CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONVEYOR
A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that
moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in
applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor
systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials, which
make them very popular in the material handling and packaging industries. They also
have popular consumer applications, as they are often found in supermarkets and
airports, constituting the final leg of item/ bag delivery to customers. Many kinds of
conveying systems are available and are used according to the various needs of
different industries. There are chain conveyors (floor and overhead) as well. Chain
conveyors consist of enclosed tracks, I-Beam, towline, power & free, and hand pushed
trolleys.

1.1; Overhead chain conveyor

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 1.2; Belt rejection over roller conveyor
1.2 INDUSTRIES THAT USE CONVEYOR SYSTEM
Conveyor systems are used widespread across a range of industries due to the
numerous benefits they provide.
1. Conveyors are able to safely transport materials from one level to another,
which when done by human labour would be strenuous and expensive.
2. They can be installed almost anywhere, and are much safer than using a forklift
or other machine to move materials.
3. They can move loads of all shapes, sizes and weights. Also, many have
advanced safety features that help prevent accidents.
4. There are a variety of options available for running conveying systems,

including the hydraulic, mechanical and fully automated systems, which are

equipped to fit individual needs.
Conveyor systems are commonly used in many industries, including the
Mining, automotive, agricultural, computer,aerospace, pharmaceutical, chemical, bottl
ing and canning, print finishing and packaging. Although a wide variety of materials
can be conveyed, some of the most common include food items such as beans and
nuts, bottles and cans, automotive components, scrap metal, pills and powders, wood
and furniture and grain and animal feed. Many factors are important in the accurate
selection of a conveyor system. It is important to know how the conveyor system will

2
be used beforehand. Some individual areas that are helpful to consider are the required
conveyor operations, such as transportation, accumulation and sorting, the material
sizes, weights and shapes and where the loading and pickup points need to be.
1.3 CARD AND MAITENACE OF COVEYOR SYTEMS
Conveyor system is often the lifeline to a company’s ability to effectively move
its product in a timely fashion. The steps that a company can take to ensure that it
performs at peak capacity include regular inspections and system audits, close
monitoring of motors and reducers, keeping key parts in stock, and proper training of
personnel.
Increasing the service life of a conveyor system involves: choosing the right
conveyor type, the right system design and paying attention to regular maintenance
practices.
A conveyor system that is designed properly will last a long time with proper
maintenance. Here are six of the biggest problems to watch for in overhead type
conveyor systems including I-beam monorails, enclosed track conveyors and power
and free conveyors. Overhead conveyor systems have been used in numerous
applications from shop displays, assembly lines to paint finishing plants and more.
Poor take-up adjustment this is a simple adjustment on most systems yet it is
often overlooked. The chain take-up device ensures that the chain is pulled tight as it
leaves the drive unit. As wear occurs and the chain lengthens, the take-up extends
under the force of its springs. As they extend, the spring force becomes less and the
take-up has less effect. Simply compress the take-up springs and your problem goes
away. Failure to do this can result in chain surging, jamming, and extreme wear on the
track and chain. Take-up adjustment is also important for any conveyor using belts as
a means to power rollers, or belts themselves being the mover. With poor-take up on
belt-driven rollers, the belt may twist into the drive unit and cause damage, or at the
least a noticeable decrease or complete loss of performance may occur. In the case of
belt conveyors, a poor take-up may cause drive unit damage or may let the belt slip off
of the side of the chassis.
Lacks of lubrication chain bearings require lubrication in order to reduce
friction. The chain pulls that the drive experiences can double if the bearings are not

3
lubricated. This can cause the system to overload by either its mechanical or electrical
overload protection. On conveyors that go through hot ovens, lubricators can be left
on constantly or set to turn on every few cycles.
Paint, powder, acid or alkaline fluids, abrasives, glass bead, steel shot, etc. can
all lead to rapid deterioration of track and chain. Ask any bearing company about the
leading cause of bearing failure and they will point to contamination. Once a foreign
substance lands on the raceway of a bearing or on the track, pitting of the surface will
occur, and once the surface is compromised, wear will accelerate. Building shrouds
around your conveyors can help prevent the ingress of contaminants. Or, pressurize
the contained area using a simple fan and duct arrangement. Contamination can also
apply to belts (causing slippage, or in the case of some materials premature wear), and
of the motors themselves. Since the motors can generate a considerable amount of
heat, keeping the surface clean is an almost-free maintenance procedure that can keep
heat from getting trapped by dust and grime, which may lead to motor burnout.
Product handling in conveyor systems that may be suited for a wide variety of
products, such as those in distribution centre’s it is important that each new product be
deemed acceptable for conveying before being run through the materials handling
equipment. Boxes that are too small, too large, too heavy, too light, or too awkwardly
shaped may not convey, or may cause many problems including jams, excess wear on
conveying equipment, motor overloads, belt breakage, or other damage, and may also
consume extra man-hours in terms of picking up cases that slipped between rollers, or
damaged product that was not meant for materials handling. If a product such as this
manages to make it through most of the system, the sortation system will most likely
be the affected, causing jams and failing to properly place items where they are
assigned. It should also be noted that any and all cartons handled on any conveyor
should be in good shape or spills, jams, downtime, and possible accidents and injuries
may result.
Drive train notwithstanding the above, involving take-up adjustment, and other
parts of the drive train should be kept in proper shape. Broken O-rings on a Line shaft,
pneumatic parts in disrepair, and motor reducers should also be inspected. Loss of
power to even one or a few rollers on a conveyor can mean the difference between

4
effective and timely delivery, and repetitive nuances that can continually cost
downtime.
1.4 IMPORTANT AND WEAR RESISTANT MATERIALS
Conveyor systems require materials suited to the displacement of heavy loads
and the wear-resistance to hold-up over time without seizing due to deformation. In
cases, where static control is a factor, special materials designed to either dissipate or
conduct electrical charges. Example of conveyor handling materials include UHMW,
Nylon, Nylatron NSM, HDPE, Tivar, Tivar ESd, and Polyurethane.
1.5 GROWTH OF CONVEYOR SYSTEMS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
As far as growth is concerned the material handling and conveyor system
makers are getting utmost exposure in the industries like automotive, pharmaceutical,
packaging and different production plants. The portable conveyors are likewise
growing fast in the construction sector and by the year 2014 the purchase rate for
conveyor systems in North America, Europe and Asia is likely to grow even further.
The most commonly purchased types of conveyors are Line shaft roller conveyor,
chain conveyors and conveyor belts at packaging factories and industrial plants where
usually product finishing and monitoring are carried. Commercial and civil sectors are
increasingly implementing conveyors at airports, shopping malls, etc.
1.6 TYPES OF CONVEYOR SYSTEM
1. Gravity conveyor
2. Gravity skate wheel conveyor
3. Belt conveyor

4. Wire mesh conveyors

5. Plastic belt conveyors
6. Bucket conveyors
7. Flexible conveyors

8. Vertical conveyors

9. Spiral conveyors

10. Vibrating conveyors

11. Pneumatic conveyors

12. Electric track vehicle systems

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13. Belt driven live roller conveyors
14. Line shaft roller conveyor

15. Chain conveyor

16. Screw conveyor or auger conveyor

17. Chain driven live roller conveyor

18. Overhead I-beam conveyors

19. Dust proof conveyors

20. Pharmaceutical conveyors
21. Automotive conveyors
22. Overland conveyor
23. Drag Conveyor

6
 CHAPTER 2
MATERIALS
Material is a broad term for a chemical substance or mixture of substances that
constitute a thing.
In the metaphysical sense, materials can be anything something else is
consisting of, whether pure or impure, a singular composite or a complex mix, living
or non-living matter, whether natural or man-made, either concrete or abstract.
Materials can be classified based on different properties such as physical and chemical
properties (see List of materials properties), geological, biological, chorographical,
or philosophical properties. In the physical sense, materials are studied in materials
science.
In industry, materials are inputs to production or manufacturing processes.
They may either be raw material, that is, unprocessed, or processed before being used
in more advanced production processes, either by distillation or synthesis (synthetic
materials).
2.1 TYPES OF MATERIALS
1. Biomaterial, of biological origin

2. Composite material, composed of multiple materials with differing physical

properties
3. Textiles, sometimes referred to as "material"

2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Materials are classified according to many different criteria including their
physical and chemical characteristics as well as their intended applications whether it
is thermal, optical, electrical, magnetic, or combined. As their methods of usage
dictate their physical appearance, they can be designed, tailored, and/or prepared in
many forms such as powders, thin or thick films, and plates and could be
introduced/studied in a single or multi layers. End products could be pure materials or
doped ones with most useful compounds are those with controlled added impurities.
The dopants could be added chemically or mixed and implanted physically. In case
the impurities were added chemically, the dopants/co-dopants on

7
substitution/interstitial sites should be optimized and investigated thoroughly as well
as any stresses instigated by their presence within the structure; whereas in the case of
the physical mixing, the influence of the degree of heterogeneity of the prepared
hybrid composites ought to be studied. The different physical and chemical
preparation techniques can be used solely or combined including solid state synthesis,
hydrothermal, sol-gel, precipitations and precipitations, spin coating, physical vapour
deposition, and spray pyrolysis. Types of impurities along with their amounts are
usually dictated by types of matrices to be added to, and their ability to maximize the
desired products’ usefulness. Among the most commonly used characterization
techniques are X-ray diffraction (XRD) either single crystal or powder, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray
fluorescence (XRF), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), UV-Vis absorption
Spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), and Photoluminescence
spectrometry. In addition, it is usually considered of extreme importance to find
theoretical models that can confirm and/or predict the experimental findings and assist
in discussion, assignment, and the explanation of results and outcomes. Also, vision
and room for future modification and development should always be pinpointed.
Hence, one can classify the material as a smart one if its presence can serve multi
purposes within the final product.
2.3 REJECTION
Rejection (or rejections) is unwanted or unusable materials. Rejection is any
substance which is discarded after primary use, or it is worthless, defective and of no
use.
Examples include industries solid rejection (household trash/refuse), material
rejection, contains bodily rejections, radioactive rejection, and others.
2.4 ECONOMIC COSTS
The economic costs of managing rejection are high, and are often paid for by
material governments, money can often be saved with more efficiently designed
collection routes, modifying vehicles, and with public education. Environmental
policies such as pay as you throw can reduce the cost of management and reduce
rejection quantities. Rejection recovery (that is, recycling, reuse) can curb economic

8
costs because it avoids extracting raw materials and often cuts transportation costs.
"Economic assessment of material rejection management systems – case studies using
a combination of life-cycle assessment (LCA) and life-cycle costing (LCC)". The
location of rejection treatment and disposal facilities often reduces property values
due to noise, dust, pollution, unsightliness, and negative stigma. The informal
rejection sector consists mostly of rejection pickers who scavenge for metals, glass,
plastic, textiles, and other materials and then trade them for a profit. This sector can
significantly alter or reduce rejection in a particular system, but other negative
economic effects come with the disease, poverty, exploitation, and abuse of its
workers.

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 CHAPTER 3
FEATURES
The main feature of the material rejection conveyor is fuselage can be very
easy to telescopic, with a warehouse, that the tail can be with the coal mining face to
promote elongation or shortening. The rack is light and easy to disassemble. 
When the transmission capacity and distance are larger, equipped with
intermediate drive to meet the requirements. According to the requirements of the
transportation process, it can be transported by stand-alone or multi-unit synthetic
level or inclined transportation system to transport the material, and it is very
convenient to use and widely used in various industrial enterprises such as
underground mine roadway and mine ground transportation Systems, open pit and
concentrator.
Material rejection Conveyor is the best efficient continuous transportation
equipment for coal mine, compared with other transport equipment (such as
locomotives), it has the advantages of long transport distance, large transport capacity
and continuous transportation. And it is reliable, easy to automate and centralize
control. Especially for high-yielding and efficient mine, material rejection conveyor
has become the coal mining mechanical and electrical integration technology and
equipment key equipment. Nowadays, the domestic material rejection conveyor goes
into a high-speed development stage, with a huge demand. In some areas material
rejection conveyors have gradually begun to replace locomotives and motor transport.
Nowadays material rejection conveyor in China goes into a high-speed development
stage, the market demand large. The main direction of future material rejection
conveyor is,
1. Reducing energy consumption to conserve energy. For the implementation of
the "Twelfth Five Year Plan" requirements and achieve a green environment
for the environment, energy-saving emission reduction has become the
common pursuit of the current goal of the machinery industry. In the field of
transportation technology research work areas, 1 ton of material transported by
1 km of energy consumed as an important indicator of one of the conveyor
selection.

10
2. To the direction of large-scale development, including large transport capacity
and large single length and so on several aspects. Material rejection conveyors,
although outstanding, are frequently used in mining equipment, but there are
also shortcomings. The conveyor future works with the environment high
temperature, low temperature conditions, corrosive, radioactive, flammable
substances, also one of the goals pursued by the industry. At the same time, if
the structure of the conveyor can meet the material handling system automation
control on the requirements of a single machine, but also a significant increase
in the efficiency of the conveyor.
3. Conveyor industry as an important part of China's basic machinery and
equipment industry, since the initial stage has been the country's strong
support. Out of the mine, the project construction, factory pipelines are
inseparable from the conveyor transport materials, to achieve a production line
mode, conveyor equipment to a large extent the liberation of manpower for the
development of China's national economy made an indelible The contribution.
Especially after the reform and opening up, to improve the transport efficiency,
along with the rise of private enterprises, China's conveyor industry
development by leaps and bounds, in the technical and industrial scale have
achieved a breakthrough. At present, private enterprises have become the
mainstay of China's conveyor industry, is to promote the conveyor industry and
the entire machinery and equipment industry's main force.

CHAPTER 4
COMPONENTS

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 An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The reverse of this is the conversion of mechanical
energy into electrical energy and is done by an electric generator, which has much in
common with a motor.
Most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electric
motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force. In certain applications,
such as in regenerative braking with traction motors in the transportation industry,
electric motors can also be used in reverse as generators to convert mechanical energy
into electric power.
Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps,
machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can
be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or
rectifiers, or by alternating current(AC) sources, such as from the power
grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric watches. General-
purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide
convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest of electric motors are
used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with
ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be classified by electric power
source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on.
Electric motors are used to produce linear or rotary force (torque), and should be
distinguished from devices such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers that convert
electricity into motion but do not generate usable mechanical powers, which are
respectively referred to as actuators and transducers.
4.1 INDUCTION MOTOR
An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which
the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained
by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding.[1] An
induction motor can therefore be made without electrical connections to the rotor. An
induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type.
Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used as industrial drives
because they are rugged, reliable and economical. Single-phase induction motors are

12
used extensively for smaller loads, such as household appliances like fans. Although
traditionally used in fixed-speed service, induction motors are increasingly being used
with variable-frequency drives (VFDs) in variable-speed service. VFDs offer
especially important energy savings opportunities for existing and prospective
induction motors in variable-torque centrifugal fan, pump and compressor load
applications. Squirrel cage induction motors are very widely used in both fixed-speed
and variable-frequency drive (VFD) applications.
4.2 AC MOTOR
An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The
AC motor commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stator having coils
supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an
inside rotor attached to the output shaft producing a second rotating magnetic field.
The rotor magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets, reluctance saliency,
or DC or AC electrical windings.
Less common, AC linear motors operate on similar principles as rotating
motors but have their stationary and moving parts arranged in a straight line
configuration, producing linear motion instead of rotation.

4.1; AC motor
4.3 DC MOTOR
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct
current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the
forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal

13
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic; to periodically change the
direction of current flow in part of the motor.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be
controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the
strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and
appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight
motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in
propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills.
The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC
motors possible in many applications.

4.2; DC motor

CHAPTER 5
MOTOR CONSTRUCTIONS
5.1 ROTOR
In an electric motor, the moving part is the rotor, which turns the shaft to
deliver the mechanical power. The rotor usually has conductors laid into it that carry
currents, which interact with the magnetic field of the stator to generate the forces that
turn the shaft. However, some rotors carry permanent magnets, and the stator holds
the conductors.

14
5.2 BEARINGS
The rotor is supported by bearings, which allow the rotor to turn on its axis.
The bearings are in turn supported by the motor housing. The motor shaft extends
through the bearings to the outside of the motor, where the load is applied. Because
the forces of the load are exerted beyond the outermost bearing, the load is said to
be overhung.
5.3 STATOR
The stator is the stationary part of the motor’s electromagnetic circuit and
usually consists of either windings or permanent magnets. The stator core is made up
of many thin metal sheets, called laminations. Laminations are used to reduce energy
losses that would result if a solid core were used.
5.4 AIR GAP
The distance between the rotor and stator is called the air gap. The air gap has
important effects, and is generally as small as possible, as a large gap has a strong
negative effect on the performance of an electric motor. It is the main source of the
low power factor at which motors operate.

5.1; Salient-pole rotor

5.5 WINDINGS
Windings are wires that are laid in coils, usually wrapped around a laminated
soft iron magnetic core so as to form magnetic poles when energized with current.
Electric machines come in two basic magnet field pole configurations: salient-
pole machine and non salient-pole machine. In the salient-pole machine the pole's
magnetic field is produced by a winding wound around the pole below the pole face.
In the non salient-pole, or distributed field, or round-rotor, machine, the winding is
distributed in pole face slots. A shaded-pole motor has a winding around part of the
pole that delays the phase of the magnetic field for that pole.

15
 Some motors have conductors that consist of thicker metal, such as bars or
sheets of metal, usually copper, although sometimes aluminium is used. These are
usually powered by electromagnetic induction.
5.6 COMMUTATOR

5.2; A toy's small DC motor with its commutator

A commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines
and certain AC machines consisting of slip-ring segments insulated from each other
and from the electric motor's shaft. The motor's armature current is supplied through
the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving commutator, which causes
required current reversal, and applies power to the machine in an optimal manner as
the rotor rotates from pole to pole. In absence of such current reversal, the motor
would brake to a stop. In light of significant advances in the past few decades due to
improved technologies in the electronic-controller, sensor less-control, induction-
motor, and permanent-magnet-motor fields, electromechanically-commutated motors
are increasingly being displaced by externally-commutated induction and permanent-
magnet motors.

5.7 IR SENSOR
Infrared radiation is an electromagnetic wave with wavelength of 700nm to 1
mm. It is emitted by objects with temperature above 0 kelvins. Furthermore intensity
and wavelength of infrared radiation depends on the temperature of the object.
The infrared sensors are the sensors that detect/measure infrared radiation or
change in the radiation from outer source or inbuilt source. Also sensors that uses the
property of infrared radiations to detect the changes in surrounding are termed as
infrared sensors.
5.8 SOLENOID

16
 A solenoid is the French solenoid, derived in turn from the Greek solen ("pipe,
channel") and elides ("form, shape") is a coil wound into a tightly packed helix. The
term was invented by French physicist André-Marie Ampère to designate a helical
coil.
In physics, the term refers to a coil whose length is substantially greater than its
diameter, often wrapped around a metallic core, which produces a uniform magnetic
field in a volume of space (where some experiment might be carried out) when
an electric current is passed through it. A solenoid is a type of electromagnet when the
purpose is to generate a controlled magnetic field. If the purpose of the solenoid is
instead to impede changes in the electric current, a solenoid can be more specifically
classified as an inductor rather than an electromagnet. Not all electromagnets and
inductors are solenoids; for example, the first electromagnet, invented in 1824, had a
horseshoe rather than a cylindrical solenoid shape.
In engineering, the term may also refer to a variety of transducer devices that
convert energy into linear motion. The term is also often used to refer to a solenoid
valve, which is an integrated device containing an electromechanical solenoid which
actuates either a pneumatic or hydraulic valve, or a solenoid switch, which is a
specific type of relay that internally uses an electromechanical solenoid to operate an
electrical switch; for example, an automobile starter solenoid, or a linear solenoid,
which is an electromechanical solenoid. Solenoid bolts, a type of electronic-
mechanical locking mechanism, also exist.

5.9 SOLENOID VALVE

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is
controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the
flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched
between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on
a manifold.
Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks
are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many
application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service

17
life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact
design.
Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature
actuators and rocker actuators are also used.

5.3; Solenoid valve

CHAPTER 6
WORKING PRINCIPLE

18
 6.1; Automatic material rejection conveyor
6.1 PARTS
1. Pneumatic cylinder
2. Conveyor
3. Electric motor
4. Power unit
5. IR sensor
6. Solenoid valve
6.2 WORKING
This Automatic Conveyor for Industrial Automation consists of two object
sensors, rpm sensor, and rpm control circuit which controls the speed of the motor
driving the conveyor. The object sensors which detect the objects sends signal to the
motor driving circuit to on/off the motor.

Dynamic environments pose a challenge to the read performances of current

RPM control systems. Moving tags on a conveyor belt affect the read performance of
a static reader. Our project attempts to evaluate a static reader identifying moving tags
on a conveyor belt. We propose an algorithm enabling the conveyor belt to

19
dynamically adjust its speed according to the load automatically, also it reliably
identify tags without prior knowledge of how tags are distributed on the conveyor belt.
We show by simulations that our algorithm yields more than 99% of tags being
successfully identified, along with trying to maximize the average speed of the
conveyor belt. In addition, the algorithm can be applied for different reader's ranges.
The number of tags handled by the conveyor on the whole will be displayed
simultaneously along with regulating the speed of conveyor. This project will save the
power of motor operating the conveyor by regulating the conveyor automation, i.e. the
conveyor actuates only when a tag is sensed.

CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES
1. Noiseless operation.
2. Large length of conveying path.

20
3. Lower power consumption.
4. Long life.
5. Adaptability to different types of goods.
6. Ability to carry almost any bulk material.
7. High reliability of operation.
8. Can transport material in any direction.

CHAPTER 8
DISADVANTAGES
1. Accumulation difficult.
2. Complicated marshalling.

21
 3. The loss of light weight bulk material carried away as dust or spilled from
the belt along its path is another objectionable feature.
4. Continuous or periodic monitoring of belt is necessary.
5. Heat affects the material of belt.

CHAPTER 9
APPLICATIONS
Material rejection conveyors are employed to convey a great variety of bulk
materials and also unit loads along a horizontal or gently inclined paths. Such duties

22
can be performed within the factory shed or in outdoor work. Within the factory shed
material rejection conveyors are also employed to carry articles of lightweight in line-
production from one operation to another. Material rejection conveyors are used to
mechanise material handling operations in foundries to distribute moulding sand,
mould-cores and cast articles. Material rejection conveyors are used for carrying coal,
ores and minerals in power plants, mining industries, metallurgical process plants. For
handling food grains and building materials material rejection conveyors are
frequently employed.
Capacities of a material rejection system may range from 500 to 5000 M3 /hr
and more. The distance covered for a material rejection conveyor system be as small
as 50 m (for indoor work) to 5 Ian. For supplying raw material from mine area.
1. Used for conveying various bulk and unit loads along horizontal or slightly
inclined paths.
2. Used in foundry shop.
3. Used for supplying coal.
4. Transferring building materials, fossil minerals, grains store.
5. Used in wheel excavators
6. Ice-cream plant.
7. Power plants.
8. Bakeries.
9. Confectionery.
10. Feed and flour mills.
11. Laundries.
12. Textile.
13. Ceramic.
14. Chemical plant.
15. Ship yards.
CHAPTER 10
BILL OF MATERIALS
Table 1; Bill of materials
SL. COMPONENTS QUANTITY

23
NO.
1 Pneumatic cylinder 1
2 Conveyor 1
3 Power unit 1
4 Solenoid valve 1
5 IR sensor 1
6 Electric motor 1

CHAPTER 11
COST OF PROJECT
Table 2; Cost of project
SL.
COMPONENTS COST
NO.
1 Pneumatic cylinder 2200
2 Conveyor 1800

24
 3 Power unit 950
4 Solenoid valve 435
5 IR sensor 360
6 Electric motor 1200
Total 6945

CHAPTER 12
CONCLUSION
Material rejection conveyor is capable for completely eliminating drawbacks of
redler conveyor. Material rejection conveyor design is easy compare to redler
conveyor so we can easily modify the material rejection conveyor mechanism. Also
material rejection conveyor construction is simple compare to other conveyor so we
can easily install in factory or industries.

25
 Other conveyor installation cost is very high compare to material rejection
conveyor because of all the component are made from iron metal and these metal is
very costly in today life.
Material rejection conveyor installation cost is 40% less compare to other
conveyor installation. Also material rejection conveyor has high efficiency of material
handling (transferring) we can easy 100

CHAPTER 13
REFERENCES
1. Khurmi,R.S.,&J.K. Gupta (2014).Theory of Machines, S. Chand
Publication[page no.114]
2. Khurmi, R. S., & Gupta, J. K. (2012). Machine Design, S. Chand Publication
[page no.730]

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3. Khurmi, R. S., & Gupta, J. K. (2012). Machine Design, S. Chand Publication
[page no.998]
4. Kurvinen, E., Sopanen, J., & Mikkola, A. (2015). Ball bearing model
performance on various sized rotors with and without centrifugal and
gyroscopic forces. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 90, 240-260

CHAPTER 14
PHOTOGRAPHY

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14.1; Automatic material rejection conveyor

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