. Negative downwards.
At points where a tendon does not exist in a span, all values will be set to zero.

7.3.5 Frame Definition and Design: Prestress 1


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Graphical Output
The graphic output for tendon forces is shown below and gives the following information:
General information for each tendon:

1. Tendon extension: the expected extension of the each strand in the tendon after allowing for anchorage and
duct friction and anchorage draw-in.
2. Tendon size data: the
1. Number of Tendons:- 3 - 5/12.7: 3 tendons made up of 5 strands of 12.7mm diameter strand.
2. Spacing of Tendons:- 5/12.7@1000: tendons made up of 5 strands of 12.7mm diameter strand at
1000mm centres.

For each span The Average Service Force is plotted and a value is assigned to it at the centre of the span.

For each calculation point in each span of the tendon the following information is provided:

1. Transfer Strand: Force in a single strand at transfer, after all short term losses
2. Service Strand: Force in a single strand at service, after all short and long term losses
At points where a tendon does not exist in the frame, no values are plotted.

The cursor will show the values at a selected point on each of the curves.

7.3.5 Frame Definition and Design: Prestress 2


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Information Dialog
A typical Info dialog is shown below As well as the tendon extension and size data, at the selected point, for each
tendon it defines

1. Position of point in span


2. Transfer Strand: Force in a single strand at transfer, after all short term losses
3. Service Strand: Force in a single strand at service, after all short and long term losses

Tendons that do not exist at this point will be shown with forces equal to 0.

7.3.5 Frame Definition and Design: Prestress 3


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7.3.5.2 Tendon Actions


Knowing the accurate prestress forces, (i.e. transfer and long term (effective)), RAPT can calculate the true forces
imposed on the structure by the prestress. When viewing text results, the following screens are presented to the user
for each strip for each tendon:

The method of calculating these forces is detailed in Theory Section T16.


The tendon actions calculated by RAPT are based on the average prestress force in each span. These are used to
calculate the secondary prestress moments.
The primary prestress moments are determined from the eccentricity of the prestress force at each point along the
frame and the actual prestress force at that point, not the average prestress force as is used for the secondary
moments. They are not determined from the tendon actions.

The total prestress effect at each point is then the sum of the primary and secondary prestress moments at that
location.

Text Output
The tendon actions are divided into four groups in the text output. The table of output for each group is only created if
there is a force of that type induced in a specific run. The run we have used to generate the actions shown below is
different to the one have used for all of the other output explanations. The tendon profile and concrete elevation used
is shown below

Forces Induced by Tendon Shape


Forces imposed on the structure by changes of angle in the tendon. This is further divided into two separate tables for
Distributed forces and Concentrated forces.
These forces are due to the change in angle of the tendon over the span length. The uniformly distributed loads are
printed (positive down) together with any concentrated forces (positive down). The calculation of these forces is
discussed in detail in Theory Section 16.1.

For parabolic profiles, RAPT uses a uniformly distributed load to model the uplift from the prestress in each span/strip
calculated from the curvature of the upward parabola. It is calculated from the average prestress force within the
drape length in that span/strip. The downward distributed loads from the reverse parabolas are also represented by
distributed loads calculated from the curvature of the reverse parabolas. At the ends of tendons where the anchorage
is placed at an angle, the resulting force will be treated as a concentrated force.
Forces induced by point load profiles (harped tendons) are represented by a uniform force over the length of the
circular curve tangential to the 2 straight lines forming the harped shape.
If the centroid of the section slopes away from the point where a tendon ends, an axial force will be applied to account
for the difference in slope between the prestress force and the centroid.
The following information is shown for each distributed load for each tendon profile and strip.

1. The average prestress force in the tendon (Weighted average)


2. The column line from which load locations are measured
3. The start (left end) location of the load
4. The load value at the start location
5. The end (right end) location of the load
6. The load value at the end location
7. Transfer factor - Factor to convert forces from effective to transfer conditions.

7.3.5.2 Frame Definition and Design: Tendon Actions 1


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The following information is shown for each concentrated load for each tendon profile and strip.

1. The average prestress force in the tendon (Weighted average)


2. The column line from which load locations are measured
3. The location of the load
4. The slope change causing the load
5. The load value
6. Transfer factor - Factor to convert forces from effective to transfer conditions.

Moments from Anchorage Eccentricity


Forces imposed on the structure by the tendon at the tendon ends. If an anchor is placed eccentric to the centroid of
the section at that point then a bending moment will be induced. The calculation of these forces is discussed in detail
in Theory Section 16.2.
If there is no eccentricity at the anchors then the table is not printed.

The following information is shown for each tendon profile and strip. It shows values for the left and right anchors of
the tendon: If there is eccentricity at only one end then the moment at the other end will be shown with a value of 0.

1. the value of the bending moment


2. the eccentricity of the anchor from the centroid of the section.
3. the span in which the anchor occurs
4. the distance from the left hand column centre-line in that span to the anchor.
5. The transfer factor. This is the conversion factor required to increase the moment from an effective moment
to a transfer moment.

Forces from Changes in Concrete Centroid


Forces resulting from the change of the cross section shape.

At any variation in cross section where the centroid of the concrete section steps or changes slope (ie the ends of drop
panels, steps, changing panel width from span to span, etc) there will be forces imposed by the prestress. If the
7.3.5.2 Frame Definition and Design: Tendon Actions 2
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change in section is sharp (a step), a bending moment will be generated, if a tapered change, a force couple will be
generated. Theory Section 16.1.3 describes the calculation of these forces.

The output screen lists all forces and moments that occur along the structure due to these changes in cross section.
The properties listed are:

1. Reference Column
2. Distance from Col: Defines the position of the force or moment from the column specified in 1.
3. Prestress Force: The average prestress force at the location. If in the middle of a span, then the average
value for the span is used. If near a column then the average force either side of the column is used.
4. Point Loads: Change of Slope: angle through which the centroid has deviated. (due to taper). A positive slope
infers that the surface has rotated in an anticlockwise direction in comparison with the previous surface slope.
5. Point Loads: Vertical Load: Load applied to the structure due to the angle change in the concrete centroid. A
positive force will result for a negative change in slope. A negative force is an upwards force.
6. Point Moments: Change of Centroid: the vertical step through which the centroid has deviated. A positive step
indicates that the centroid has moved downwards from the last centroid position.
7. Point Moments: Applied Moment: The resulting moment applied to the structure due to the step in the
centroid. A positive moment acts in a clockwise direction.
8. Transfer Factor: Factor applied to the effective moments and forces shown to give the transfer equivalent
forces and moments.

Graphical Output
The three groups of forces described above are displayed on 2 separate graphs.
The Forces From Tendon Profiles graph includes the forces and moments discussed in

1. Forces Induced by Tendon Shape


2. Moments from Anchorage Eccentricity

The Forces from Changes in Section graph displays the forces and moments discussed in Forces from Changes in
Concrete Centroid above.
Note that the left scale is for distributed loads (kN/m in this case) and the right scale is for Point loads (kN in this
case). Point Moments are all drawn the same size as scaling these can often produce useless results for the user. Look
at the Information Dialog or the text output for values for these.

7.3.5.2 Frame Definition and Design: Tendon Actions 3


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Information Dialog
To view the information describing any of the loads shown on these graphics views, open the Information Dialog from

the graphics toolbar , or press Ctrl + I, and then left click on a load to be viewed. While the dialog is in view, click
on any other load to view its information and the dialog data will be updated automatically.

The dialog will list:

1. Load type: either line load, point load or point moment.


2. The locations of the load (measured from the left end of the frame)
3. The values of the load.

7.3.5.2 Frame Definition and Design: Tendon Actions 4


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7.3.5.3 Secondary Forces


Most prestressed members experience secondary (parasitic) moments due to the action of the prestress on the
member.
For determinate members and in-determinate members with concordant prestress profiles the secondary prestress
moments be zero. See Theory Section 10 for a discussion on the calculation of secondary moments.
RAPT treats pretensioned tendons as a special case for the calculation of secondary prestress moments. Secondary
prestress moments are caused by indeterminacy as discussed above. While a pretensioned member may be
continuous and therefore in-determinate, the pretensioned element itself containing the pretensioned tendons will
have been manufactured in a pretensioning bed and there will be no secondary prestressed effects induced during it's
stressing. It may then become part of an indeterminate frame or have intermediate support points added during
construction or in transport, but these will not induce secondary prestress moments. So, in the case of pretensioned
tendons, RAPT sets the secondary moments for those tendons to zero. The total prestress moment at any point is
equal to P * e for these tendons.
This section of output lists the information used to calculate the secondary bending moments and reactions for the
prestress, long-term and transfer (via the transfer factor). The information provided for each end of each span of each
tendon in each strip is:

1. tendon depth
2. centroid depth of the cross section
3. e = distance of the tendon from the centroid used to calculate P * e for the basic prestress moment
4. Peff = Effective prestress force
5. Mtotal = Moment caused at each section by the prestress forces (ie MTotal = Peff. e + Msec). This is
calculated from the analysis of the 7.3.5.2 Prestress Actions
6. Msec = The secondary Moment calculated at each cross section = MTotal - P * e.
7. Reaction: the resulting reaction from the secondary moment, Msec, at either end of this span.
8. Transfer Factor. The factor used to convert results from results at long term to results at the Transfer
condition.

No graphics output is available for this output file. Graphics output for the overall secondary moments Bending
Moment/Shear diagram is available in Bending Moments->Load Cases.

7.3.5.3 Frame Definition and Design: Secondary Forces 1


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7.3.5.3 Frame Definition and Design: Secondary Forces 2


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7.3.6 Bending Moments


In 7.2.4.1 Loads Cases and 7.2.4.2 Load Combinations users have input loads and defined the way in which the
Primary Load Cases are to be combined to form the various Design Combinations.
RAPT uses this information to

1. Calculate the moment and shear diagrams for each Primary Load Case (using a frame stiffness analysis) (ie
Self Weight, SDL, Prestress forces etc)
2. Calculates the moment and shear diagrams/envelopes for the Design Combinations (ie Ultimate, Deflection,
Shear etc).

Both Load Cases and Load Combinations may be defined by an 7.3.6.3 envelope of moments and shears if the Design
Combination is defined by more than one combination of Primary Load Cases, or if Live Load Patterning is requested or
a bending moment envelope is defined in input, or by a single 7.3.6.2 moment and shear diagram in other cases

NOTE: Column moments are given at the mid-depth of the intersecting concrete member. They have not been
reduced to the face of the intersecting concrete member

Pattern Loading
Only live loads which are defined in the load case whose Load Type is Live Load are considered for pattern loading.
Loads in any other case including Alternate Live Loads are not patterned. All loads defined in the Live Load case are
patterned including point loads and point moments. Distributed loads are internally converted to span loads so that
any loads that extend over more than one span RAPT will be reduced to span loads and can be patterned properly. If
the user does not wish some of the live loads to be patterned they should be placed in an extra load case (type :
7.2.4.1 Other Load). This case must then be added to the relevant load combinations by the user with the appropriate
factors.
Specific live load moment and shear envelopes have not been produced for the pattern load cases because the
requirements of several codes do not allow for the creation of an envelope independent of other loads such as dead
load.

Skip (pattern) live load logic is as follows for different design codes,
For AS3600.

1. live load as defined


2. all combinations of live load on individual spans with reduced live load on alternate spans
3. all combinations of live load on pairs of adjacent spans with reduced live load on alternate spans

For ACI318, IS456/IS1343 and Eurocode2.

1. live load as defined


2. live load on odd numbered spans
3. live load on even numbered spans
4. live load on all pairs of adjacent spans

For SABS 0100

1. live load as defined by the users input


2. live load on odd numbered spans
3. live load on even numbered spans

For BS8110, CP2004 and CP65,


RAPT uses a different approach for pattern loads. These codes require the pattern load to include a pattern effect of
the dead loads as well as the live loads for the ultimate load condition.
For BS8110, CP65,

1. factored dead and live loads as entered


2. live load on odd numbered spans
3. live load on even numbered spans.
4. dead load on odd spans
5. dead load on even spans

For CP2004,

1. factored dead and live loads as entered


2. live load on odd numbered spans
3. live load on even numbered spans.
4. dead load on odd numbered spans
5. dead load on even numbered spans
6. live load on each pair of adjacent spans

7.3.6 Frame Definition and Design: Bending Moments 1


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7. dead load on each pair of adjacent spans

The dead load includes self weight and superimposed dead loads. These load cases are then
combined with the other load cases for ultimate strength with different dead load factors on
loaded and unloaded spans as required by these codes.

7.3.6 Frame Definition and Design: Bending Moments 2


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7.3.6.1 Bending Moments - Column Actions


RAPT produces a tables of column reactions and moments as shown below. The load cases shown in the table will be
defined in 7.3.6.4 Load Cases and 7.3.6.5 Load Combinations.

For each column for each load case RAPT defines

- Bending moment in the column


1 Moment Above
above the slab.
- Bending Moment in the column
2 Moment Below
below the slab
3 Reaction - Reaction at this support line
Moments at the far ends of the columns will be zero for pin ended columns and 50% of the nominated values for fixed
ended columns.

7.3.6.1 Frame Definition and Design: Bending Moments - Column Actions 1


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7.3.6.2 Moment/Shear Diagram


Bending moment/shear diagrams give one moment and one shear at each design point in the frame as shown below.

Text View
Moments are given for each column above and below the floor and reactions are given for each column. Moment and
shear values and the point location are listed at each calculation point in each span in each strip in the frame.

Graphics View
Separate diagrams are provided for bending moments and shears.
The support flexural critical section moments at or near the column face at each end of each span are identified on the
moment plot along with a span moment value. The location of the span moment value is the same for the plots of all
load cases and load combinations. It is determined by the location of the maximum span moment point (positive
moment in this case) in each span for the ultimate flexure bending moment diagram.

The shear critical section values near the column face at each end of each span are identified on the shear plot
When the cursor is showing at a selected point, the values of moment and shear at that point are shown.

7.3.6.2 Frame Definition and Design: Moment/Shear Diagram 1


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Information Dialog
To view the information used to plot the curves on these graphics views, open the Information Dialog from the

graphics toolbar , or press Ctrl + I, and then left click on design location desired. While the dialog is in view, click
on any other point or move with the toolbar buttons or quick keys to view its information and the dialog data will be
updated automatically.
The dialog will list:

1. Location from left end of span (and to the right end of the span in brackets).
2. Moment at that point
3. Shear at that point.

7.3.6.2 Frame Definition and Design: Moment/Shear Diagram 2


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7.3.6.3 Moment/Shear Envelope


Bending moment/shear envelopes generally give the highest and lowest value moments at each location from a range
of values and the co-existing shear values i.e. they are a moment controlled envelope with co-existing shears. In these
cases. the column results are based on the maximum and minimum moments with co-existing reactions. The
exception to this is the Ultimate Shear Envelope which gives the highest and lowest value shears at each location
from a range of values and the co-existing moment values i.e. it is a shear controlled envelope with co-existing
moments. In this case the column results are based on the highest and lowest reactions with co-existing moments.
Text View
Two Moments are given for each column above and below the floor and co-existing reactions are given for the column.
Two moment and two co-existing shear values shear values and the point location are listed at each calculation point
in each span in each strip in the frame.

Graphics View
Separate diagrams are provided for bending moments and shears.
The extreme support flexural critical section moments at or near the column face at each end of each span are
identified on the moment plot along with the extreme span moment value. The location of the span moment value is
the same for the plots of all load cases and combinations. It is determined by the location of the maximum span
moment point (positive moment in this case) in each span for the ultimate flexure bending moment envelope.
The extreme shear critical section values near the column face at each end of each span are identified on the shear
plot

7.3.6.3 Frame Definition and Design: Moment/Shear Envelope 1


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Information Dialog
To view the information used to plot the curves on these graphics views, open the Information Dialog from the

graphics toolbar , or press Ctrl + I, and then left click on design location desired. While the dialog is in view, click
on any other point or move with the toolbar buttons or quick keys to view its information and the dialog data will be
updated automatically.

The dialog will list:

1. Location from left end of span (and to the right end of the span in brackets).
2. Minimum Moment at that point
3. Maximum Moment at that point
4. Shear coexisting with minimum moment at that point.
5. Shear coexisting with maximum moment at that point.

7.3.6.3 Frame Definition and Design: Moment/Shear Envelope 2

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