UNION LEGISLATURE

(THE PARLIAMENT)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mrs. Shivani Shubkarmanpreet
B.com LLB 202/17
3rd Semester
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mrs Shivani

who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
Union Legislature, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to
know about so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
Shubkarmanpreet Kaur.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

 Origin
 Meaning
 Constitution of Parliament
 Composition of Rajya Sabha
 Duration of Rajya Sabha
 Officers of Rajya Sabha
 Composition of Lok Sabha
 Duration of Lok Sabha
 Officers Of Lok Sabha
 Salaries and Allowances of Parliament
 Qualification for Parliament
 Disqualification for Parliament
 Secretariat of Parliament
 Termination of Parliament
 Function of Parliament
 Parliamentary Privileges
 Supremacy of Indian Parliament
 Anti-defection Law
 THE PARLIAMENT

ORIGIN:
Derived from the medieval French word ‘talking’, (Parlement) it originally meant an
Appellate court (one of thirteen) in the pre-revolutionary French court system. The word was
adapted by the English who used it to refer to the council that the King was obliged (by a
clause in Magna Carta originally) to call to impose new taxes and which eventually became
the primary means of creating new Laws.
It consists (in the English and now British case) of two parts, the House of Commons and
House of Lords, with differing compositions and differing powers.
It was the inspiration for similar systems in other countries.1

MEANING:
In simple terms Parliament is an institution where elected representatives meets, create bill to
run country, discuss important issues, create check and balance on power of Government,
ensure proper utilization of finance.2
Article 79 of the Indian constitution provides: “There shall be a Parliament for the Union
which shall consist of the president and two houses to be known as the Council of States and
the house of people.”3

CONSTITUTION OF PARLIAMENT

India’s Parliament is Bicameral. The Lower House is designated as the ‘House of the People’
or Lok Sabha, and the Upper House as the ‘Council of States’ or Rajya Sabha. The two
Houses along with the President constitute Parliament [Art.79]. 4

1
About the history of Parliament, available at: https://historyofparliamentonline.org/about (Visited on September
16, 2018)
2
Narendar Kumar, Constitutional law of India 628 ( Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad, 10 th edition)
3
The Constitution of India.
4
Supra note 2.
 PARLIAMENT

Lok Sabha President Rajya Sabha

The President though cannot be a member of either House, but, he is an integral part of the
Union Parliament. He has certain important functions to discharge in relation thereto, as for
example, he summons the houses, dissolve the Lok Sabha, gives assent to the Bills passed by
the two Houses, etc.5
The two Houses of Parliament in India differ from each other in many respects. They are
constituted on entirely different principles, and, from a functional point of view, they do not
enjoy a co-equal status.

COMPOSITION OF RAJYA SABHA

Article 80 provides that Rajya Sabha shall consist of the following:

a) 12 members to be nominated by the President from amongst the persons having special
knowledge or practical experience in respect of literature, science, art or social service.
The object behind including the nominated members is to provide representation to
certain non-political interests;
b) Not more than 238 representatives of the States and the Union Territories. 6

The seats in the House are allotted among the various States and the Union Territories on the
basis of population, the formula being one seat for each million population for the first five
millions and thereafter one seat for every two million population or part thereof exceeding
one million. Proportionately larger representation has been given to the Union Territory of
Delhi in view of the fact that it has no local legislature of its own and Parliament itself
function as such.7

5
M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 703 (Lexis Nexis, 14th edition)
6
Supra note 3.
7
Basu Durga Das, Introduction to the Constitution of India 34 (LexisNexis, Gurgaon, 22 nd edition).
 The allocation of seats in the House among the States and the Union territories is as follows
[Art.80 and the Fourth Schedule]:

STATES NO. OF SEATS STATES NO. OF SEATS

Andhra Pradesh 18 Punjab 7
Assam 7 Rajasthan 10
Bihar 16 Tamil Nadu 18
Goa 1 Uttar Pradesh 31
Chhattisgarh 5 Uttaranchal 3
Gujarat 11 West Bengal 16
Haryana 5 Jammu and Kashmir 4
Jharkhand 6 Nagaland 1
Kerala 9 Delhi 3
Madhya Pradesh 11 Himachal Pradesh 3
Maharashtra 19 Manipur 1
Karnataka 12 Pondicherry 1
Orissa 10 Tripura 1
Meghalaya 1 Arunachal Pradesh 1
Mizoram 1 Sikkim 1

Clause (4) of Article 80 provides that “the representatives of each State in the Rajya Sabha
shall be elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the State in
accordance with system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote.
The representatives of the Union Territories are chosen in such manner as Parliament may by
law prescribe.8

DURATION OF RAJYA SABHA: [Article 83(1)]

According to Representation of the people Act (1951), term of office of a member shall be
six years and one third of its members vacate office every 2nd year and their positions are
filled by fresh elections at the beginning of every 3rd year.9

OFFICERS OF RAJYA SABHA- The Chairman and Deputy Chairman (Article 89 and
90):
8
Supra note 2 at 630
9
Supra note 2 at 633
 Article 89(1), declares that the Vice President of India shall be ex-officio Chairman of the
Rajya Sabha.

There is no provision for the removal of the Chairman. He is the ex-officio holder of the
office. So long as he is the Vice-President, he shall hold the office of the chairman of Rajya
Sabha. If he ceases to be the Vice-President, he shall no more be the Chairman of the House.

The Deputy Chairman shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Rajya
Sabha.10

The Deputy Chairman may at any time, resign his office, by writing under his hand addressed
to the Chairman.11

The Deputy Chairman may be removed from his office by a resolution passed by the Rajya
Sabha by the majority of all the members of the House. However, no resolution for this
purpose shall be moved unless at least 14 days’ notice has been given of the intention to move
the resolution.12

Deputy Chairman to act as the Chairman (Articles 91 and 92):

Article 91 provides that while the office of the Chairman is vacant,13 or during any period
when the Vice-President is acting as, or discharging the functions of President, the duties of
the office of the Chairman shall be performed by the Deputy Chairman.

If the office of the Deputy Chairman is also vacant, then the duties of the office of the
Chairman shall be performed by such member of the Rajya Sabha as the President may
appoint for the purpose.

During the absence of the Chairman from any sitting of the House, the Deputy Chairman, or,
if he is also absent, such persons as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the house,
or if no such person is present, such other person as may be determined by the house, shall as
Chairman.14

10
Article 90(a)
11
Article 90(b)
12
Article 90(c)
13
It would be when the Vice president has resigned or been removed or died.
14
Articles 91(2)
 Article 92 provides that the Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a
resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.

COMPOSITION OF LOK SABHA

Lok Sabha is the popular Chamber and is directly elected by the people.

Article 81(1) provides that Lok Sabha shall consist of –

a) Not more than 530 members chosen by direct elections from territorial constituencies
in the States; and
b) Not more than 20 members to represent the Union Territories, chosen in such a
manner as Parliament may by law provide.15
The President can nominate not more than 2 members of the Anglo-Indian community if in
his opinion this community is not adequately represented in the house [Article 331].

Seats in the House are allotted to each state in such a way that, as far as practicable, the ratio
between the number of seats allotted to a state and its population is the same for all states
[Arts.81(2)(a) and Art. 81(3)]. This provision does not apply to a State having a population of
less than six millions [Provision to Art.81 (2)].

Duration of Lok Sabha: [Article 83(2)]

Lok Sabha continues for 5 years from the date on which it hold its first meeting after being
constituted. The expiration of this period of 5 years operates as dissolution of Lok Sabha. This
period of 5 years may be extended by Parliament, by law, for a period not exceeding one year
at one time, during the period when a Proclamation of Emergency made under Article 352, is
in operation.

Officers of Lok Sabha: The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker [Articles 93, 94, 95 and 96]
Article 93 says that the Lok Sabha shall elect two of its member to be the Speaker and the
Deputy Speaker of the House. So often as the office of the Speaker or Deputy Speaker

15
Constitution of India
 becomes vacant, the House shall elect another member to be the Speaker or the Deputy
Speaker, as the case may be.16
The Speaker is the chief officer of Lok Sabha. He presides at its sitting. His authority and
power arise from the fact that his powers are the powers of the House which the House has
committed to him for the convenience and practical purposes.
The Deputy Speaker performs the duties of the Speaker’s office when it is vacant. In case
Deputy Speaker’s office is also vacant, the Speaker’s duties are to be performed by such
member of the House as the President may appoint for the purpose till any of the offices is
filled by election by the House [Article 95(2)].
The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are chosen by the House itself from amongst its
members [Article 93]
The Speaker and Deputy Speaker remain in office so long as they are members of the house
and they vacate their offices as soon as they cease to be its members [Article 94(a)]. The
Speaker or Deputy Speaker may resign his office by writing to each other [Article 94(b)].
Any one of them may be removed from his office by a resolution passed by a majority of all
the members of the House [Article 94(c)]. Such a resolution can be moved only after at least
fourteen days’ notice has been given of the intention to move it.
The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are paid such salaries and allowances as are fixed by
Parliament by law, and until such a provision is made, as specified in the Second Schedule to
the Constitution [Article 97].
The office of the Speaker enjoys great prestige, position and authority within the house. He
has extensive power to regulate the proceedings of the House under its rules of procedure.
The ordinary interpretation of the procedural laws, rules and customs of the House is his
function and he allows no debate or criticism of his ruling except on a formal resolution. He is
responsible for the orderly conduct of its proceedings and maintains the discipline and order
in the house.
The Speaker has power to decide whether a bill before the House is a Money Bill or not
[Article 110(3)].

16
Supra note 2 at 644
 The Speaker is much more than a merely a presiding officer of the House. He is the
representative and spokesman of the House in its collective capacity and is chief custodian of
its power and privileges. According to majority opinion in Kihota17
“The office of the Speaker is held in the highest esteem and respect in Parliamentary
traditions. The evolution of the institution of Parliamentary democracy has as its pivot the
institution of the Speaker. The Speaker holds a high, important and ceremonial office…the
Speaker is said to be the very embodiment of propriety and impartiality”.

Salaries and Allowances of officers of Parliament:

Article 97 provides that the Salaries and Allowances to be paid to the Chairman and the
Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
are fixed by Parliament, by law. Until such a law was enacted, they were paid such Salaries
and Allowances as were specified in the Second Schedule to the Constitution. The Salaries
and Allowances of officers of Parliament (Amendment) Act, 2008, has raised the amount from
Rs. 40,000/- to Rs. 1,25,000/- per month. 18

QUALIFICATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP OF PARLIAMENT (Article 84)

Article 84 provides the following qualifications to be possessed by a person to be qualified
for the membership of the Parliament –
a) He must be citizen of India;
b) He must make and subscribe before some person, authorized in that behalf by the
Election commission, an oath or affirmation, according to the form set out for the
purpose in the Third Schedule to the constitution.
c) For the membership of Rajya Sabha , he must be not less than 30 years of age and for
the membership of Lok Sabha, he must not be less than 25 years of age; and
d) He must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or
under any law made by the Parliament. In this respect Parliament enacted the
Representation of People Act,1951. Sections 3 and 4 of the Act require that the person

17
AIR 1993 SC at 452 : 1992 Supp (2) SCC 651.
18
Supra note 7 at 62.
 to be qualified for the membership of the Parliament must be registered as a voter in
any of the Parliamentary constituencies.

DISQUALIFICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP (Article 102)

Article 102(1) provides that a person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a
member of either House of Parliament if he incurs any of the following disqualifications:
a) If he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of
India or the Government of any state, other than any office declared by Parliament, by
law, not to disqualify its holder;
b) If he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court;
c) If he is an undischarged insolvent;
d) If he is not citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign state,
or is under any acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign state;
e) If he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament. In this respect, the
Representation of People Act, 1951 was enacted by the Parliament.

SECRETARIAT OF PARLIAMENT
(Article 98)
Each House has separate Secretarial staff of its own though there may be some posts common
to both the Houses. The terms of recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed
to the secretarial staff of a House may be regulated by law by Parliament. Until such law is
made, the President may, after consultation with the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, or the
Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, as the case may be, make rules for the purpose. The rules so
made have effect subject to the provisions of any law which Parliament may make.19

TERMINATION OF PARLIAMENT

19
Narendar Kumar, Constitutional law of India 647 ( Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad, 10th edition)
a)PROROGATION:
Prorogation of the house means the termination of the Session. A prorogation ends a Session.
After prorogation, if the house is to meet, it is to be summoned in Session by the President.
The period between the prorogation of the House and its reassembly in a new session is
termed as “recess”. The power to prorogue the House is vested with the president under
Article 85(2)(a).

b)ADJOURNMENT: Adjournment pertains to the sitting of the House. Adjournment does not
end the Session of the House. It merely suspends the sitting of the House. Thus, on
Adjournment, the House continues in Session.20 It is not to be re-summoned.
Adjournment motion: Adjournment motion is moved to discuss the definite matter of urgent
public importance.

c) DISSOLUTION:
Dissolution puts an end to the life of the House. It terminates the House. It leads to the
election of a new House. It is sometimes describes as a civil death of the House. On
dissolution of the House, general elections take place to constitute a new House.
The power to dissolve the House is with the President. It may be noticed that it is only Lok
Sabha which is subject to Dissolution.
If not dissolved earlier, the Lok sabha stands dissolved on the expiration of its tenure of five
years.21

FUNCTIONS OF PARLIAMENT
The prime function of Parliament is the making of laws. The other functions performed by the
Parliament are:

20
Om prakash chautala v. state of Haryana, Air 1998 P and H. 80.
21
Basu Durga Das, Introduction to the Constitution of India 79 (LexisNexis, Gurgaon, 22nd edition).
a. Legislative Functions:
The Parliament makes laws on all subjects listed in the Union List. It can also make laws on
subjects listed under the Concurrent List. In case there is any conflict or overlapping in the
provisions existing in the Union and State enactment, the Union law prevails. In cases when
an emergency has been declared, the Union Parliament can also make laws on subjects that
fall within the State List.
b.Financial Control:
Union Parliament has exclusive powers to provide ways and means through which revenue
has to be raised for public services. To that end it imposes taxes and also ensures that the
money sanctioned for expenditure to various departments of the Government has been spent
for the authorized purposes.

c. Providing and exercising control over cabinet:

Our Parliamentary system blends the Legislative and the Executive organs of the State in as
much as the executive power is wielded by a group of Members of the Legislature who
command majority in the Lok Sabha.
To be more specific the government functions through various Ministries under the charge of
different Ministers. The Parliament provides the Ministers and holds them responsible to the
elected representatives of the people. The Ministers could be Member of either of the two
Houses of the Parliament. The actual execution of Government policies as decided by the
Parliament is carried out by the bureaucracy headed by a Secretary of the Department.
d. Critical Assessment of the work of the Cabinet:
The Parliament provides the forum through which is ensured that the Cabinet remains in
power only as long as it commands majority support in the Lok Sabha which comprises
elected representatives of the people. It is one of the most important functions of the
Parliament to bring about discussions and critical assessments of the performance of the
government departments.
The debates ensure that the weaknesses in terms of performance are brought to light and the
Ministers and through them the entire executive machinery is kept on toes.
e. Role of opposition:
 The existence of opposition also ensures that the nation gets to know about the alternative
points of view.
f. An organ of information:
Parliament is the most powerful organ so far information about the functioning of the
Government is concerned. The information provided in the Houses is authoritative and
Ministers are bound to provide information on matters of Government when so desired by the
members.
g. Constitutional Functions:
The power to amend the Constitution vests with the Parliament. Constitutional amendments
have to be passed by each House by a majority of total membership as well as by two-third
majority of members present in voting. In some cases amendments need ratification from half
of the Legislative assemblies of the States.
h. Judicial Functions:
Parliament has the exclusive powers to impeach the President and remove judges of the
Supreme Court and the High Court’s through a prescribed procedure. Parliament can also
punish a person for contempt or defamation of the House.
i. Elective Functions:
Elected members of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha Constitute the Electoral College for
the election of the Vice-President. Along with elected members of the State Legislatures they
form the Electoral College for election to the office of the President. The Parliament can also
by legislation create new States or make changes in the existing boundaries of the States.22

PARLIAMENTRY PRIVELEGES
With the view to enabling Parliament to act and discharge its high function effectively,
without any interference or obstruction from any quarter, without fear or favour, certain
privileges and immunities are attached to each House collectively, and to the members thereof
individually.
Parliamentary privileges are defined in Article 105 of the Indian Constitution. The members
of Parliament are exempted from any civil or criminal liability for any statement made or act

22
Functions of Parliament, available at: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/parliament/top-9-functions-of-the-
parliament-of-india-explained/32174, last visited on 19 September 2018.
 done in the course of their duties. The privileges are claimed only when the person is a
member of the House. As soon as he ends to be a member, the privileges are said to be called
off. The privileges given to the members are necessary for exercising constitutional functions.
These privileges are essential so that the proceedings and functions can be made in a
disciplined and undisturbed manner.
In India Parliamentary privileges are available not only to the members of House but also to
those who, though not members of a House, are under the constitution entitled to speak and
take part in the proceedings of a House or any of its committees. These persons are Ministers
and the Attorney General.
Parliamentary Privileges can be classified into two broad categories:
1. Those that are enjoyed by each House of Parliament collectively, and
a) The Right to Publish debates and proceedings.
b) The right to exclude strangers and
c) The right to punish members and outsiders for breach of its privileges.
2. Those that are enjoyed by the members individually.
a) Freedom of Speech
b) Freedom from arrest and
c) Exemption from attendance as jurors and witnesses.

Privileges enjoyed by members individually:

 Freedom of Speech:
According to the Indian Constitution, the members of Parliament enjoy freedom of speech
and expression. No member can be taken to task anywhere outside the four walls of the House
(e.g. court of law) or cannot be discriminated against for expressing his/her views in the
House and its Committes.
The basic idea of extending this freedom being the necessity that every member would put
forward without fear or favour his/her arguments for or against any matter before the House.

 Freedom from Arrest:

 The members of Parliament also enjoy freedom from arrest. From this freedom it is
understood that no such member shall be arrested in a civil case 40 days before and after the
adjournment of the House (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha) and also when the House is in session.
It also means that no member can be arrested within the precincts of the Parliament without
the permission of the House to which he/she belongs. When a member of the House is
arrested or detained, the authority concerned should immediately inform the speaker or the
Chairman regarding the reasons for such arrest. A member can be arrested outside the four
walls of the House on criminal cases under the Preventive Detention, ESMA, NSA, POTA or
any other such Act. It has been held in K. Anandan Nambiar v. Chief Secretary, Governor of
Madras[xii]23, that matters of Parliament do not enjoy any special status as compared to an
ordinary citizen in respect of valid orders of detention.
 Freedom of Attendance as Witnesses:
The members of Parliament also enjoy freedom from attendance as a witness.

Privileges of the House collectively:

There are also some other privileges which the House (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha)
collectively enjoys. These are:

 The right to publish debates and proceedings:

Though by convention, the Parliament does not prohibit the press to publish its proceedings,
yet technically the House has every such right to forbid such publication.
Again, while a member has the privilege of freedom of speech in Parliament, he has no right
to publish it outside Parliament. Anyone violating this rule can be held responsible for any
libelous matter it may contain under the common law rules. In Pandit M.S.M Sharma v. Shri
Krishna Sinha[xiii]24, popularly known as Searchlight case proceedings for the breach of
privilege had been started against an editor of a newspaper for publishing those parts of the
speech of a member delivered in Bihar legislative assembly which the speaker had ordered to
be expunged from the proceedings of the Assembly. The editor in a writ petition under Article
32 contended that the House of Commons had no privilege to prohibit either the publication

23
K. Anandan Nambiar v. Chief Secretary, Govt. of Madras AIR 1966 SC 657
24
Pandit M. S. M. Sharma vs Dr. Shree Krishna Sinha, 1960 AIR 1186
 of the publicly seen and heard proceedings that took place in the House or of that part of the
proceedings which had been directed to be expunged.

 The right to exclude strangers:

Each House of Parliament enjoys the right to exclude strangers (no-members or visitors) from
the galleries at any time and to resolve to debate with closed doors.
The punishment may be in the form of admonition, reprimand, or imprisonment.

 The right to punish members and outsiders for breach of its privileges:
The Parliament has been given punitive powers to punish those who are adjudged guilty of
contempt of the House. Such contempt can be committed by the members of any House or
any outsider. When a member of the House is involved for parliamentary misbehavior or
commits contempt he can be expelled from the House.
The right to regulate the internal affairs of the House: In Indian Union, each House is a High
court of Parliament. Therefore, the House has the right to regulate its internal affairs. A
member of the House is free to say whatever he likes subject only to the internal discipline of
the House or the Committee concerned.25

SUPERMACY OF INDIAN PARLIAMENT

Parliament of India is not sovereign as it cannot amend the Constitution. According to Lord
Bryce and political thinkers sovereign power means ultimate power. In U.S.A Supreme Court
has never interfered in amendment of the Constitution but here Supreme Court has
continuously decided that Parliament cannot amend any Article when Supreme Court declares
as basic feature of the constitution. Without amending power, Parliament of India or
Legislature of India cannot be considered Sovereign.
In India Parliament or Prime Minister or law minister have no say in appointment of judges.
In U.S.A Judges are appointed by Senate and can be punished by the congress. In India
Judges are appointed by judges themselves and no judge has been removed by Parliament.

25
Parliamentary privileges, available at: http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Young-Hans/2017-07-
17/Powers-and-privileges-of-Parliament-of-India/312931, last visited on 22 September 2018.
 Appointments are made by chief justice of Supreme Court with the help of two senior judges
and in case of appointment of state High Court Judges with the advice of chief justice of state.
In this way Parliament has no say in appointment of judges.26

ANTI-DEFECTION LAW
 What is the Anti-Defection Law?
The Tenth Schedule — popularly known as the Anti-Defection Act — was included in the
Constitution in 1985 by the Rajiv Gandhi ministry and sets the provisions for disqualification
of elected members on the grounds of defection to another political party.
The law was added via the 52nd Amendment Act, 1985, soon after the Rajiv government
came to power with a thumping majority in the wake of the assassination of prime minister
Indira Gandhi. The Congress had won 401 seats in the Lok Sabha.

 What are the grounds for disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law's Articles 102 (2)
and 191 (2)?
a) If an elected member voluntarily gives up his membership of a political party;
b) If he votes or abstains from voting in such House contrary to any direction issued by his
political party or anyone authorized to do so, without obtaining prior permission.
As a pre-condition for his disqualification, his abstention from voting should not be condoned
by his party or the authorized person within 15 days of such incident.

 What were the loopholes?

As per the 1985 Act, a 'defection' by one-third of the elected members of a political party was
considered a 'merger'. Such defections were not actionable against. The Dinesh Goswami
Committee on Electoral Reforms, the Law Commission in its report on "Reform of Electoral
Laws" and the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC)
all recommended the deletion of the Tenth Schedule provision regarding exemption from
disqualification in case of a split.

26
Supremacy of Indian Parliament, available at: https://www.owlgen.com/question/mean-parliamentary-
sovereignty-india, last visited on 23 September 2018
 Finally the 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003, changed this. So now at least two-
thirds of the members of a party have to be in favour of a "merger" for it to have validity in
the eyes of the law. "The merger of the original political party or a member of a House shall
be deemed to have taken place if, and only if, not less than two-thirds of the members of the
legislature party concerned have agreed to such merger," states the Tenth Schedule.27

BIBILOGRAPHY

27
Anti-defection Law, available at: https://www.sansarlochan.in/en/anti-defection-law/, last visited on 25
September, 2018.
 BOOKS

 Kumar Narender, Constitution Law of India, Allahabad law Agency,

Faridabad, 9th edition.
 Basu Durga Das, Introduction to the Constitution of India, LexisNexis,
Gurgaon, 22nd edition.
 M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, (Lexis Nexis, 14th edition).
 Shukla V.N, Constitution of India, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 10th
Edition.

 WEBSITES

 https://historyofparliamentonline.org/about
 http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/parliament/top-9-functions-of-the-
parliament-of-india-explained/32174
 http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Young-Hans/2017-07-
17/Powers-and-privileges-of-Parliament-of-India/312931
 https://www.owlgen.com/question/mean-parliamentary-sovereignty-india
 https://www.sansarlochan.in/en/anti-defection-law/