Tlo3 Reinforcing Bars PDF

CE 514: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ESTIMATING 1
TLO-3: REINFORCING STEEL BARS MEETINGS: 1
4.0 REINFORCING STEEL BARS
Reinforced concrete is the most commonly used structural material in

engineering construction. Although concrete is strong in resisting
compressive stress, it is weak in tension. Hence to withstand tensional
stresses, steel is need in concrete. The reinforcement in concrete may be
simple bars or rods bend and tied to a given schedule with stirrups.
Estimation of steel reinforcement quantity is required for calculating cost of

RCC structure along with other building materials as per construction
drawing. Accurate quantities of the concrete and brickwork can be
calculated from the layout drawings.
If working drawings and schedules for the reinforcement are not available it
is necessary to provide an estimate of the anticipated quantities. The
quantities are normally described in accordance with the requirements of
the Standard method of measurement of building works.
4.1. TYPES OF SUPPLIED STEEL
1. MILD STEEL
It contains 0.05–0.25 % carbon in form of cementite . It has relatively
low tensile strength , but it is cheap and easy to form ; surface
hardness can be increased through carburizing . Due to high iron
content it is prone to corrosion .
2. TMT/TOR STEEL
TOR and TMT are both high strength reinforcement steel bars wherein
TOR usually refers to cold treated bars and TMT refers to hot treated
bars.
TMT: Thermo-Mechanized Treated steel

No residual stress is involved , which in turn increases the corrosion
resistance.
TOR: The technical term is Cold Twisted Deformed Steel Reinforcement Bar .
Steel bars have surface deformation formed by twisting the steel after
elongation . This impart high yield strength to steel and provide proper
bondage with concrete .
TOR is a brand name - Toristeg Steel Corporation of Luxembourg. Their

name (TOR) became synonymous with Cold Twisted Deformed (CTD)
steel bars due to popularity. TOR is also used as a synonym for
reinforcement bars in general.
To enable students to understand the methods of estimating reinforcing steel bars in construction.

4.2. METHODS OF REINFORCEMENT QUANTITY ESTIMATION
1. Volume method
The simplest method is based on the type of structure and the volume
of the reinforced concrete elements. Typical values are, for example:
A. Warehouses and similarly loaded and proportioned structures: 1

tonne of reinforcement per 10.5m3
B. Offices, shops, hotels: 1 tonne per 13.5m3
C. Residential, schools: 1 tonne per 15.05m3
However, while this method is a useful check on the total estimated

quantity it is the least accurate, and it requires considerable
experience to break the tonnage down to Standard Method of
Measurement requirements.
2. Weight method
Another method is to use factors that convert the steel areas obtained
from the initial design calculations to weights, e.g. kg/m2 or kg/m as
appropriate to the element.
If the weights are divided into practical bar diameters and shapes, this
method give a reasonably accurate assessment. The factors, however,
do assume a degree of standardization both of structural form and
detailing.
This method is likely to be the most flexible and relatively precise in

practice, as it is based on reinforcement requirements indicated by the
initial design calculations.
3. Per count method
For this method sketches are made for the ‘typical’ cases of elements
and then weighted.
This method has the advantages that:
(a) The sketches are representative of the actual structure

(b) The sketches include the intended form of detailing and
distribution of main and secondary reinforcement
(c) An allowance of additional steel for variations and holes may be
made by inspection.
This method can also be used to calibrate or check the factors

described in method 2 as it takes account of individual detailing
methods.

4.3. ASTM REBAR MARKINGS
A range of individual markings reveal the identification of each individual

rebar:
 The first letter or symbol means producing mill and deformation

pattern.
 The second marking means the bar size, in this picture, " 11 " means
the diameter of this rebar is #3.
 The third letter represents the type of steel as follows:
S: Carbon-steel (A615)
W: Low-alloy steel (A706)
R: Rail-steel (A996)
I: Axle-steel (A996)
A: Rail-steel (A996)
 The last marking shows the grade of reinforcing bar.
40: grade 40.
60: grade 60.
75: grade 75.
4: grade 420, also grade 60
5: grade 520, also grade 75
Furthermore, the grade also can be identified by its additional lines, which
must be at least five deformations long, for example, in this picture, the first
rebar has one line only, which means the grade of it is 420. If it has two lines,
it represents grade 520, and no line means grade 40.
4.4. CUTTING AND BENDING OF BARS
There is a steel yard in the site for storing, cutting and bending of
bars. Reinforcement bars are cut into required lengths and bent into
required shapes shown on the bar schedule either manually or by means of
machinery.
In manual operations, laborers used the bar bending bench on which
strong nails are fixed and GI pipes with suitable lengths to bend the bars.
That is used for smaller diameter bars. For bending of larger diameter bars,
bar bending machine is used. After bending all reinforcement bars were

bundled and clearly numbered according to the bar mark so that steel fixers
will not face any difficulty when fixing them.
4.5. BAR SCHEDULE
Reinforcement Bar Schedule is prepared in a standard manner. The bar

bending schedule should be prepared and it should be submitted to the
steel bar steel yard to cut and to bend the bars for purposes, because bar
bending schedule is the simplest of details what is in the drawings which can
easy to under stand for bar benders. It contains all the details needed for
fabrication of steel.Those details are bar mark, bar type and size, number of
units, length of a bar, shape code, distance between stirrups (column, plinth,
beam) etc.
Advantages of the Bar Schedule:
 By preparing a bar schedule, and arranging them according to the

lengths, it will lead to an economical bar cutting, reduce the bar cutting
wastages.
 It is easy to manage the reinforcement stock required for identified
time duration.
 It will help to fabrication of R/F with structure.
4.6. WEIGHT OF STEEL
4.7. MINIMIZATION OF BAR CUTTING WASTAGE
In the site several steps were adopted for that purpose. That is using longer
bars rather than using shorter bars. For example 6m bars off cuts of 12m
bars were used to prepare stools, separators etc.
 Off cuts of larger diameter (25mm) bars-for spacer bars

 Off cuts of smaller diameter (10mm) bars-for stools
4.8. SPACER BARS
Bars used to place a gap between reinforcing bars in separate rows.
4.9. STOOLS
Stools are used to separate the top reinforcement mesh and bottom
reinforcement mesh. Dimension of the Stools could be change as
requirement. Those should be strength enough to bear the loads without
changing the gap of two layers. 12 mm or 16 mm bars are used to make the
stools.
4.10. COVER BLOCKS
They were made up of 1:3 ratio of cement mortar. Cover blocks should be
immersed in water for 28 days to get the maximum strength.All the beams
were checked to ensure adequate cover blocks are provided to the bottom
and sides of the beam reinforcement. Main bars of the columns were
adjusted to ensure the covering requirements before concreting. Stools of
correct height were used to maintain the require gap between top and
bottom reinforcement nets and cover blocks were also provided to bottom
reinforcement.
4.11. SPLICING
When the length of reinforcement bar has to be extended in reinforced

concrete structural member splicing is used to join two reinforcement bars
to transfer the force from one bar to the joining bar. The forces are
transferred from one bar to the other through bonds in concrete. Force is
first transferred to the concrete through bond from one bar and then it is
transferred to the other bar forming the splice through bond between it and
concrete. Thus concrete at the point of splicing is subjected to high shear
and splitting stresses which may cause cracks in concrete.
4.12. LAPPING
The preferred method of lapping where the two bars overlap each other for
some minimum distance. This distance is called Lap length. These two bars

are in physical contact and wired together. It does not represent an actual
bend in the bar.
4.13. LAP LOCATION IN COLUMNS
Naturally, areas of high moment will result in high forces in the bars and
cracking in the concrete, which could compromise the transfer of forces
between bars.
In which case in columns the lapping should be where the bending is
minimum, i.e. approx. at bottom quarter:
4.14. LAP LOCATION IN BEAMS
The ACI code gives a provision on structural integrity to beams to splice

continuous top bars at mid span and splice continuous bottom bars at or
near supports. Under gravity loads or in most cases the top bars at mid span
and the bottom bars near the supports (in a doubly reinforced beams )
receives compressive stresses.
4.15. LAP LENGTH
For tension reinforcement:
25 xBARSIZE  150 mm
For compression reinforcement:
20 xBARSIZE  160 mm

4.16. HOOK AND BENDS
Mild steel Minimum Hook and Bend:
Hook: Total length of continuous bar: L + [2(9d)]

Bend: Total length of continuous bar: L + [2(5d)]
High Yield steel Minimum Hook and Bend:
Hook: Total length of continuous bar: L + [2(11d)]

Bend: Total length of continuous bar: L + [2(5.5d)]
4.17. MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER SPECIFICATIONS (ACI)
The American Code Institute (ACI-318-11) provides minimum concrete cover

thickness for different elements of reinforced concrete structure. The ACI
code specifies certain condition in which this minimum cover thickness
would not be adequate and hence it needs to be increased. These conditions
include corrosive environment, fire protection, and future extension.
For example, for reinforced concrete member subjected to sea water, the
ACI code specifies that thickness of concrete cover should be at least 50mm.
It is desired to set minimum thickness of concrete cover as 65mm to account
for possible construction errors and hence make sure that 50mm cover
thickness is achieved.
Minimum Cover Thickness for Cast-in-Place Concrete
Type of structure Concrete over, mm
Concrete cast against and permanently in contact with ground 75
Concrete in contact with ground or water
No. 19 through No. 57 bars 50
No. 16 bar and smaller 40
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
Slabs, walls, joists
No. 43 and No. 57 bars 40
Beams, columns
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals 40
Shells, folded plate members
No. 19 bar and larger 20
Bar Designation
4
4.18. BINDING WIRES / TIE WIRES
The common gauge of tie wire used is the No. 16 galvanized iron wire (#16
GI wire). A roll is approximately 45 kilograms and will yield about 2, 385
meters or 53 meters of wire for a kilogram.
The length of the tie wire varies with the sizes of rebars to be bound. The
common size ranges from 20cm to 40cm. Most oftenly 30cm is used.
4.19. REBAR ESTIMATE FOR CHB
Masonry walls are reinforced with both vertical and horizontal bars. Vertical
bars are spaced between 40cm to 80cm and horizontal bars from 2 layers to
4 layers.
Unlike the horizontal bars in concrete hollow blocks which are usually laid
full-length in the wall, the vertical steel reinforcements are cut into short
lengths and spliced together as the laying of the concrete hollow blocks
progresses upward. This enables the mason to reach the top ends of the
bars and slide down each hollow block at the level where he is standing.
There are three methods used in estimating rebars for masonry walls:
A. Direct counting method

Vertical and horizontal bars are counted from the plan. The length of the
vertical bars are taken from the height of each floor and length of
horizontal bars from the span of each wall.
B. Area method
The simplest approach in computing rebars in masonry walls. Values in
the table are inclusive of bends, hooks, and splices.
C. Unit block method
Similar with area method using the table but incorporates the number of
blocks used in the wall.
4.20. CHECKLIST FOR ESTIMATING BILL OF MATERIALS FOR CHB WALLS
1. Cement, sand and gravel/crushed stones for:

A. Continuous footing for concrete hollow block wall
B. Cement mortar and cell fillers for laying CHB
C. Rough and finished cement plastering
2. Steel reinforcing bars:
A. Vertical and horizontal reinforcements
B. Longitudinal and transverse bars for CHB footing
3. Tie wire for tying the reinforcing steel bars.
4.21. TERMS IN ESTIMATING REBARS IN CHB WALLS
1. Overall height of wall - the total height of the CHB wall, which also
includes the foundation footing, concrete floor beams and
roof beams or girders.
2. Net height of wall - the height of the CHB wall, excluding its footing,
concrete floor beams and roof beams/girders.
3. Overall length of wall - the horizontal measurement of the wall, including
concrete columns integrally built with it.
4. Net length of wall - the clear distance between the columns framing the
CHB wall.
5. Spacing of horizontal bars - the specified center to center distance
between horizontal bars int eh CHB wall.
6. Spacing of vertical bars - the center to center distance specified between
vertical bars in the CHB wall.
7. Full-length bar - refers to the whole piece of steel bar as it is sold by the
dealer or supplier.

4.22. BINDING WIRE FOR CHB REINFORCEMENT (PER SQM)
4.23. Exercises: REBARS FOR CHB WALLS
1. Estimate the rebars (including tie wires) required for a perimeter fence
120m long by 2m high. Use the following: Diameter 12 (@0.60m vertical
interval; every two layers)
Columns : 0.20m x 0.20m spaced 3m OC.
Compute the number of rebars using the three different methods.
Compute for the tie wire using two different methods.
2. Estimate the number of rebars and tie wire used in the outside walls of a
residential building, 8m x 8m. 350mm x 350mm columns stand at 4m
distances around the perimeter. Use 6” CHB, 12mm diameter RSB laid every
3 layers and 0.60m apart. (Compute using the different methods).
4.24. INDEPENDENT FOOTING REINFORCEMENT
Remember that the minimum concrete cover for surfaces exposed to grade
is taken as 75mm. Upon learning the dimensions of the footing, you can
simply have deduct the minimum concrete cover on both ends of those
dimensions if the plan does not show bent bars for the footing.
On the other hand, length of bar to be considered when they are bent is:
Barlength  L  4(conc cov er )
Estimating method often used is the direct count method. Discretion on

which bar length should be be best used to minimize bar waste.
Important points to consider when estimating footing reinforcement are as

follows:
1. Footing dimensions
2. Diameter of footing reinforcement
3. Grade of reinforcement to be used
4. Spacing of the reinforcement
5. Hook’s/bend’s length
6. Concrete covers of the footing
4.25. Exercises: INDEPENDENT FOOTING REINFORCEMENT
1. 24 - 2.00m x 2.00m isolated columns have been reinforced with 10 -

16mmφ RSB o.c.b.w. Find the number of bars and tie wire needed.
2. Estimate the bent rebars and tie wire required to set up 10 columns of
2.5m x 4.0m reinforced with D20 RSB (15pcs x 30pcs) spaced equally.
4.26. POST AND COLUMN REINFORCEMENT
Three considerations for column reinforcement are as follows:
1. The main vertical reinforcement

2. The lateral ties, or
3. Spiral ties in case of circular column
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
Using direct count method, consider the additional length from the
following:
1. Lap joints of end splices

2. Allowance for bend or hook
3. If applicable, additional length for beam depth of floor thickness
4. Distance from floor to footing slab
5. Provision for splices of succeeding floors
LATERAL TIES:
ACI states “ All non pre-stressed bars for tied column shall be enclosed by
lateral ties of at least No. 3 for smaller longitudinal bars (No. 10 or smaller)
and at least No 4 for bigger longitudinal bars (No 11 to 18).
Lateral ties to be used should be 10mm diameter for smaller longitudinal

bars and 12mm diameter for bigger or bundled bars.
LATERAL TIES SPACING
As per code spacing of lateral ties should not exceed any of the following:
1. 16 x the longitudinal diameter

2. 48 x the lateral tie bar diameter
3. The least dimension of the column
4.27. Exercises. COLUMN REINFORCEMENT
1. Estimate the number of reinforcement for 24 - 0.50m x 0.50m columns of

4 meters height (12 pcs from foundation to ground floor; 12 pcs from GF to
2nd floor). Longitudinal bars = 20mm diameter and lateral ties = 10mm
diameter. Compute the tie wires.
2. From the following figure, find the number of 10mm lateral ties and tie
wire if there are 36 columns with cross-sectional dimensions of 60 x 90cm at
12m long per column.
4.28. REINFORCEMENT FOR BEAMS AND GIRDERS
Direct count method is considered to estimate the number of longitudinal

bars in a beam - continuous and cut. Additional lengths come from bends.
STIRRUPS OF BEAMS AND GIRDERS:
Stirrups are used to protect the beam from shear. The two types of stirrups
are:
1. Open stirrups
2. Closed stirrups
Although table 3-8 (for lateral ties) can still be utilized to determine the
number of stirrups, because of the more complex change in the spacing, it is
better to estimate the number of stirrups through direct counting method.
4.29. Exercises. REINFORCEMENT FOR BEAMS AND GIRDERS
1. For the BM-1 shown on the figure, estimate the longitudinal bars and the
stirrups (spaced: 2 @50mm, 4 @100mm, rest @ 150mm to center line.
Length of beam is 4.0m. Also determine the tie wire required.
4.30. REINFORCEMENT FOR SPIRAL AND COLUMN TIES
The spiral reinforcement consist of evenly spaced continuous spirals held

firmly in place by at least three vertical bar spacers under the following
considerations:
1. That the center to center spacing of the spiral should not exceed 1/6 of
the diameter core.
2. That the clear spacing between spirals should not exceed 7.5 centimeters
nor less than 5.0 centimeters
3. That the clear spacing between the spirals be less than 1-1/2 times the
biggest size of the coarse aggregate.
Estimate longitudinal bars by direct count method;

Use table 3-9 for estimating the spirals.
4.31. Exercises. REINFORCEMENT FOR SPIRAL AND COLUMN TIES
1. Estimate the 10mm diameter spirals for 15 - 60cm columns at 7.00

meters high. Pitch is determined at 6.25cm.
4.32. REINFORCEMENT FOR ONE WAY CONCRETE SLAB
One-way slabs, supported by parallel walls or beams, bend in only one

direction and transfer their loads to the two opposite support walls or
beams.
Even when a rectangular slab is supported on all the four edges, the slab
may be considered as a one-way slab if the length-to-breadth (L/B) ratio of
the slab is equal to or greater than two.
A one-way slab is designed for the spanning direction alone; the main
tension reinforcing bars of such slabs run parallel to the span. For the
transverse direction, a minimum amount of shrinkage reinforcement is
provided.
One-way slab action is assumed in a ribbed floor (slab with joist beams)
made of precast double tee sections, in ribbed floor with integral beams,
and also in hollow-block or -cored slabs.
The methods used in finding the number of steel bars for a one-way slab are
by direct count or by area method.

4.33 DIFFERENT BARS IN SLAB
From design, you have learned that the slab will experience the highest
effect of he load at the center. The members which would have to resist this
load is the bottom members.
The slab is supported at two ends. The maximum tensile stress that is
positive moments (sagging) acting in the middle of the slab and the
maximum compressive stress that is negative moments (hogging) acting at
both ends of support. So bottom steel is required at the mid span and top
steel resists negative moments at the supports. A bent-up bar called
as crank bar is provided to make RCC slab safe from compressive stresses.
A. MAIN REINFORCEMENT BARS

In order to transfer that bending moment developed at the bottom of the
slab, Main reinforcement bar is to provide at the shorter span direction. The
purpose of the main bar is to transfer the bending load developed at the
bottom of the slab to the beams.
 We place main reinforcement bars at the bottom of the slab
 Also, use slightly stronger (higher) dimension bars
 We place main bars at the shorter direction
In one way slab, the slab is supported at two parallel sides where main
reinforcement will be placed.

In two way slabs, the span will be supported at four ends. So there won’t be
any difference in bar size. Because each side will have to transfer the same
amount of stress evenly.
B. DISTRIBUTION BARS
Distribution bars are used to resist the shear stress, cracks developed in the
longer span.
 We place the distribution bars perpendicularly on top of the main
bars.
 We use lesser dimension since it is only to resist the cracks
developed due to shear stress on top of the slab.
 We place them at the longer span direction
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAIN BARS AND DISTRIBUTION BARS

 Main reinforcement normally used at the bottom of the slab.
Distribution bars placed on top of the main bar.
 Main Reinforcement bars are placed in shorter direction and
Distribution bars placed in longer span direction
 Main Reinforcement Bars are used to transfer the bending moment
developed at the bottom of the slab. Distribution Bars are used to hold
the slabs on either way and to resist the cracks and shear stress
developed at the top.
4.34. CRANK LENGTH
Cutting Length = Clear Span of Slab + (2 x Development Length) + (2 x

inclined length) – (45° bend x 4) – (90° bend x 2)
Which equals to:
Cutting Length = Clear Span of Slab + (2 x Ld) +(2 x 0.42D) – (1d x 4) – (2d x 2)
Where: d = Diameter of the bar.
Ld = Development length of bar.
D = Height of the bend bar.
D = Slab Thickness – (2 x clear cover) – (diameter of bar)

4.35. Exercises. CRANK LENGTH
1. Determine the crank length of the beam with the following specifications:
Diameter of the bar = 12 mm
Clear Cover = 25 mm
Clear Span (L) = 8000
Slab Thickness = 200 mm
Development Length(Ld) = 40d
D = Slab Thickness – (2 x clear cover) – (diameter of bar)

= 200 – (2 × 25) – 12
= 138 mm
Now, putting all values in the formula
Cutting Length = Clear Span of Slab + (2 x Ld) +(2 x 0.42D) – (1d x 4) – (2d x 2)
= 8000 + (2 x 40 x 12) +(2 x 0.42 x 138) – (1 x 12 x 4) – (2 x 12 x 2)
∴ Cutting Length = 8980 mm or 8.98 m.
4.35. Exercises. REINFORCEMENT FOR ONE WAY SLABS
1. Using the two methods, estimate the number of rebars and tie wire
needed for a one-way slab (2m x 4m) given the following:
Spacing of main reinforcement = 15cm
Temperature bar spacing = 30cm
Size of reinforcement = 12mm diameter
2. The canopy of a building is 1.5m x 5m. Estimate the rebars and tie wire
needed with the following specifications:
Spacing of main reinforcement = 15cm
Temperature bar spacing = 30cm
Size of reinforcement = 12mm diameter
Thickness of slab = 100mm
Concrete cover = 25mm
Development length = 40d
Column size = 300 x 300mm
4.36. REINFORCEMENT FOR TWO-WAY CONCRETE SLAB
Both spans of the slab would need to be considered in

designing and estimating its reinforcement.

4.37. CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Concrete pipes would have diameter 10mm or 12mm reinforcement.

Longitudinal bars still estimated by direct count method. Rings would need
to be computed with additional lengths on hooks.
4.38.Exercises. CONCRETE PIPE REINFORCEMENT
Determine the quantity of 10mm steel bars and tie wire for a concrete pipe,
1m in length and 90cm in diameter. Pipe consists of 6 longitudinal D10mm
bars.

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CE 514: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ESTIMATING 1

TLO-3: REINFORCING STEEL BARS MEETINGS: 1

4.0 REINFORCING STEEL BARS

Reinforced concrete is the most commonly used structural material in

Estimation of steel reinforcement quantity is required for calculating cost of

4.1. TYPES OF SUPPLIED STEEL

TMT: Thermo-Mechanized Treated steel

TOR is a brand name - Toristeg Steel Corporation of Luxembourg. Their

TLO-3: REINFORCING STEEL BARS MEETINGS: 1

A. Warehouses and similarly loaded and proportioned structures: 1

However, while this method is a useful check on the total estimated

This method is likely to be the most flexible and relatively precise in

3. Per count method

(a) The sketches are representative of the actual structure

This method can also be used to calibrate or check the factors

TLO-3: REINFORCING STEEL BARS MEETINGS: 1

A range of individual markings reveal the identification of each individual

 The first letter or symbol means producing mill and deformation

4.4. CUTTING AND BENDING OF BARS

TLO-3: REINFORCING STEEL BARS MEETINGS: 1

4.5. BAR SCHEDULE

Reinforcement Bar Schedule is prepared in a standard manner. The bar

Advantages of the Bar Schedule:

 By preparing a bar schedule, and arranging them according to the

4.6. WEIGHT OF STEEL

TLO-3: REINFORCING STEEL BARS MEETINGS: 1

4.7. MINIMIZATION OF BAR CUTTING WASTAGE

 Off cuts of larger diameter (25mm) bars-for spacer bars

4.8. SPACER BARS

Bars used to place a gap between reinforcing bars in separate rows.

TLO-3: REINFORCING STEEL BARS MEETINGS: 1

4.10. COVER BLOCKS

When the length of reinforcement bar has to be extended in reinforced

TLO-3: REINFORCING STEEL BARS MEETINGS: 1

4.13. LAP LOCATION IN COLUMNS

TLO-3: REINFORCING STEEL BARS MEETINGS: 1

4.14. LAP LOCATION IN BEAMS

The ACI code gives a provision on structural integrity to beams to splice

4.15. LAP LENGTH

For tension reinforcement:

For compression reinforcement:

TLO-3: REINFORCING STEEL BARS MEETINGS: 1

Mild steel Minimum Hook and Bend:

Hook: Total length of continuous bar: L + [2(9d)]

High Yield steel Minimum Hook and Bend:

Hook: Total length of continuous bar: L + [2(11d)]

4.17. MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER SPECIFICATIONS (ACI)

The American Code Institute (ACI-318-11) provides minimum concrete cover

Minimum Cover Thickness for Cast-in-Place Concrete

Type of structure Concrete over, mm

Concrete cast against and permanently in contact with ground 75

TLO-3: REINFORCING STEEL BARS MEETINGS: 1

Concrete in contact with ground or water

No. 19 through No. 57 bars 50

No. 16 bar and smaller 40

Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground

Slabs, walls, joists

No. 43 and No. 57 bars 40

No. 36 bar and smaller 20

Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals 40

Shells, folded plate members

No. 19 bar and larger 20

No. 16 bar and smaller 13