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0 INTRODUCTION
The most widespread alternative for roof construction in Nigeria is the use
of trusses, of which timber and steel are the primary choice of materials.
Careful attention must be paid to design of structural members and
connection details of trusses, since their failure can be catastrophic both in
terms of loss of life and economy. The roof of a church building in Uyo,
Akwa Ibom state Nigeria collapsed on the 10th of December 2016, and left
more than 60 people dead, and many injured. This is to show how
important, and why engineers must pay careful attention to such design
situations. The aim of this post is to show in the clearest manner, how steel
roof design can be carried out using Eurocode 3 design code.
To illustrate this, a simple design example has been presented. The skeletal
structure of a roof system (18.0m long and 7.2m wide) is as shown in
Figure below. The truss is made up of Howe Truss configuration spaced at
3m intervals. It is desired to specify the appropriate angle sections that will
safely carry the anticipated loading using Eurocode design code (Specified
steel grade S 275).
Wind Load
Wind velocity pressure (dynamic) is assumed as = qp(z) = 1.5 kN/m2
When the wind is blowing from right to left, the resultant pressure coefficient on
the windward and leeward slopes with positive internal pressure (c pe) is taken as
−0.9
Therefore the external wind pressure normal to the roof is;
qe = qpcpe = −1.5 × 0.9 = 1.35 kN/m2
Vertical component pev = qe cos θ = 1.35 × cos 36.869 = 1.08 kN/m2 acting
upwards ↑
Therefore the nodal wind load (WK) = 1.08 KN/m2 × 1.2m × 3m = 3.888 KN
numeric elements
JOINT 1
θ = tan-1(2.7/3.6) = 36.869
Let ∑Fy = 0
5.79 – 0.956 + F1-2 (sin θ) = 0
F1-2 = (-4.834)/sin36.869 = -8.0568 KN (COMPRESSION)
Let ∑Fx = 0
F1-2 (cos θ) + F1-3 = 0
F1-3 = -(-8.0568 ×(cos36.869)) = 6.445 KN (TENSION)
JOINT 3
Let ∑Fy = 0
F3 – 2 = 0 (NO FORCE)
Let ∑Fx = 0
F3–5 – F3–1 = 0
F3–1 = F3–5 = 6.445 KN (TENSION)
JOINT 2
ϕ = tan-1(0.9/1.2) = 36.869 = θ
Let ∑Fy = 0
-1.93 + F2-4(sin θ) – F2–3 – F2-5(sin θ) – F2-1(sin θ) = 0
-1.93 + F2-4(sin 36.869) – 0 – F2-5(sin 36.869) – (-8.0568(sin 36.869)) = 0
0.6 F2–4 – 0.6F2–5 = -2.904 —————— (1)
Let ∑Fx = 0
F2-4(cos θ) + F2-5(cos θ) – F2-1(cos θ) = 0
F2-4(cos 36.869) + F2-5(cos 36.869) – (-8.0568(cos36.869)) = 0
0.8 F2–4 + 0.8 F2–5 = -6.4455—————— (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously;
F2-4 = – 6.448 KN (COMPRESSION)
F2-5 = -1.608 KN (COMPRESSION)
JOINT 5
Let ∑Fy = 0
F5-2(sin ϕ) + F5–4 = 0
-1.608 (sin 36.869) + F5–4 = 0
F5–4 = 0.9646 KN (TENSION)
Let ∑Fx = 0
–F5–3 – F5–2 (cos ϕ) + F5–7 = 0
-6.445– (–1.608 (cos 36.869)) + F5–7 = 0
F5–7 = 5.1586 KN (TENSION)
JOINT 4
α = tan-1(1.8/1.2) = 56.309°
Let ∑Fy = 0
-1.93 – F4–2 (sin θ) – F4–5 – F4–7 (sin α) + F4–6(sin θ) = 0
-1.93 – (-6.448(sin 36.869)) – 0.9646 – F4-7 (sin 56.309) + F4–6 (sin 36.869)) =
0
-0.832 F4–7 + 0.6 F4–6 = -0.9742 —————— (3)
Let ∑Fx = 0
F4–7 (cos α) + F4-6(cos θ) – F4-2(cos θ) = 0
F4-7(cos 56.309) + F4-6(cos 36.869) – (-6.448(cos36.869)) = 0
0.5547 F4–7 + 0.8 F4–6 = – 5.1584 —————— (4)
Solving equations (3) and (4) simultaneously;
F4-7 = – 2.319 KN (COMPRESSION)
F4-6 = -4.8398 KN (COMPRESSION)
JOINT 6
Let ∑Fx = 0
– F4-6(cos θ) + F6-8 (cos θ) = 0
– (-4.8398 cos 36.869) + F6-8 (cos 36.869) = 0
F6-8 = (-3.87184)/cos 36.869 = – 4.8398 KN (COMPRESSION)
Let ∑Fy = 0
-1.93 – F6–4 (sin θ) – F6–7 – F6–8 (sin θ) = 0
-1.93 – (-4.8398(sin 36.869)) – F6–7 – (–4.8398(sin 36.869)) = 0
F6–7 = 3.8777 KN (TENSION)
BOTTOM CHORD
F1-3 = 6.445 KN (T)
F3-5 = 6.445KN (T)
F5-7 = 5.158 KN (T)
TOP CHORD
F1-2 = -8.0568 KN (C)
F2-4 = -6.448 KN (C)
F4-6 = -4.839 KN (C)
VERTICALS
F2-3 = 0 (NO FORCE)
F4-5 = 0.9646 KN (T)
F6-7 = 3.877 KN (T)
DIAGONALS
F2-5 = -1.608 KN (C)
F4-7 = – 2.319 KN (C)
Similarly,
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR IMPOSED LOAD (QK)
BOTTOM CHORD
F1 – 3 = 8.992KN (T)
F3 – 5 = 8.992KN (T)
F5 – 7 = 7.198KN (T)
TOP CHORD
F1 – 2 = -11.241 KN (C)
F2 – 4 = – 8.998 KN (C)
F4 – 6 = -6.748KN (C)
VERTICALS
F2 – 3 = 0 (NO FORCE)
F4 – 5 = 1.346 KN (T)
F6 – 7 = 5.391 KN (T)
DIAGONALS
F2 – 5 = -2.242 KN (C)
F4 – 7 = – 3.238KN (T)
Similarly,
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR WIND LOAD (WK)
BOTTOM CHORD
F1 – 3 = -12.948 KN (C)
F3 – 5 = -12.948 KN (C)
F5 – 7 = -10.365 KN (C)
TOP CHORD
F1 – 2 = 16.187 KN (T)
F2 – 4 = 12.957 KN (T)
F4 – 6 = 9.717 KN (T)
VERTICALS
F2 – 3 = 0 (NO FORCE)
F4 – 5 = – 1.938 KN (C)
F6 – 7 = -7.763 KN (C)
DIAGONALS
F2 – 5 = 3.228 KN (T)
F4 – 7 = 4.662 KN (T)
Therefore, all bottom chord members should be able to resist an axial tensile
load of 22.189KN and a possible reversal of stresses with a compressive load of
12.896 KN
Therefore;
Section classification
ε = √(235/Fy ) = √(235/275) = 0.9244
h/t = 50/6 = 8.33.
Referring to Table 5.2 (sheet 3) of Eurocode 3, Part 1-1, for class 3
classification,
h/t ≤ 15ε and (h + b)/2t ≤ 11.5ε. In our case,
5ε = 15 × 0.92 = 13.8 > h/t (8.3) OK
(h + b)/2t = 8.33 < 10.8 (11.5 × 0.92) OK
Buckling curve b is appropriate for all angle sections according to Table 6.2 of
Eurocode 3
α = 0.34 for buckling curve b
Φ = 0.5 [1+ α(¯λ – 0.2) + ¯λ2 ]
Φ = 0.5 [1+ 0.34(0.9216 – 0.2)+ 0.92162 ] = 1.0473
X = 1/[Φ+ √(Φ2 – ¯λ2)]
X = 1/[1.0473 + √(1.0472 – 0.92162)] = 0.6473 < 1
Therefore Nb,Rd = (X × A × Fy)/γm1 = (0.6473 × 5.69 × 102× 275)/1.0 =
101286.2675 N = 101.286 KN
NEd/Nb,Rd = 12.869/101.286 = 0.127 < 1 Therefore section is ok for buckling