CIVIL ENGINEERING DIPLOMA

N.S.S. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, PANDALAM, PATHANAMTHITTA

Reg. No: C1803082D120003 JESWIN GEORGE THOMAS

 SYLLABUS
PART-I

1. INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

2. BUILDING MATERIALS
• CEMENT
• BRICK
• AGGREGATES
• LATERITE
• TIMBRE
• AC SHEETS
• MORTAR
• CEMENT CONCRETE
• STONES
• IRON & STEEL
• PAINT
3. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
• COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING
• MASONRY WALLS
• BRICK BONDS
• LINTEL & SUNSHADE
• ARCH
• DOOR, WINDOW, VENTILATOR
• ROOF, STAIR, FLOORING & FINISHING WORKS

4. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

5. SITE PLANING & KERALA BUILDING RULE (K.B.R.)

6. CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
• ENGLISH BOND
• FLEMISH BOND
 PART-II

1. CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING (MANUAL DRAWING)

2. AutoCAD LAB

3. QUANTITY SURVEY

• DEFINITION
• REQUIREMENTS & DUTIES OF A QUANTITY SURVEYOR
• ESTIMATE
• RATE ANALYSIS
• ABSTRACT

PART-III
1. SURVEYING (THEORY PAPER)
• INTRODUCTION
• CLASSIFICATION
• CONVECTIONAL SIGNS
• MEASUREMENTS
• CHAIN SURVEY
• PLAIN TABLE SURVEY
• COMPASS SURVEY
• THEODOLITE SURVEY
• LEVELLING
• INTRODUCTION TO MINOR INSTRUMENTS

2. SURVEYING PRACTICAL

• CHAIN SURVEY
• PLANE TABLE SURVEY
• COMPASS SURVEY
• THEODOLITE SURVEY
• LEVELLING
• TOTAL STATION
INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

Civil Engineering is the art of directing great sources of nature for the use and convenience of the man.
The origin of Civil Engineering date back to ancient Egypt.

DISCIPLINES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BRANCHES)

• CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
They apply their knowledge of construction method and equipments along with principles
of Financing, Planing and managing to turn the Designs of other engineers into successful
facilities.

• STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
It deals with the design of structures that support their own weight and the loads they carry
and that resist extreme forces from Wind, Earthquakes, etc.

• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
They analyse the properties of soil and rock that support and affect the behaviour of the
structures.

• ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
They resolve the problem of providing safe drinking water, cleaning up contaminated sites
with hazardous materials, disposing of waste water and managing solid waste.

• TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
They design, construct and maintain all types of transportation facilities including Airports,
Highways, Railways and Ports.

• WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

They design, construct and maintain Hydro Electric power up facilities, Canals, Dams,
Pipelines, Pumping Stations, etc.

SURVEYING
It is to determine the positions of points ON, ABOVE and BELOW the surface of the earth by the means
of direct or indirect measurements of DISTANCES, ELEVATIONS and DIRECTIONS.
MEASUREMENTS & MENSURATION

METRIC TABLE

10 Millimetre 1 Centimetre
10 Centimetre 1 Decimetre
10 Decimetre 1 Metre
10 Metre 1 Decametre
10 Decametre 1 Hectometre
10 Hectometre 1 Kilometre

EQUATIONS

RECTANGLE
AREA : l x b d
b
PERIMETER : 2 (l+b)

DIAGONAL : √ l2 +b 2 l

SQUARE a

d2
AREA : a2 , d
2 a a

PERIMETER : 4 a
DIAGONAL : √2 a a

TRIANGLE
• EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE

AREA :
√ 3 a2 a a
4
a
PERIMETER : 3 a
• RIGHT TRIANGLE
1
AREA: bh b
2
h

b
• ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
1
AREA: bh h
2
b
 • SCALENE TRIANGLE
a
AREA: √ S (s−a).(s−b).( s−c) (Bernoulli’s Theorem) c

a+b+ c
=
2 b

(S = Semi perimeter)

CIRCLE
BUILDING MATERIALS
CEMENT
Cement is the product obtained by burning a well proportional mixture of Siliceous, Argillaceous,
Calcareous materials and crushing the same into a fine powder.
The most common type of artificial cement was first invented by Joseph Aspidin of England
in 1824.
The colour of cement is Greenish Grey.

✔ Unit weight or Weight density of Cement: 1440 Kg/m2. *Specific gravity of cement
Unit weight of cement
✔ 1 Bag of cement: 50 Kg. ( ‘0.0345m2’ or ‘35 litres of H2O’ or ‘1.25 ft3’ ) =
Unit weight of water
1440 Kg/m 3
✔ 1 Bag of cement needs 22.5 litres of water. =
1000 Kg/m 3
✔ Unit weight or Weight density of Steel: 7850 Kg/m3. = 1.44
✔ Unit weight or Weight density of Water: 1000 Kg/m3. *Specific gravity has no unit.

INGREDIENTS OF CEMENT

Li Lime 62% CaO Major Constituent (Sound & Strength)

S Silica 22% SiO2 Chief Constituent (Ultimate Strength)
A Alumina 5% Al2O3 Quick Setting
G Gypsum 4% CaSO4 Retarder (Controls the initial setting time)
I Iron Oxide 3% FeO Colour ingredient
M Magnesia 2% MgO
A Alkalis 1%
P Phosphorous 1%
S Sulphates 1% SO3

MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT

The process of manufacturing of cement is essentially of grinding the raw materials, mixing them
intimately in a certain proportion and burning in a larger Rotary Kiln at a temp. of approx. 1500oC,
then the material partially fuses into balls known as Clinker, and it is Grind to fine powder in
Tube mill with some Gypsum added and resulting product is the commercial Portland Cement.
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT

• The colour should be uniform.

• Cement should be free from lumps.
• It should be uniform when touched.
• It should be cooled when felt with hand.
• If a small quantity of cement is thrown into a bucket of water, it should sink.

QUALITY CHECKING OF CEMENT ( TEST ON CEMENT)

FIELD TEST
The main purpose the field testing is to check the adulteration in the cement.

• About 100g of sample of cement placed on a steel plate and is heated for about 20 mins. In-case the
cement is adulterated, it will change colour.
• Cement balls are made out of thick consistency cement paste and allow them to set for 24hrs, then the
balls are placed under water. If the ball gets cracks or breaks up, the cement is adulterated.
• Stones, Dust can be detected by taking a little cement in a handkerchief and dissolve it in water. The
residue is checked for its fineness and other impurities. Good cement generally leaves a soft, blackish
residue.
• If our hand is thrust into the cement bag, unadulterated could give a cool feeling without any lumps
inside.
• A pinch of cement taken and felt between the fingers, unadulterated cement should give a smooth
feeling and not a gritty feeling.
• A handful of cement is thrown in a bucket full of water, the particles should float for sometime and then
sink down for unadulterated cement.

STORE KEEPING OF CEMENT BAGS

➔ 1 Layer = 20 Bags
➔ Cement can store up to 3 months
➔ Distance b/w wall and layer = 30cm
➔ Distance b/w two layer = 90cmx
➔ Storing cement bags above 3 months will decrease 20 – 40% quality.
LABORATORY TEST

FINENESS TEST
• It is carried out to determine the grain size.

• It is determined by using IS Sieve No: 9.

• The residue should not be more than 10% of original weight.

2) CONSISTENCY TEST ( % of water)

• It is carried out to determine the percentage of water required for preparing cement paste of standard
consistency.

• It is carried out in Vicat’s Apparatus using Plunger.

• The penetration of the plunger to the cement paste should be b/w 5 – 7 mm from the bottom of the
mould if the water is correct proportion.

• The percentage of water varies from 28% – 32% of the weight of the cement.

SETTING TIME TEST

INITIAL SETTING TIME

• The process of changing the cement paste to hard solid mass is known as Setting of Cement and time
taken for this is called as Setting Time of Cement.

• The period from which the water is added till the initial setting time is called as Initial Setting Time of
Cement.

• For Ordinary Portland Cement (O.P.C.), the initial setting time is not less than 30 mins (30`)

• This test is carried out in Vicat’s Apparatus using square needle, the time when the needle penetrates to
the cement paste up to about 5mm from the bottom is noted.

FINAL SETTING TIME

• The stage of setting of cement at which plastic cement becomes a harder solid mass is called Final
Setting and time taken for this is called Final Setting Time.
• For O.P.C. the final setting time is around 10hrs.

• This test is carried out in Vicat’s Apparatus using needle with angular collar.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST

• Specific gravity is the ratio of the unit weight of two materials.

• It is determined by Pyconometer or Density Bottle.
• Specific Gravity of cement = 1.44
 SOUNDNESS TEST
• This test is carried out to determine the presence of uncombined lime and magnesia in cement.

• This test is carried out in Le Chatelier Apparatus.

STRENGTH TEST
•