TITLE: ELBOW

OBJECTIVES

1. To familiarize the students with different hand tools and their uses.
2. To be able to make a split pattern.
3. To be trained in the shop operation.
4. To familiarize the students in different kinds of pattern.
METHODS/DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS

Elbow pipes are very important pipe fittings that are used frequently today. Its design was
made in such a way that it will be installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing in order to
provide a change in material- flow direction. In terms of changing direction of the material flow,
this will add pressure losses to the systems due to friction, impact, and re-acceleration. On the
product flow, it will then be deflected at an angle toward the outlet of the elbow. The deflection
angle is determined by the elbow design, the product’s characteristics, the conveying velocity,
and specific load. Pipe elbows are manufactured to be used in flow of lines for gases, fluids in
industrial processes, medical, construction and many other specialized applications. In addition,
they are specifically designed for use on process and control systems, instrumentation, and
equipment used in chemical, petroleum, fluid power, electronic and pulp and paper plants.

On the early days, pipes were constructed out of logs that had a large hole bored
lengthwise through the center. They were especially popular in the mountain regions in which
transport of heavy iron or concrete pipes would have been difficult. Logs of wood were used in
the production of pipes for the reason that wooden pipes were easier to maintain than metal since
wood does not expand or contract whenever there are temperature changes. In addition, the
thickness of the wood afforded some insulating properties that helped the pipe in preventing its
freezing. In terms of water pipes, wood does not rot easily compared to metal.

Nowadays, there are various materials that were used in the production of pipe elbows.
These are ductile iron, cast iron, aluminum, stainless steel, copper, steel, iron, plastic, and rubber.
Also, elbow pipes are mainly available in various design features depending on where it will be
applied. These designs are Long Radius Elbows, Short Radius Elbows, 90 Degree Elbows and 45
Degree Elbows. Long radius elbows have a center line radius that is 1.5 times the nominal size
of the pipe. These are used in piping as pressure loss is less as compared to short radius elbows
but requires more space. Short radius elbows have a center line radius that is the same as the
nominal size of the pipe. These are used under limited space application but have a high-pressure
drop due to a sudden change in direction of flow. The 90 degree elbows are used to connect
hoses to valves, water pressure pumps, and deck drains. The 45 degree elbows are used in water
supply facilities, food industrial pipeline networks, chemical industrial pipeline networks and
electronic industrial pipeline networks.
http://www.pipingstudy.com/elbow.html

http://www.sunnysteel.com/blog/index.php/definition-of-pipe-elbow/

https://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_redwoods/redwood_pipes.htm

http://www.thepipefittings.com/pipe-elbow.html

https://hardhatengineer.com/pipe-fittings/
TOOLS/MATERIAL/EQUIPMENT

1. 1pc. Kiln-Dried Wood (approximately 125mm x 65mm x 14mm)

2. 1pc. Kiln-Dried Wood (approximately 150mm x 18mm x 7mm)
3. Try-square
4. Backsaw
5. Half round File
6. Flat File
7. Rasp File
8. Round File
9. Steel Brush
10. Bench Vise
11. Work Bench
12. Electric Drill Press
13. Drill Bit
14. Sandpaper (1000 grit size)
15. Sandpaper (60 grit size)
16. 2 pcs. Bamboo Pins
17. Pencil
18. Eraser
19. Wood Glue
20. Compass
21. 30-60-90 degree triangle
22. Masking Tape
23. Lab Gown
24. Goggles
25. Dust Mask
MECHANICAL DRAWINGS
PROCEDURE

1. Wear the necessary personal protective equipments and gather the equipments, materials
and tools that will be needed in the workshop.
2. For the body, use the kiln-dried wood with estimated dimensions of 125mm x 65mm x
14mm and then mark it with measurements of 120mm x 60mm through the use of a try-
square and then cut it with a backsaw. It was cut in these measurements for the reason
that the two patterns that will be placed on this wood would have enough allowances for
the cutting.
3. After marking the desired dimensions, draw a 10mm x 10mm grid lines. This will be
used as a guide in making the desired pattern. From the left and right side of the wood,
mark a measurement of 55mm x 55mm for the two elbow pipe patterns having a
necessary allowance on the middle for the cutting. The pattern should have 30mm and
10mm radius for bigger and smaller corner respectively. These two patterns should be
mirrored forming a U-like shape.
4. With the use of a backsaw, separate the two patterns and then cut it with the desired
dimensions.
5. Put the two patterns together and use a masking tape to secure the two pieces. Locate the
two points on the upper and lower part of the elbow pipe.
6. Lock the piece on the bench vise in order to bore the holes needed for the bamboo pins.
Make sure to drill one all throughout while the other one is only half way through.
7. Cut the wood on the desired pattern but make sure to give allowances for the files to be
used. For the round areas, the round file could also be used especially on the corners.
Make sure that the two pieces are circular in shape even the corners. Use the sandpaper
for further polishing.
8. Through the use of a mallet, put the two bamboo pins on the piece that is holed
throughout the wood. After that, attach the two pieces together.
9. For the core prints, use the kiln-dried wood with estimated dimensions of 150mm x
18mm x 7mm and make 4 circles that have a radius of 15mm using the compass. It was
made on this way so that there will be allowances in making the right measurement of
25mm in diameter on the process. Cut them in between each shape having 4 square
pieces.
10. On the two circles, create a hexagon that circumscribes these circles. In doing this, create
first the center lines. On the lower and upper left of the circle, make a 30 degree line that
will be tangent to the circle and also meet with the center lines. On the left side of the
circle, draw a vertical line that will be also tangent to the circle and will meet the two 30
degree lines. Repeat these steps on the opposite side of the circle making a hexagon
shape.
11. Mark a vertical line on the center of the circles and hexagons and then cut it through the
use of a backsaw.
12. Adjust the pieces into the desired measurements since the blade of the backsaw is thick
thus eating some portions of the wood and then form the pieces into its necessary shape
through the use of a flat file or round file. Use the sandpaper whenever there is only little
allowance left to get the precise shape.
13. Though the use of the wood glue, attach the core prints at both ends of the pipe. Make
sure that the hexagons will be attached first before the circles.
14. In finishing the whole output, use the course sandpaper to remove any excess materials
from the surface of the wood and then use the fine sandpaper to smoothen the surface of
the output.
15. Write the labels on the output and then submit it.
TOPIC QUESTIONS

1. By design, how are piping elbows selected? Define and explain each.
In terms of design, piping elbows are selected depending on its given radius.
There are three major parameters that dictate the radius selection for piping elbows.
These factors are the following:
a. Space Availability
In this parameter, short radius elbows are used for the reason that they can be
utilized under limited space application since its center line radius is the same as its
nominal size. However, it has a high-pressure drop due to a sudden change in
direction of flow.
b. Pressure Drop
In terms of this factor, long radius elbows are used due to the fact that it can be
utilized in piping as a pressure drop is less compared to the short radius elbow since it
has a centreline radius that is 1.5 times its nominal size. However it requires more
space in the area.
c. Cost
In this type of consideration, it could be said that short radius elbows are less
costly compared to long radius elbows.

http://www.whatispiping.com/piping-elbows-and-bends

https://www.marineinsight.com/tech/pipeing/pipes-and-bends-an-essential-guide-for-second-
engineers-part-2/

https://hardhatengineer.com/pipe-fittings/

2. Who were the first to develop piping elbows? Support your answer by placing a
technicolor photo and explanation of the first fully developed and working system.
The Romans were the first people who developed piping elbows. It is for the
reason that they have an advanced water system through the use of aqueducts. These
aqueducts are utilized in order to bring water from outside sources into cities and towns.
Due to this, Romans have a good supply of water in terms of public baths, latrines,
fountains, and private households. In addition, the water from aqueducts also supported
 gardens, farms, milling, and mining operations. These aqueducts have components of
high-pressure lead, stone, or ceramic pipes that siphoned across. A lot of aqueducts
possess sedimentation tanks that reduce any water-borne debris and distribution tanks
that regulated the supply of individual destinations.

http://plumbingspot.com/plumbing-history/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct

3. What is the difference of a tubing and a piping? Provide advantages and disadvantages
of each.
The pipe is a pressure tight circular hollow section that is used in pipeline and
piping systems, and commonly transport gases or fluids. They are specified by Nominal
Pipe Size (NPS) and Schedule (wall thickness). On the other hand, the tube is a circular
structural member that is used in the heat exchanger and fired heater for a process
application. They are specified by the Outside Diameter (OD) and the Wall Thickness
(WT).
In terms of availability, tubes can come in different shapes like square,
rectangular and cylindrical while pipe only comes with a cylindrical shape. There are
types of tubes that could be rather flexible while pipes are always rigid and is resistant to
bending. In terms of larger applications, pipes are widely used since its size ranges from
half-inch to several feet compared to tubes. Tubes could be installed faster than pipe for
the reason that they could be joined quickly with flaring, brazing or coupling while the
pipe requires more labor since it needs welding. Tubes possess mechanical seals that
 prevent leakage even under rugged operating conditions and have a higher strength-to-
weight-ratio than a pipe. In terms of initial price, pipes are less costly than tubes but in
the long run, tubes save more money since it is easy to assemble. In terms of
manufacturing, pipes require less process and easier to produce compared to tubes. They
are delivered in bundles or in bulk delivery for the reason that they do not need protection
from light chafing unlike tubes that are extremely protected.

https://hardhatengineer.com/what-is-the-difference-between-pipe-tube/

https://www.commercemetals.com/tube-vs-pipe-the-differences-explained-in-plain-english/

https://www.machinedesign.com/archive/weighing-advantages-tubing-versus-pipe

http://blog.worldwidemetric.com/products/pipes-vs-tubes-is-there-a-difference/

4. What color code is used for a piping system conveying gaseous elements?
According to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the color code
that is used for a piping system conveying gaseous elements is yellow.
http://www.pteinc.com/color.html
5. What color code is used for a piping system conveying potable water?
According to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the color code
that is used for a piping system conveying conveying potable water is blue.
http://www.pteinc.com/color.html
6. What color code is used for a piping system conveying sewage?
According to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the color code
that is used for a piping system conveying sewage is green.
http://www.pteinc.com/color.html
https://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/g201411/aqueducts-roman-engineering/
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/galvanized-elbow-10771179791.html
https://www.grainger.com/product/GRAINGER-APPROVED-316-Stainless-Steel-
Coupling-2TY82
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/ss-union-fittings-16918357648.html
https://www.pipestock.com/stainless-steel/150lb-316-stainless-steel-pipe-fittings/weld-
nipple
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/ss-pipe-fitting-reducer-11413148448.html
https://www.commercial-industrial-supply.com/839-073-1-2-x-3-8-schedule-80-pvc-
reducer-bushing-flush-style.html
https://www.buyfittingsonline.com/pipe-fittings-stainless-steel-1-2-in-tees-304-ss-
threaded-npt-2-d/
https://www.aliexpress.com/item/Equal-1-2-Copper-Three-way-Vavle-Toilet-Bidet-
Shattaf-Diverter-Equal-Tee-Joint-Brass-Forged/32596583033.html
https://www.amazon.com/Parker-Stainless-Steel-Fitting-Female/dp/B004XEKXRY
https://www.amazon.com/Chrome-Plated-Brass-Fitting-Female/dp/B004XEKPMW
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/ms-plug-16290792688.html
http://www.pneuflex-pneumatic.com/brass-pipe-fittings-scmb-male-barb.html
7. What are the types of piping and explain their usage. Provide photos.
a. Elbow

This type of pipe fitting is installed between two lengths of pipe in order to allow
a change of direction. They are usually in a 90 degree or 45 degree, long radius, ang short
radius types. The 90 degree elbows are used to connect hoses to valves, water pressure
pumps, and deck drains. The 45 degree elbows are used in water supply facilities, food
industrial pipeline networks, chemical industrial pipeline networks and electronic
industrial pipeline networks. Long elbows are used in low-pressure gravity-fed systems
and other applications where low turbulence and minimum deposition of entrained solids
are of concern. Short elbows are typically used in pressurized systems, and in physically
tight locations.

b. Coupling
This type of pipe fitting connects two pipes. It has two types: regular and slip. A
regular coupling has a small ridge or stop internally, to prevent over-insertion of a pipe,
and thus under-insertion of the other pipe segment. A slip coupling is deliberately made
without this internal stop, to allow it to be slipped into place in tight locations, such as the
repair of a pipe that has a small leak due to corrosion or freeze bursting, or which had to
be cut temporarily for some reason.
c. Union

This type of pipe fitting allows the convenient future disconnection of pipes for
maintenance or fixture replacement. It allows easy connection and disconnection,
multiple times if needed. It is a type of very compact flange connector.

d. Nipple

This type of pipe fitting is a short stub of pipe, usually male-threaded steel, brass,
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), or copper which connects two other fittings. It is
commonly used with plumbing and hoses.
e. Reducer
This type of pipe fitting allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow
requirements of the system or adapt to existing piping of a different size. It is used as
needed to maintain the top or bottom of pipe level.
f. Double-Tapped Bushing
This type of pipe fitting also serves as a reducer. It is a sleeve similar to a close
nipple, but is threaded on both its inner and outer circumferences. Like a reducer, a
double-tapped bushing has two threads of different sizes.
g. Tee
This type of pipe fitting is the most common since it is used to combine or divide
fluid flow. It can connect pipes of different diameters or change the direction of a pipe
run, or both. It can be also used to transport two-fluid mixtures.
h. Diverter Tee
This type of pipe fitting is used primarily in pressurized hydronic heating systems,
to divert a portion of the flow from the main line into a side branch connected to a
radiator or heat exchanger. It is designed to allow flow to continue in the main line, even
when the side branch is shut down and not calling for heat.
i. Cross
This type of pipe fitting has one inlet and three outlets (or vice versa), and often
have solvent-welded socket or female-threaded ends. It may stress pipes as temperatures
change, because they are at the center of four connection points. It is common in fire
sprinkler systems.
j. Cap
This type of pipe fitting is usually liquid or gas tight. It covers the open end of a
pipe. It attaches to the exterior of a pipe, and may have a solvent-weld socket end or a
female-threaded interior.
k. Plug
This type of pipe fitting fits inside the pipe segment or fitting..Special temporary
plugs, usually made of flexible rubber, may be installed into a plumbing system to allow
pressure testing for leakage.
 l. Barb
This type of pipe fitting connects connects flexible hose or tubing to pipes. It
typically has a male-threaded end which mates with female threads. The other end of the
fitting has a single- or multi-barbed tube which is inserted into a flexible hose.
m. Valve
This type of pipe fitting stop (or regulate) the flow of liquids or gases. They are
categorized by application, such as isolation, throttling, and non-return. Isolation valves
are used to temporarily disconnect part of a piping system. Throttling valves are used to
control the amount or pressure of a fluid allowed to pass through. Non-return valves
allow free flow of a fluid in one direction, but prevent its flow in a reverse direction.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting

8. What color code is used for a piping system conveying electircal conduits?
According to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the color code
that is used for a piping system conveying electrical conduits is red.
http://www.pteinc.com/color.html
9. What are the available piping today in the market? Differentiate each.
a. Concrete Pipe
This kind of pipe is mostly used to supply water. It can either be
reinforced or unreinforced with varying diameters. The larger reinforced concrete
pipes are used in major water supply projects while the smaller unreinforced
concrete pipes are used to drain rain water.
b. HDPE Pipe ((High-Density Polyethylene)
This kind of pipe is probably the most effective pipe in the market for the
reason that they come in various thicknesses and can be used in demanding
pressure environments. Moreover, it can bend into 90 degree angle and it has a
high quality. Also, this pipe is recommended for sewer and water lines since roots
can never grow into this kind of pipe.
 c. PVC Pipe (Polymerizing Vinyl Chloride)
This kind of pipe has three different types: un-plasticized, plasticized, and
chlorinated. Un-plasticized PVC pipes are used in cold water systems. Plasticized
PVC pipes are used in low temperature and low strength applications. Chlorinated
PVC pipes are designated to withstand high temperatures.
d. Galvanized Steel Pipe
This kind of pipe is a steel pipe that is coated in zinc. Through this
coating, it is well protected from corrosion. It comes in different grades that
represent varying levels of thickness. The light and medium level grades of
galvanized pipes are used in internal plumbing. Moreover, these pipes are more
expensive than PVC pipes.
e. Asbestos Pipe
This type of pipe has the ability to withstand high pressure. However, it
can be damaged by root intrusion. It is best to install a different kind of pipe
whenever there is a tree near the septic tank or a sewer line.

https://bernardibuildingsupply.com/pipe-supplies-toronto/different-types-of-pipes-and-tips-for-
choosing-the-right-one/

10. What techniques have you learned when making the piping elbow shop exercise 5?
Explain each.
Since this exercise only has a certain allotted time to finish this work, time
management is deeply important in making the output. Through time management, we
have discovered techniques that could make the output with ease thereby finishing the
output on time. One technique that I have learned was the sandpaper technique. Since
there are only limited tools to use, the sandpaper is a good substitute in shaping the curve
of the elbow. Moreover, it is also better in controlling the pace of shaving the wood
making the output more accurate and precise. Another technique that I have learned was
 the making of a polygon that circumscribes a circle through the use of the triangles
making the sides equally distributed.

Time duration

Technique that is not seen in the manual, using own skills,

CONCLUSION

As the workshop exercise was put to an end, it can be concluded that all of the objectives
that were given before the workshop activity started were able to meet by the group. This activity
has contributed a lot of help in giving the students the necessary information and knowledge that
will be used in creating elbow pipes. It could be said that the group had mastered and
familiarized the different hand tools together with their functions and uses. Through the use of
these different tools, the group had successfully made the elbow pipe within the given time. This
activity has given a lot of contributions about giving new ideas and concepts that could be
utilized in such wood working activities. In addition, the group was effectively trained in the
shop operation developing and gaining new skills and abilities. Another one, the group had
familiarized the different kinds of pattern since this is the third pattern that they have made.
Lastly, there were quite few errors in the whole activity but these mistakes will be made as
lessons that will be applied in the next workshop activity thereby reaching the true standards of
making final outputs.

RECOMMENDATIONS

After making the elbow pipe pattern in the workshop, the group came up with the
following recommendations. Before the start of the operation, understand first the whole plan in
order to fully grasp the knowledge in making the right decisions. In the case of the group, there
were misunderstood instructions that could lead to certain errors making the activity hard to
execute. At the start on the marking of 10mm x 10 mm grid lines, make sure that there is proper
transferring of exact measurements from the front side to the back side in order to make sure that
the proper drawing of the pattern on the front side is completely similar to the back side. If it
does not match, it will not be precise and accurate producing more adjustments thereby losing a
lot of working time. In addition, always make sure to provide allowances for the pattern. This is
necessary since in the cutting of the wood, the backsaw is thick thereby eating some portions of
the wood. Allowances are given in order for the worker to get the précised dimensions by the use
of the files. Constantly check the dimensions and marks on the pattern in order to prevent from
filing too much on the wood. In shaping the core prints, avoid being too aggressive, proper use
and execution of the file is necessary to prevent the breaking of the wood. Furthermore, the
rough sandpaper could be recommended in shaping the core prints since it is more controllable in
forming the circles and hexagons.