7901280-12-8P AID: 249658 |

23/03/2020

The problem divided into two conditions, one condition is with or without support and
the other is based on maximum settlement. By combing both condition we can arrive at
the answer.

Condition-1

From Equation 12.34:

σ D
q− p +γ (C+ )
2
Nt=
cu

There is no surcharge, so if the tunnel is to be bored with no support pressure (p = 0)

then:

N t cu D
C= −
γ 2

From Equation 12.35:

N t =2 ln ( 2CD + 1)
So that an iterative approach is required to find C:

120 Stability of self-

supporting soil masses
© 2012 Taylor & Francis
With reference to Figure
12.13, m = 1, so:
So a safe slope angle would
be 15° β = 15°
If the water table is well
below the surface, then m =
0 and Equation 12.26(b)
becomes:
F = 2.7
12.8
ULS:
From Equation 12.34:
There is no surcharge, so if
the tunnel is to be bored
with no support pressure (p
= 0) then:
From Equation 12.35:
So that an iterative
approach is required to nd
C:
Iteration C C/D N
t
(Eq. 12.35) C
1 = D = 1 2 1.00 2.20 17.16
2 17.16 1.43 2.70 22.42
3 22.42 1.87 3.11 26.74
4 26.74 2.23 3.39 29.68
5 29.68 2.47 3.56 31.47
6 31.47 2.62 3.66 32.53
7 32.53 2.71 3.72 33.15
8 33.15 2.76 3.75 33.47
9 33.47 2.7
As the stability numbers
for heading collapse are
higher, C/D = 2.82
represents the critical
condition beyond which
internal support is required,
i.e. a running depth of C +
D/2 = 39.9 m.
Depth = 39.9 m
(no support)
As the stability numbers
for heading collapse are
higher, C/D = 2.82
represents the critical
condition beyond which
internal support is required,
i.e. a running depth of C +
D/2 = 39.9 m.
Depth = 39.9 m
(no support)
As the stability numbers
for heading collapse are
higher, C/D = 2.82
represents the critical
condition beyond which
internal support is required,
i.e. a running depth of C +
D/2 = 39.9 m
As the stability numbers
for heading collapse are
higher, C/D = 2.82
represents the critical
condition beyond which
internal support is required,
i.e. a running depth of C +
D/2 = 39.9 m
As the stability numbers
for heading collapse are
higher, C/D = 2.82
represents the critical
condition beyond which
internal support is required,
i.e. a running depth of C +
D/2 = 39.9 m
As the stability numbers for heading collapse are higher, C/D = 2.82 represents the
critical condition beyond which internal support is required, i.e.

Running depth = C + D/2 = 39.9 m (no support)

Alternatively, it may be
assumed that tunnel
support is required, so
that the required
support pressure p from
Equation 12.34 is:
Alternatively, it may be assumed that tunnel support is required, so that the
required support pressure p from Equation 12.34 is:

p=γ ( C+ D/2 )−N t c u

Values of p may be
calculated for a range of
values of C using a
spreadsheet – if the value
of p is negative then the
tunnel does not require
support at that depth. Then,
the value of C
+ D/2 at which p is just
zero gives the maximum
running depth of the
tunnel without
support:
Values of p calculated for a range of values of C using a spreadsheet – if the value of p is
negative then the tunnel does not require support at that depth. Then, the value of C +
D/2 at which p is just zero gives the maximum running depth of the tunnel
without support:

Condition -2

As the building is directly

above the centerline of the
tunnel the centre of the
building will
settle more than the
edges so that walls are
sagging. From Figure
10.4, a limit of
Δ/L = 0.5 × 10
–3
should be selected to
avoid any damage.
Assuming that the walls
span
across the entire building,
then L = 16 m, giving Δ
max
= 8 × 10
–3
m = 8 mm. At the centre of
the structure, the ground
settlement is smax from the
settlement trough, while at
the edge
of the building, x = 8 m
from the centerline:
As the building is directly above the centerline of the tunnel the centre of the building
will settle more than the edges so that walls are sagging. From Figure 10.4, a
limit of Δ/L = 0.5 × 10–3 should be selected to avoid any damage. Assuming that
the walls span across the entire building, then L = 16 m, giving Δmax = 8 × 10–3 m = 8
mm. At the centre of the structure, the ground settlement is smax from the settlement
trough, while at the edge of the building, x = 8 m from the centerline:
2
−x
2
2i
s g=smax e
−64
2
2i
s g=smax e

So the induced differential settlement due to the tunnel is:

−64
2
2t
∆=smax −smax e
−64

∆=smax ( 1−e ) 2t
2

The maximum ground settlement is related to the volume loss by Equation 12.43, so:

V D2
−64

∆= L
3.192i
1−e 2 i( 2
)
The foregoing equation is non-linear in i. A numerical procedure can be used in which
the value of i is calculated for different running depths – i = 0.5(C + D/2) in clays –
allowing the induced differential settlement to be found and compared to the limiting
value of 8 mm. This is most easily accomplished using a spreadsheet:

Combining both ULS and

SLS requirements, The
tunnel must be run deeper
than 31.8 m
(C > 25.8 m) in order
not to damage the
building at the ground
surface. If the tunnel
running depth is also less
than 39.9 m then it will
not require internal
support. A value
between these two limits
ay be acceptable, i.e. a
running depth of 36 m (C
= 30 m,
C/D = 2.5).
Combining both condition 1 and condition 2 requirements, The tunnel must be run deeper
than 31.8 m (C > 25.8 m) in order not to damage the building at the ground
surface. If the tunnel running depth is also less than 39.9 m then it will not
require internal support. A value between these two limits are acceptable, i.e. a
running depth of 36 m (C = 30 m, C/D = 2.5).