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INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL
& MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL
& MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
2. Temperature
temp: sobility of solid in liquid
temp: solubility of a gas in liquid
2. % /
=
3. % / =
100
100
HCl : f=1
Standard Temp: 0C (273K) 5. Molarity (M)
H2SO4: f=2
3. Pressure (affects Gases only)
Henry’s Law of Gas solubility solubility of gas:pressure
= H2PO4: f=3
Partial Neutalization of a hydroxide 7. Normality (N) K3C6H5O7: f=3
/
Types of Solution According to the Solubility of the Solute: Oxid-agent: f=3 of e gained
= × =
Saturated Solution solution achieved the maximum solubility + 2+
Unsaturated Solution less solvent that solute
MnO4 H Mn
Supersaturated Solution more solvent that solute
=
=
/
F=5
OH Mn2
F=3
= Redu-agent: f=# of e lost
2+
Fe Fe
3+
Colligative Properties Gas Laws (PV=nRT)
1. Vapor Pressure Lowering the addition of a non-volatile solute lowers . Boyle’s Law Volume is inversely proportional to pressure
the VP of the liquid
A liquid in a closed container will established an equilibrium
with its vapor.
nonlinear relation for volume & pressure
1 1 =
Constant: n, R, T
2 2
Variable: P, V
When equilibrium is reached, the vapor exerts a pressure
Relationship: Inverse
(vapor pressure)
. Charle’s Law Volume is directly proportional to
Volatile exhibits vapor pressure
most use Lower Temperature Zone
Nonvolatile no measurable vapor pressure
temperature (Kelvin), 273Kstandard
1
1
=
2
2
Raoult’s Law is applied in the determination of vapor pressure Constant: P, n, R
P= (1x Xsolute) P Variable: V, T
lowering of a vapor pressure of a solvent is equal to Relationship: Direct
the product of the mole fraction of the solute & vapor
pressure of the solvent.
. Avogadro’s Law
Volume is directly proportional to moles
1
=
2
Boiling Point equilibrium between the liquid & the gas, point at Avogadro’s Number: 6.02 x 10
23
which the VP equals atmospheric P. . Combined/ combination of Boyle’s, Charle’s, Avogadro’s
3. Freezing Point Depression Ideal Gas Law 1 1 2 2
=
Presence of salt/ solute will cause lowering of freezing point
1 1 2 2
Ice cream making Ideal Gas exist at STP
?FP = kfm T= OC / 273 K
Freezing point of water is 0C P= 1 atm
= 760 mmHg
Kf= 1.86C/m
N= 1 mol
4. Osmotic Pressure V= 22.4 L
Pressure needed to prevent osmosis Ideal Gas Constant: R
Osmosis net movement of solvent molecules through a R= 0.08205 L atm/ mol k
semipermeable membrane from a more dilute solution to R= 8.314 J/mol k
a more concentrated solution R= 1.987 cal/mol/k
lower to higher concentration of solute . Dalton’s Law State that the Pressure exerted by a mixture
of Partial Pressure of gasses (non-reacting gases) is the sum of
Reverse Osmosis move under high pressure from more
the partial pressures that each gas in the
concentrated to less concentrated
mixture exert individually
process of water purification gaseous mixtures
1 1
2 2
Diffusion gradual mixing of molecules
of one gas w/ the molecules of
another gas by virtue of their kinetic
properties
Effusion passage of a gas under
pressure through a small opening
Acids & Bases General Properties:
Electrolytes Allow conductase of electricity ACIDS sour taste
WEAK electrolytes: Incomplete/PartiaI dissolution Litmus: Blue to Red
Poor electric conductor aqueous solutions conduct electricity
STRONG electrolytes: Strong acids & bases reacts with metal to produce Hydrogen gas
Complete dissolution reacts with carbonate & bicarbonate
Best electric conductor to produce Carbon dioxide gas
Non-Electrolytes will not dissociate, will not conduct electricity turns colorless w/ Phenolphthalein
do not ionized in water turns pink w/ methyl orange indicator
Most common acids:
Acid-Base Theory Strong Acids Weak Acids
ACID BASE HCl HF
Binary
Arrhenius yield H+ yield OH HBr
Acids
Bronsted-Lowry proton donor proton acceptor HI
Lewis e- acceptor e- donor HNO3 H2SO4
Oxyacids HClO4 H2PO3
Arrhenius Theory water ion theory of Acidity HOXO –halous acid
Bronsted-Lowry H+ (hydronium ion) BASES bitter taste
conjugate acid-base pairs Litmus: Red to blue
protonic concept aqueous solutions conduct electricity
+ feel slippery
elaborated as HA <-> H + A
Pink to Violet color w/ Phenolphthalein
natural direction of a bronsted-lowry acid-base
Yellow w/ Methyl orange
reaction: SA+SBWA+WB
+ Most common bases:
H30 strongest acid in aqueous solution
Strong Bases
Lewis Theory coordinate covalent bond
NaOH
Heavy metals + chelating agents (2or more donor atoms) Alkali Metal
KOH
EDTA -^ donor atoms (hydroxides)
LiOH
Chelates (cage-like structures)
Alkaline Earth Be(OH2)
Coordinate Covalent Bond interaction wherein both lectrons in
(metal hydroxides)
the bond arise from a single orbital
Weak Base conjugate base of a strong acid
on one of the atoms forming the
bond.
1. SA + SB neutral salt
HCl + NaOH NaCl +H2O Neutralization aka “acid-base reaction”
2. SA + WB acidic salt involve in determination of acidity or alkalinity of
HCl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O solutions.
3. WA + SB basic salt Acid + base = salt & water
CH3COOH + NaOH NaCH3COO + H2O point when equal amounts of acid & base reacted;
4. WA+WB neutral, acidic, basic salt non-observable
CH3COOH + NH4OH NH4CH4COO + H20 *Titration process of progressive addition of a solution of known
kA = kB neutal concentration to a substance of unknown concentration
kA>kB acidic salt *Indicator substance that changes color at the end point
kA<kB basic salt *Equivalent Pointis the point in a titration where stoichiometrically
equivalent amounts of analyte & titrant.
In a complex, the metal acts as a Lewis Acid (e- acceptor). *Stoichiometric point
*End point is the point in a titration where we stop adding
titrant(VS).
experimental approximate of neutralization point;
Observable
Basic Principles of Analysis
A. pH
number of grams equivalent of H per liter of soln
pH = -log [H]
or pH = log 1/[H]
pOH= -log[OH ]
pH + pOH =14
acidic = pH < 7.0, pOH >7.0
basic= pH >7.0, pOH <7.0
neutral= pH=pOH=7.0
() value of pHis possible
> 14 value is possible as well.
Protolysis a process whereby a proton is transferred from one
molecule to another.
Autoprotolysis a process whereby there is a transfer of a
proton from one molecule to another identical molecule.
Amphoteric properly where a substance can act either as acid
or base.
B. Buffer Capacity
ability/ degree (magnitude) of a buffer solution to resist
changes in pH upon addition of acid/alkali
depends on the amount of the acid & the base from which
the buffer can neutralize before pH begins to change to an
appreciable degree
Van slyke
was responsible for a quantitative expression
amount in g/l of strong acid or a strong base required to be
added to a solution to change its pH by 1 unit.
higher buffer capacity, lower change in pH.
“Hard acidswhile
small sizes are electron acceptor
soft acids w/positive
have low high positive charges
charges &
relatively
& relatively large
sizes. “
Thermodynamics deals w/ energy transformation First Law of Thermodynamics
“Law of Conservation of Energy”
System any part of the universe which is isolated from the rest by a
boundary on a wall Energy is not created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed.
Surrounding everything outside the system The Energy of the universe is constant.
V = 9xw
Three Types of Thermodynamic System
1. Open allow exchange of both matter & energy Second Law of Thermodynamics
-you can add/withdraw “Spontaneous Law”
2. Closed allows exchange of energy but not of matter A process that occurs by itself must be increased in the entropy in
3. Isolated does not allow the exchange of both matter & energy. order to be SPONTANEOUS!
Adiabatic doest not allow energy or heat flow accompanied by an increase of entropy
Diathermal allows energy & heat flow G = () spontaneous
G = (+) non-spontaneous
G = (0) equilibrium
Thermodynamic Functions: G = H TS
1. Internal Energy (U or E) total energy content of a system, composed () (+) () spontaneous
of thermal energy & chemical energy (+) () (+) non-spontaneous
is the heat content of a system evaluated at (+) (+) spontaneous
contant volume X X non-spontaneous
Heat content = constant volume (isochoric) Above 0 degree melt spontaneously
refers to the heat required to Below 0 degree not melt spontaneously
increase the internal energy & to
Exacly 0 equilibrium
perform work of expansion
2. Enthalpy (H) Energy of a reaction solid & liquid –Physical State @ Freezing point
heat content evaluated at constant pressure Triple Point the condition of temperature & pressure where a
substance can exist solid, liquid & gas @ the same time
Heat content = constant pressure ( Isobaric)
3. Entropy (S) measure of degree of randomness or disorderliness of a Freezing Point 0C matter @ solid
system. Boiling Point matter @ liquid
If the Entropy is Zero,
Third Law of Thermodynamics
the reaction is Spontaneous & Irreversible.
“The entropy of a pure crystalline solid at a zero Kelvin is zero.“
4. Gibb’s Free Energy(G) expendable amount of energy
combines enthalpy & entropy SOK = O
determines spontaneity of a reaction
when a reaction is at equilibrium
= Gibbs Free Energy is Zero
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
G=HTS (G=HTS)
1. Endothermic Process reaction wherein heat is absorbed by the
5. Heat (q) an energy transfer due to temperature difference
system, indicated by (+) change in enthalpy.
q = (+) endothermic
2. Exothermic Process a reaction wherein heat is released by the
q = () exothermic
system, indicated by a () change in enthalpy.
6. Heat Capacity (c) the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of an object or substance by one tend to be spontaneous reaction
degree.
6. Work (w) a form of energy transfer between a system & its
Chemical Kinetics (reaction rates):
surroundings in the form of compression or expansion of
1. Collision Theory result of molecular collision
the gas.
rate& frequency of effective collisions
movement of an object against some force
is effective if:
w = work
Requirements:
w= P2xtY
a. Reactants must posses energy equal to or higher
V = 0 w= 0
than minimum energy requirement (energy barrier,
work done BY the system occurs during the process of expansion
activation of energy [Ea])
(expansion)
b. Proper orientation reaction profile
V = Vf Vi
A=B P
sign is () Ea = rate
work done ON the system occurs during compression Ea = rate
(compression) #peaks = equal to the number of steps of reaction
sign is (+) Converted Reaction/ Single Phase Reaction
single step reaction
determining Endo or Exo
A. State Function path independent; not concern w/ the process only from graph
in the initial & final state. H = H prod H reactants
Ex: H, V, G, S
= ()
H = Hf Hi
= Endothermic
B. Non-state Function path-dependent 2. Transition State Theory reactant (first form) to transition state &
dissociation to products
reactants transition state products
Rate dependents on energy required for the formation of
transition state (TS)
energy TS =slow rate
energy TS = fast rate
Intermediate space occupied between two transition state (TS)
Factors Affecting Reaction rate:
1. Nature of Reactants reactivity, physical state Chemical Equilibrium
2. Temperature
temperature Eave mobility Kinetics rate of forward reaction is equal to rate of backward reaction
frequency collision rate
3. Surface Area Homogenous Equilibrium reactants & product are present
SA particle size in same phase.
rate Heterogenous Equilibrium the reactants & products are
4. Concentration in different phase
conc. rate
Except for zero order reaction
Ionic Equilibria involves Ionia
Laws of Mass Action 1. Weak Acid & Weak Base
reactant = collision will be equal if they are have 1 aqueous solution
A B # collision -weak acid: Ka =acid ionization constant
O O 1 -weak base: Ka = base ionization constant
O 2. Insoluble Salts happened if there saturated solution
O 2
O Ksp = solubility product constant
O O 3. Complexes: Kf = formation constant
3
O O
Organic Chemistry branched of chemistry that deals with carbon– containing compounds with: C, H, O, P, S, X (halides– F, Cl, B, I)
Anthracene
(3 rings)
-polyaromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs)
-for dyes
Phenanthrene
-isomer of anthracene
Hydrocarbon Derivatives are hydrocarbons that bear other carbon & hydrogen atoms
& other elements such as Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, or Halogen, Phosphorus, etc
4. Carboxylic Acid
(Carboxyl, -COOH)
CH3
C5H12 (pentane) CH 3CH2CH2CH2CH3 b. Conformational Isomers
(isopentane) CH 3CH CH2CH3 (a) open chain/ acyclic can be obtain in rotation
along a single bond
CH3 (b) cyclic-ring flipping
(neopentane) CH3 Ex:
Ethane
CH3CCH3
Saw horse Projection:
CH3
b. position position of multiple bond or differ in the
position of substituent or functional group. Perspective Formula:
Cyclohexane
-Chair most stable
steric effect
Optical Activityability of a compound to rotate a polarized light either to Haworth Projection presents a cyclic sugar structure
right or to the left Biosostere substituents or groups w/ similar physical or chemical
can only be determined by POLARIMETER properties that in impart similar biological properties to a
Dextrorotatory =d/ (+) chemical compounds
Levorotatory= l/() Purpose:
1. Chiral Center/ Chiral carbon/ Asymmetric chiral carbon -Enhance the desired biological or physical properties of a compound
aka Stereocenter without making significant changes in chemical structure
is acarbon to which four different atoms -Increase Potency
or group of atoms are attached -Decrease Side effects
2. No symmetry element -Increase duration of action by altering metabolism
Enantiomers mirror images but not superimposable -Isosteric analogs may act antagnonistically w/ the parent molecule
also called as Optical Isomer since they rotate light in
the opposite direction Example of Biososteric replacements:
Diastereomers non-mirror images, not superimposable -Fluorine vs Hydrogen
Mesocompounds mirror images, superimposable -Hydroxyl vs Amino Acids
same compounds -Hydroxyl vs Thiol Groups
Epimer special type of diastereomers -Methyl, Methoxyl, Hydroxyl, Amino groups vs Hydrogen
identical in all except in one chiral center -Fluoro, Chloro, & Bromo, thiol, vs Methyl & other small alkyl groups
differ only in configuration at one asymmetry carbon atom
▪ D-glucose/ D-mannoseEpimers at 2 Types of Organic Reactions:
▪ D-glucose/ D-galactoseEpimers at 4 1. Addition: CH2 = CH2 + HBr CH3CH2Br
Anomer differ only in configuration at Carbon #1 2. Substitution: CH3CH2OH+Cl CH3CH2Cl
(carbonyl C or anomeric C) 3. Elimination: CH3CH2OH CH2 CH2 +H2O
4. Re-arrangement: CH3CH2CH2Br CH3CHCH3
Br
+
4 + Br CH3* + Br
5. Propagation, Inititation, Termination: CH
-anomer -anomer O
OH OH
n Systems of Nomenclature:
= # stereoisomers =2 (n=chiral center) 1. Common uses the name given when it was discovered
2
=2 example: Formic Acid (Latin, formica=ants)
=4 Uses prefixes: -n, -iso, -neo
2. Derived Names derived from a parent compound
Fischer Projection Formula 3. IUPAC (international Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry)
most systemic
example:
based on: 2-methylhexane
A. longest continuous C chain or parent chain
B. use of numbers
C. use of C # prefixes
I II III IV
QSAR (Quantitative Structure & Activity Relationship)
I-II mirror images
IUPAC Rules:
Superimposable
1. Name by considering the longest carbon chain
meso compounds ( compounds w/ stereocenters but are chiral)
2. Number C atoms consecutively from one end so that the branches
optically inactive or substituents are given the lowest position numbers
II-III non mirror images
3. Modify the Suffix based on the type of formula or the functional
Non superimposable
group
diastereomers ROH (-ol)
III-IV mirror images
RCHO (-al)
Non superimposable
RCOR (-one)
enatiomers
RCOOH (-oic acid)
Meso Compounds compounds w/ sterocenters but are chiral
4. Identify the substituents & indicate the positions by using numbers
are characterized by the presence of a plane of CH3 (methyl)
symmetry & are superimposable
R (alkyl)
Racemic-mixtures (racemates)
OCH3 (methoxy)
produced w/ mixtures of equimolar concentrations OR (Alkoxy)
of dextro & levo isomers
Cl (Chloro)
contain equal amounts of Br (Bromo)
D & L isomers
NH2 (Amino)
R &
Example: Thalidomide S exist
isomers determine
2 chiral center by Cahn-Ingold-Prelog 5. If there is more than one of the same substituent/ alkyl group on
the chain, indicate the number of groups by using prefixes; di-
r-thalidomide sedative/ hypnotic
two; tri-three; tetra-four; & so on.
s-thalidomide teratogenic
Thalidomide syndrome because of the
presence of s-thalidomide
phocolmelia (short limb)
amelia (no limb)
Saturated Hydrocarbons 4. Hydration (addition of water/ H20)
Alkanes: CnH2n+2 (-ane) Oxidation of Alkene: 1. Hydroxylation/ Glycol Formation
# of C Rootword + -ane Molecular formula Basis for: Baeyer’s Test (for unsaturated)
1 Meth Methane CH4
Glycol (ex: 1,2-diols) is the genral term
2 Eth Ethane C2H6
tha is used to refer to compounds
3 Prop Propane C3H8
4 But Butane C4H10 having two hydroxyl groups
5 Pent Pentane C5H12 attached to adjacent carbons
6 Hex Hexane C6H14 2. Oxidative cleavage
7 Hept Heptane C7H16 Metabolism: More reactive thanalkyl group
8 Oct Octane C8H18
9 Non Nonane C9H20 Hydration
10 Dec Decane C10H22 Epoxidation
Substituents: R-alkyl = alkanes1H atom Peroxidation
yl = methyl: CH3 Reduction
Ethyl: CH2CH3 Alkadienes contain 2 CC
Propyl: CH2CH2CH3
name: Indicate the position of double bond +
Isopropyl: CH3CHCH3
prefix+ diene; CH2CHCHCH2
Alkynes: CnH2n 2 (-yne)
Tertairy Butyl: CH3
Triple bond (one or more)
CH3CCH3 HCCH: Ethyne/ Acetylene (simplest alkyne)
Reactive site occur in
x (halo):F: Fluoro CC
Cl: Chloro triple bond (e rich)
Br: Bromo Aromatics contain Benzene Ring thathave multiple double bonds
I: Iodo Benzene: C6H6 (subject to Substitution Electrophilic)
NO2: Nitro Toluene methyl derivative of benzene
CN: Cyano Xylene dimethyl benzene
Alkyl groups
Aromaticity: (Criteria)
Can participate in Van der Waals Interaction
1. Cyclic
& Hydrophobic Bonding. 2
2. Flat/ Planar (sp C = double bond)
Metabolism: Oxidation
Aryl Groups (Ar) an aromatic (benzene ring) with a 3. Conjugated double bonds having alternating double bonds
hydrogen atom removed 4. Huckel’s Rule : 4n+2 rule
Reactions to Consider:
Combustion a chemical reaction in which HC burns
(rapid oxidation) & produces CO2 & H20
Cycloalkanes: (alkanes that exist in the shape of a ring) 6e- 10e-
Cycopropane / Trimethylene 6=4n+2 10=4n+2
Cyclobutane 4=4n n=2
Cyclopentane n=1
cyclobutadiene: antiaromatic compound
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons have multiple bonds in their molecules 4=4n+2
Alkenes: CnH2n (-ene) n= ½ (therefore, it’s not aromatic)
ethane/ ethylene:
furan: 6e- (n=1)
propene: CH3CHCH2 not benzene ring,
Reactive site occur in But Aromatic
CC
double bond (e rich) – has 1, 1 Pyrole: 6e- (n=1)
react to something
not benzene ring,
But Aromatic
positive
Eletrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS)
Electrophile (E ) e- poor / e- lovinf reagents (+)
Reactions:
NUcleophile (N ) e- rich reagent () 1. Nitration
Electrophilic Addition alkene react w/ electrophiles 2. Halogenation
1. Catalytic hydrogenation (addition of H)– alkenealkane 3. Friedel-Craft’s Alkylation
4. Friedel-Craft’s Acylation
used in production in Margarine 5. Sulfonation only reversible EAS
Fixed oils (Unsaturated Fatty Acids) saturated F.A Other Functional Groups:
Liquids solid Halides: Halogenation
2. Halogenation (addition of Halogen) Formation of an alkyl or aryl halide
Alkene CHCl2/CCl4 Alkyldihalide Examples of Organic halides: -F, -Cl, -Br, -I
H2O halohydrin Functional Froup: R-X
Alkyl & aromatic halides
3. Hydrohalogenation (addition of HX, -hydrogen halide) electron-withdrawing functional groups
Alkene + HX alkylhalide used to “lock” a drug molecule in a desired conformation
Markonicov’s Rules decrease aromatic oxidation of the drug
H adds to C w/ the greater # of H substituents only F can bind
Ex: Diclofenac, Chloramphenicol
X adds to C w/ the lesser # of H substituents
Electrophilic Groups will most likely attach to 1-pentene Electron-withdrawing Groups impart acid stability
Alcohols Phenols
OH groups can form ion-dipole & H-bonds -aka Phenolics
OH groups enhance water solubility -class of chemical compounds, consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH)
esterified to form prodrugs attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
metabolism: Oxidation, Glucuronidation or sulfate conjufation -they have relatively higher acidities compared to alcohols
Functional group: R-OH -examples of phenols:
Classification: Ortho (catechol)
1. Based on the # of R bonded to the Carbon bearing the –OH group Meta (resorcinol)
(C-OH, carbinol group) Para (hydroquinone)
a. Primary alcohol has only one R-group (1 alcohol) 1-naphthol (alpha-naphthol)
Examples: 2-naphthol (beta-naphthol)
Methyl alcohol: CH3OH -form ion-dipole & hydrogen bonds
Ethyl Alcohol: CH3CH2OH -enhance water solubility
Propyl Alcohol: CH3CH2CH2OH -esterified to form prodrugs
b. Secondary Alcoholtwo R-groups (2 alcohol) -susceptible to oxidation
Example Air
Isopropyl: CH3CHCH3 Ferric ions
-Metabolism:
Sulfation
OH
Glucuronidation
c. Tertiary Alcoholhas three R-groups
Example: Aromatic Hydroxylation
O-methylation
Tertairy Butyl: CH3
Important Alcohols & Phenols:
1. Methanol aka “Wood Alcohol” (because it was formerly obtained
CH3CCH3
from destructive distillation)
used to produce formaldehyde, a starting material for
OH many plastics
2. Based on the # of hydroxyl groups a good denaturant for ethyl alcohol (makes ethyl alcohol
a. Monohydric 1 OH unfit for drinking) because of its taste & poisonous
b. Dihydric 2 OH (ethylene glycol) properties.
c. Trihydric 3 OH (glycerol) 2. Ethanol aka “Grain Alcohol”, “wine Sprit”,
d. Polyhydric (carbohydrates) ”Spiritus vini rectificatus”
Nomenclature of Alcohols: alcohol present in alcoholic beverages
A. Common names are often used obtained from fermentation of sugars & starch
name of alkyl group + alcohol used as antiseptic (70% solution of ethanol)
CH3OH (methyl alcohol) used as solvent in medicinal preparations (tinctures)
B. Derived names from Carbinol (an old name of metyhanol) unfit for use in intoxicating beverages by addition of
Eg. CH3CH2OH Denatured alcohol (contains Methanol & Benzene)
Methyl carbinol 3. Isopropyl Alcohol component of rubbing alcohol
C. IUPAC Rules: similar to alkanes solvent
1. Parent chain has the–OH intermediate in the production of acetone
2. –OH is given the lower number 4. Cholesterol a complex alcohol that occurs in nature, a sterol found
3. Name ending in–ol in a cell membrane of animal cells; used as precursor
Qualitative Test for Alcohols: for the synthesis of sex hormones & bile acids
1. Lucas Test 5. Glycerol used in the manufacture of certain plastics
-Reagent: Zinc Chloride (catalyst) in concentrated HCl (reactant) used as solvent in liquid medications being nontoxic
-involves in double displacement ingresient in cosmetics formulation due to its moisturizing
-differentiate alcohols by forming an insoluble layer property
-Tertiary alcohols are the most reactive towards this test main constituent of suppositories
Reactivity: 3>2>1>CH3OH 6. Ethylene Glycol antifreeze for automobiles
-Primary alcohols do not undergo the reaction easily & needs heat solvent
-Visible result: Two immiscible layers humectantsaids in retaining moisture
2. Dehydration–usually undergone by Methanol & Ethanol 7. Phenol aka “Carbolic Acid”
removal of H2O used as disinfectant for surgical instruments & utensils ets.
3. Oxidation – reagent: K 2Cr2O7 starting material in the manufacture of aspirin, detergents,
depend on type of alcohol dyes, herbicides, explosives, etc.
1 aldehyde (oxidized to Carboxylic acid) 8. Cresol saponated cresol (aka “Lysol”) –used as disinfectant which
2 Ketone is better & less toxic than phenol
3 no reaction 9. Resorcinol also used as antiseptic but not as good as phenol
4. With Active Metal (ex: Na) 10. Hexyl Resorcinol a much better antiseptic & germicide,
williamsons reagent for synthesis of ethers commonly used in mouthwash
Reactivity: CH3OH > 1> 2> 3 11. Menthol from oil of Peppermint
12. Geraniol from Rose Oil
Methanol formaldehyde formic acid metabolic acidosis 13. Glucose a carbohydrate basic unit
(blindness)
Antidote: ethanol/ ethyl alcohol Ideal Antiseptic
Ethanol acetaldehyde acetic acid liver damage has a low surface tension
Ethylene Glycol oxalate + CA2+ hypocalcemia should also be non-irritating to tissue & non-allergenic
retain activity in the presence of body fluids
CaC2O4 (kidney stones) rapid & sustained lethal action against microorganisms
Ethers Amines organic compounds that are derived from ammonia by
-aka Organic Oxides replacing 1, 2, or 3H’s w/ alkyl or aryl (Ar)
ROR Primary Amines: RNH2
ArOAr Secondary Amines: R2NH
ArOR Tertiary Amines: R3N
-glycosidic bond formed in glycoside Quaternary Amines not basic, no lone pair of electrons
Nomenclature fro Ethers amino group:NH
1. IUPAC Rules R-group: e- donor
-use alkoxy as a prefix causes: sterric effect (“crowding”)
-position is indicated by number basicity: 2>3>1> NH3 (more groups, more basic)
-“OXY” Heterocyclic Amines cyclic compounds that contain N atom as
-CH3OCH3 part of the ring
2. Derived Name occur widely in biological systems
-alkyl groups + Ethers
-CH3OCH3 Classification based on the Group attached to N:
Aliphatic Amine Aromatic Amine
Classification of Ethers: CH3NH2
1. Open-chain
a. Symmetrical contains similar R groups -aniline
Ex: Methyl ether (Methoxy methane):CH2 OCH3 Basicity: Aliphatic Amine > Aromatic Amine
Ethyl Ether (Ethoxy ethane): CH
3 CH2 OCH2 CH3 Classification based on the number of group attached to N
b. Mixed contains different R groups (1, 2, 3 & Quaternary Ammonium Compounds)
Ex:Ethymethyl ether (Methoxy ethane):
CH3CH2OCH3 Important Amines:
2. Cyclic Ethers 1. Aniline used to commercially in the preparation of many dyes &
a. Epoxides/ Oxiranes/ Oxacyclopropane drugs
cyclic ethers in which the ether oxygen is a part of a 2. Choline found in egg yolks, meats,& fish, essential for growth
3-membered ring system 3. Adrenaline/ Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine a neurotransmitter
Ex: Ethylene Oxide gas sterilant 4. Amphetamine a psychomimetic drugs Causes low
alkylation of essential 5. Methamphetamine pH urine or
metabolism of bacteria 6. Pseudoephedrine alkaline
7. Phenylpropanolamine urine
b. More than 3 members included in the ring system 8. Barbituric Acid parent compound of barbiturates (sedatives)
furanose ring: an addictive drug
has both an amino & an acid group
9. Saccharin artificial sweetener, (disadvantage: bitter after taste)
pyranose ring: 10. Other amino-containing compounds: -blockers
-agonists
Important Ethers:
. Ethyl Ether once widely used as general anesthetic because it is
safe even in long surgical procedures
NH2 recentl discovered compound w/ a composition of
ADR: Irritation of mucous membranes, nausea &
87.5%N & 12.5% H
vomiting
dangerous because it is explosive
solvent for waxes & fats
. Ethylene oxide gas sterilant
used to fumigate textiles & grains
raw material in the synthesis of other organic
compound
. Monobenzone depigmenting agent in cases of excessive melanin
formation
reduce melanin formation
can be seen in whitening preparation
. Eugenol from Clove Oil
when mixed with ZNO forms a cement used by dentist as
temporary fillings
. Naproxen NSAID
. Gembrozil
Aldehydes (RCHO) Ketones (RCOR) IUPAC: Parent chain has the–C=O group,
undergone w/ Cannizaro Reaction Its is given the lower number
are oxidized to carboxylic acids, Change –e to –one
& reduced to primary alcohols product of oxidation of Secondary alcohol
IUPAC: Parent chain contains the–CHO, non terminal functional group
same pattern as alkane, Example:
change –e to –al Propanone (acetone)
terminal functional group a substrate canbe
Example: used to synthesize
Methanal (formaldehyde) tertiary alcohol
simplest Ketone
Ethanal (acetaldehyde)
Butanone
Ex:
Ethanoyl chloride
(acetyl chloride)
Example:
-Ethanamide:
-N-methylethanolamide:
ORGANIC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
Flame Test:
Unknown Tests
Acetate C2H3O2 Sulfuric acid+ ethanol fruity odor of ethyl acetate
Ferric chloride TS brownish red or reddish brown ppt of basic acetates
Aluminum Al mmonium TS gelatinous ppt. w/c dissolves in excess of ammonium TS
luminon reagent red lake
Ammonium NH4SCN cidic cobalt solution intense blue colored complex at interfeface Co(CNS)
4
Thiocyanide Ferric salts blood red ferric thiocyanate
Arsenates AsO4 Silver nitrates TS chocolate brown soluble in nitric acid
mmonium molybdate yellow ppt
Arsenites AsO3 Silver Nitrate test yellow ppt soluble in nitric acid
Magnesia Mixture no reaction (differentiating test for arsenates & arsenite)
3
Borates BO3 Sulfuric Acid + methanol green bordered flame
urmeric paper (curcumin) orange + sodium hydroxide olive green
urmeric paper when dipped into a solution of borate acidified w/ HCl produce reddish brown/ orange-red
Bromine Br 2 Carbon tetrachloride orange color
Carbonate CO3 In acidic aqueous solution effervescence
Chloride Cl Silver nitrate test white curdy precipitate ppt soluble in ammonia, insoluble in nitric acid
Citrate C6H5O2 Silver mirror test
CaCl2 or Ca(OH)2 (in excess) no ppt white ppt w/c dissolve on cooling
Pyridine + acetic anhydride (3:1)/ Denige’s reagent (distinguishing test for citrate & tartrates)
Citrates produces Carmine Red
Tartrates produces Emerald Green
Chromium Cr Sodium hydroxide grayish green slug dissolves in excess reagent (turn to yellow upon addition of Na Peroxide)
Cobalt Co Sodium hydroxide blue ppt of CO(OH)2 (boiling) olive green rose red
Potassium nitrite + acetic acidFernando Gabriel Reyes yellow ppt
-nitroso--naphthol brown ppt soluble in HCl
Nickel Ni Dimethylglyoxime bright red crystalline pptinsoluble in ammonia
-nitroso--naphthol reddish brown ppt soluble in HCl
Copper Cu Fe+ HCl deposit of red film on iron
Potassium ferrocyanide green ppt. forming a blue solution w/ ammonia
1
Iodide I Chlorine water or potassium permanganate solution violet color
Sulfuric acid+sodium bisulfate (cold) decolorized
Sulfuric acid+oxali acid (hot) decolorized
Cyanate CNO Cobalt acetate +acetic acid azure blue crystal
3
Phosphate PO4 Silver test yellow ppt in nitric acid & ammonia
mmonium molybdate yellow ppt. soluble in nitric acid & ammonia
Potassium K Flame test violet or iliac color
artaric acid white ppt of potassium bitartrate (only insoluble compound of potassium)
Salicylate Ferric chloride violet color
cid white ppt of salicylic acid
Silver Ag HCl white curdy ppt. insoluble in nitric acid but soluble in ammonia
Sodium Na Flame test intense golden yellow flame
Cobalt uranyl acetate golden yellow ppt
Tartrate C4H4O6 Silver mirror test
Pyridine + acetic anhydride (3:1) emerald green
Thiosulfate S2O3 HCl white ppt turning yellow; SO2
Zinc Zn Hydrogen sulfide white ppt (only white sulfide)
Saccharin (Fluorescein Test)- Resorcinol+ sulfuric acid + excess NaOH Fluorescent green liquid
Common Names of Inorganic Compounds
Toxicity: Shaver’s
Important Compounds Disease
of Aluminum: hypercalcemia
111 113
1. Aluminum Chloride (AlCl36H2O) Astringent, Antiseptic, Indium (In) as Diagnostic Aid ( In, In)
Antiperspirant,
Deodorant Thallium(Tl) aka “Green Twig”
2. Aluminum Hydroxide [Al(OH)3] Defacqz Reaction (test)
aka Amphogel®, Cremalin Gel® most toxic, similar to Arsenic (Toxic Effects)
Antacid, Protectant rodenticides
can interfere w/phosphate absorption Poisoning causes Green Tongue & Alopecia
201
DIsadvatage: Constipation as Diagnostic Aid ( Tl)
Phosphate Deficiency Treatment of Poisoning w/ Thallium:
3. Aluminum Phosphate (AlPO4) -Trihexyphenidyl
aka Phosphagel® -Dimercaprol
Antacid, Astringent, Demulcent
Advantage: Do not interfere w/ PO4 absorption GROUP III-B (3)
4. Aluminum Carbonate [Al2(CO3)3] “Rare Earth Elements”
causes constipation are the first elements that are large enough to permit the
treatment of Phosphatic Calculi addition of electrons to the d orbitals, beginning w/ the third
Phosphate Fecal Route principal quantum number
5. Alum [AlNH4(SO4)212H2O] – NH4 salt Members: Scandium (Sc) “eka-boron”
[AlK(SO4)212H2O] – K salt Yttrium (Y)
aka “Tawas”
Astringent, Antiperspirant, Deodorant
6. Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) aka “Alumina”, “Bauxite”
Treatment of Silicosis
GEW: MW/6
GROUP IV-A (14): CARBON FAMILY
+4 oxidation state
predominantly exhibit covalent bonding, owing to the small
size & high charge on the tetravalent ions.
Oxides of Carbon(C) & Silicon(Si) are acidic, those of other
elements of the group are Amphoteric
Members: Carbon (C)
Silicon (Si)
Tin (Sn)
Lead(Pb)
Germanium (Ge)
Nitrogen (N) aka “Mephitic Air”, “Azote”, “Without Life” Phosphorus (P) aka “Light Carrier”, “St. elmo’s Fire”
occurs free in atmosphere Two Forms:
Most Abundant gas in Air (71% N2; 29% O2) (a) Red Phosphorus non-poisonous & non-
prepared primarily by the fractional distillation of flammable in air, except at high
liquid air temperature.
cause fatal bend in deep sea divers due to (b) Yellow Phosphorys (White Phosphorus)
accumulation in the blood has a distinctive, disagreeable,
provide an atmosphere to retard oxidation of cod liver ozone-like odor.
oil, olive oil & multiple vitamin preparation. ignites spontaneously when expose
most stable diatomic molecule to air or when heated at about
Important Compounds of Nitrogen: 50C.
1, N2 very stable because of 3 covalent bonds insoluble in water,
Since Stable –used as Inert Atmosphere for readily soluble in chloroform, benzene, or
oxidizable substance carbon disulfide
Liquid N2 –used as Refrigerant Allotropic Modifications:
Container: Black (a) Scarlet P (PbBr w/ Hg @240C)
2. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) aka “Laughing Gas” (b) Violet P (white w/ Na @ 200C)
inhalational anesthetic (c) Black/Metallic (P w/ Pb @ 530 C)
SE: Diffusion Hypoxia
Container: Blue Important Compound of Phosphorus:
3. Nitric Oxide(NO) causes Vasodilation 1. Phosphate (PO4) Antacids; Cathartics
an important neurotransmitter produced Insoluble Phosphates: -Mg
by neurons & other cells, -Sr
associated w/ the Mechanism of Action -Ba
of Drugs like Sildenafil & Nitroglycerin -Ca
4. Nitrite (NO2) Vasodilator; ForCyanide Poisoning 2. Phosphoric Acid NF used to form soluble salts of insoluble
*all nitrite are soluble in water, medicinal base.
except for Silver Nitrite (sparing soluble) GEW: MW/3
forms red color w/ Giess-Ilosvay Test 3. Hypophosphorous Acid used as an antioxidant in Hydriodic
Anti-helminthic
Antiseptic
Forms of Sulfur:
Oxygen (O) aka “Acid Former”, “Yne” , (1) Precipitated Sulfur Lac Sulfur; Milk Sulfur
“Empyreal Air” by Priestly, Scabicide
“Dphlogisticated Air”by Schelle, fine particles
most abundant element (then Si & Al) (2) Sublimed Sulfur Cathartic
> 1/5 of Air coarse particles
Treatment of Hypoxia / Asphyxia used in the preparation of
Container: Green Vleminckz’s Solution
The Three Allotropes: w/ Calcium Oxide (Lime) by boiling
(a) Nascent Oxygen (3) Elemental Sulfur Fungicide
(b) Atmosphere/ Molecular Oxygen (4) Plastic Sulfur resembles rubber & is insoluble in
(c) Ozone allotropic form of oxygen/ poisonous gas Carbon Disulfide
*Ozonides is formed when ozone dissolves & unites (5) Liquid Sulfur is obtained by heating sulfur at a
w/ the double bonds of substances such as temperature of 160C until about 180C,
oil of turpentine, oil of cinnamon & olive then the product become dark brown &
oil. has reach the maximum viscosity
*Ozonized Gas result when oxygen covert to ozone Calcarone a crude furnace where Sulfur can be obtained/
used in various disinfecting & recovered in Sicily
bleaching operations Sulfides:
Conditions based on Oxygen Requirement: -Black Sulfide: CuS
(a) Anoxic – inadequate oxygen HgS
(b) Anemic – red blood/ hemoglobin shortage FeS
(c) Stagnant -Pink Sulfide: MnS
(d) Histotoxic– poisonous to tissue -Orange Sulfide: AntimonySulfide (Sb2S3)
Important Compound/s of Oxygen: -Yellow Sulfide: Cadmium Sulfide
1. Hydrogen Peroxide(Thenard’s “Oxygenated Acid”) -White Sulfide: Zinc Sulfide
stability increase in Acid Medium
3% H2O2 10 volumes (powerful oxidant) Important Compounds of Sulfur:
6% H2O2 20 volumes (common bleach for air)- USP 1. Vlemickx’s Solution is a mixture prepared by boiling lime &
sublimed sulfur.
2. Norhausen Acid Fuming Sulfuric Acid
3. Sulfurated Potash[K2SO4/(K2Sx)2] aka “Liver of Sulfur”
used in treatment of
Psoriasis
4. Lithopone 70% Zinc Sulfie & 30% Barium Sulfide
5. Thiosulfates decolorizes potassium permanganate &iodine
solutions
6. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) has a suffocating odor
antioxidant
turns filter paper moistened w/
acidified Potassium Dichromate gree.
7. Sulfur Ointment has 10% Sulfur
8. Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) most common dehydrating agent used
in chemical reactions
Fluorine (F) aka “Superhalogen” Bromine (Br) Dark reddish brown fuming liquid with a suffocating
strongest oxidizingagent odor
most electronegative element powerful caustic& germicide
except Glod(Au) & Platinum(Pt), it attack all metals at if in contact w/ skin wash immediately w/ a solution
ordinary temp. of NaHCO3 & treated w/ glycerin
Poisoning: Fluorosis or Ammonia Water
Principal Manifestation: Mottled Enamel Three Bromide Elixirs: Na, K, & Ammonium
Abnormal Bone Growth added to Quinalizarin Reagent to differentiate
* Fluoride anticariogenic Agent magnesium & berylium
is one of the metabolites of Methoxy Pharmacologic Action:
flurane responsible for the Sedative
Nephrotoxicity associated w/ thic Depressant
inhaltional anethetic Poisoning: Bromism (Antidote: NaCl & NH4Cl)
Important Compounds of Fluorine: Principal Manifestation: Skin Eruption
1. Sodium Fluoride (NaF) Anticariogenic(prevent dental caries) Psychosis
at 2% solution. Weajness
2. Stannous Fluoride (SnF2) Anticariogenic (8% solution) Headache
3. Sodium Fluoride Phosphate (Na2FPO3) also cariogenic
4. Dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2) aka “Freon”
Important Compound of Bromine:
Refrigerant; 1. Kopperchaar’s Solution Bromine, Tenth Normal Solution
Aerosol Propellant
solution of K Bromate & K Bromide
0.10N Bromine Solution
Chlorine (Cl) aka “Dephlogisticated Muriatic Acid”by Scheele Used in the assay of Phenol
most abundant Extracellular Anion
used as Water Disifectant
is added into a solution of an Iodine which liberates
color Brown
“Greenish Yellow” Halogen(Chloros) Iodine (I) most metallic of all halogen (except Astatine)
Important Compound of Chlorine:
present in thyroid gland
1. Hypochlorite (Na, K) Bleaching Agent a radioactive isotopes which ha a wide use in diagnosis &
2. Chloride (Na, K, Ca) electrolyte replenisher therapy.
cause perment hardness of water 1:5000 (0.02%) –iodine concentration effective to
3. Potassium Chlorate antiseptic combat many common bacteria in distilled water
present in mouthwashes, vaginal its Oxosalts (are very stable)
douche, & othe local cleansing prep. Antidote for Iodine Poisoning: Cornstarch &
4. Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) will form an acid when reacted w/ Sodium Thiosulfate
Important Preparations of Elemental Iodine:
water
1. Stong Iodine Solution aka “Lugol’s Solution”
5. Hydrochloric Acidtoilet bowl cleaner.
2. Iodine Tincture Disinfectant
neutalizing, stabilizing, /solubilizing
3. Povidone-Iodine Betadine® (10% Iodine)
agent
4. Iodophor complex of Iodine
* Diluted HCl – treatment of Achlordria
5. Boulton’s Solution Phenolated Iodine Solution
expressed in %w/v
6. HI most acidic among the acid of halogen
* Concentrated HCl expressed in %w/w
is used to differentiate Group I cations
6. Hypochlorous Acid (HClO) Astatine (At)synthetic radioactive element(only synthetic halogen)
7. Chlorous Acid (HClO2)
resembles Iodine, but more metallic
has no pharmaceutical applications
8. Chloric Acid (HClO3)
9. Perchloric Acid (HClO4)
Pseudohalogen (Halogenoidsresemble halide anions)
-CN
-CNS
GROUP VIIB (7) GROUP VIIIA / O (18): NOBLE GASES/ INERT GASES
are colored All Group 0 elements except radon occur in the atmosphere
are metallic in character are all monatomic & unreactive
Members: Manganese (Mn) Members: Helium (He)
Technetium (Tc) Neon (Ne)
Rhenium (Re) Argon (Ar)
Krypton (Kr)
Manganese (Mn) essential trace element Xenon (Xe)
necessary for activation of a variety of enzymes Radon (Rn)
nd
such as Pyruvate Carboxylase Helium (He) 2 lightest gas/ air
forms a Pink ppt w/ Sulfur-containing reagent Container: Brown
Cofactor involved in: Inhalation of pure Helium produces a
-Protein Synthesis “Donald Duck-like Sound” or “Chipmunk-like Sound”
-Phosphorylation Pharmacologic Uses:
-Fatty Acid & Cholestrerol Synthesis Used to prepare synthetic airs
Metals are:
- ductile
- lustrous
- malleable
- some are liquid (Gallium & Mercury)
Ionic Hydrides are formed by alkali metals & by the heavier alkaline
earths
Molecular Hydrides are formed by nonmetals & semi-metals
Metallic Hydrides are formed when hydrogen reacts w/ transition
metals
Penicillin
Amphetamine
Methamphetamine
differs in the presence of
N-methyl substituent
(+)-N, alpha-dimethyl
phenthylamine
Phenytoin anticonvulsant
contains the structure -NH in the R’’
position of the structure
Amiodarone
Aspirin
Atomic Atomic Name Symbol 59 140.9077 Praseodymium Pr
number Mass chemical 60 144.24 Neodymium Nd
element 61 145 Promethium Pm
62 150.36 Samarium Sm
1 1.0079 Hydrogen H
63 151.964 Europium Eu
2 4.0026 Helium He
64 157.25 Gadolinium Gd
3 6.941 Lithium Li
4 9.0122 Beryllium Be 65 158.9253 Terbium Tb
5 10.811 Boron B 66 162.5 Dysprosium Dy
6 12.0107 Carbon C 67 164.9303 Holmium Ho
7 14.0067 Nitrogen N 68 167.259 Erbium Er
8 15.9994 Oxygen O 69 168.9342 Thulium Tm
9 18.9984 Fluorine F 70 173.04 Ytterbium Yb
10 20.1797 Neon Ne 71 174.967 Lutetium Lu
11 22.9897 Sodium Na 72 178.49 Hafnium Hf
12 24.305 Magnesium Mg 73 180.9479 Tantalum Ta
13 26.9815 Aluminum Al 74 183.84 Tungsten W
14 28.0855 Silicon Si 75 186.207 Rhenium Re
15 30.9738 Phosphorus P 76 190.23 Osmium Os
16 32.065 Sulfur S 77 192.217 Iridium Ir
17 35.453 Chlorine Cl 78 195.078 Platinum Pt
19 39.0983 Potassium K 79 196.9665 Gold Au
18 39.948 Argon Ar 80 200.59 Mercury Hg
20 40.078 Calcium Ca 81 204.3833 Thallium Tl
21 44.9559 Scandium Sc 82 207.2 Lead Pb
22 47.867 Titanium Ti 83 208.9804 Bismuth Bi
23 50.9415 Vanadium V 84 209 Polonium Po
24 51.9961 Chromium Cr 85 210 Astatine At
25 54.938 Manganese Mn 86 222 Radon Rn
26 55.845 Iron Fe 87 223 Francium Fr
28 58.6934 Nickel Ni 88 226 Radium Ra
27 58.9332 Cobalt Co 89 227 Actinium Ac
29 63.546 Copper Cu 91 231.0359 Protactinium Pa
30 65.39 Zinc Zn 90 232.0381 Thorium Th
31 69.723 Gallium Ga 93 237 Neptunium Np
32 72.64 Germanium Ge
33 74.9216 Arsenic As 92
95 238.0289
243 Uranium
Americium U
Am
34 78.96 Selenium Se 94 244 Plutonium Pu
35 79.904 Bromine Br 96 247 Curium Cm
36 83.8 Krypton Kr 97 247 Berkelium Bk
37 85.4678 Rubidium Rb 98 251 Californium Cf
38 87.62 Strontium Sr 99 252 Einsteinium Es
39 88.9059 Yttrium Y 100 257 Fermium Fm
101 258 Mendelevium Md
40 91.224 Zirconium Zr
102 259 Nobelium No
41 92.9064 Niobium Nb
104 261 Rutherfordium Rf
42 95.94 Molybdenum Mo
103 262 Lawrencium Lr
43 98 Technetium Tc
105 262 Dubnium Db
44 101.07 Ruthenium Ru
106 266 Seaborgium Sg
45 102.9055 Rhodium Rh 107 264 Bohrium Bh
46 106.42 Palladium Pd 108 277 Hassium Hs
47 107.8682 Silver Ag 109 268 Meitnerium Mt
48 112.411 Cadmium Cd 110 Darmstadtium Ds
49 114.818 Indium In 111 272 Roentgenium Rg
50 118.71 Tin Sn 112 Ununbium Uub
51 121.76 Antimony Sb 113 Ununtrium Uut
53 126.9045 Iodine I 114 Ununquadium Uuq
52 127.6 Tellurium Te 115 Ununpentium Uup
54 131.293 Xenon Xe 116 Ununhexium Uuh
55 132.9055 Cesium Cs 117 Ununseptium Uus
56 137.327 Barium Ba 118 Ununoctium Uuo
57 138.9055 Lanthanum La
58 140.116 Cerium Ce
Chromium(III)chloride CrCl3
Name Molecular Chromium potassium sulfate CrK(SO4)2
formula Chromium trioxide Cr2O3
Chromium(III)nitrate Cr(NO3)3
Aluminum Al
Cobalt carbonate CoCO3
Aluminum bromide AlBr3
Cobalt metall powder Co
Aluminum chloride anhydrous AlCl3
Cobalt sulfate CoSO4
Aluminum oxide Al2O3
Cobalt(II)sulfate CoSO4.7H2O
Aluminum powder Al
Cobaltic oxide Co2O3
Ammonum aluminum sulfate NH4Al(SO4)2
Cobaltous Co
Ammonium bromide NH4Br
Cobaltous bromide CoBr2
Ammonium chloride NH4Cl
Cobaltous chloride CoCl2
Ammonium ferric sulfate NH4Fe(SO4)2
Cobaltous chloride CoCl2
Ammonium ferric sulfate NH4Fe(SO4)2
Copper metal Cu
Ammonium ferrous sulfate FeSO4(NH4)2SO4
Copper oxide CuO
Ammonium fluoride NH4F
Copper(I)iodide CuI
Ammonium iodide NH4I
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 Copper(I)bromide CuBr
Copper(I)chloride CuCl
tri-Ammonium orthophosphate (NH4)3PO4
Copper(II)chloride CuCl2.2H2O
Ammonium perchlorate NH4ClO4
Copper(II)hydroxide carbonate CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
Ammonium phosphate dibasic (NH4)2HPO4
Copper(II)sulfate anhydrous CuSO4
Ammonium phosphate monobasic NH4H2PO4
Cupric bromide CuBr2
Ammonium sodium hydrogen NaNH4HPO4
Cupric dichromate CuCr2O4.4H2O
orthophosphate
Cupric oxide CuO
Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4
Cuprous cyanide CuCN
Ammonium thiocyanate NH4SCN
Ferric oxide red powder Fe2O3
Antimony oxide Sb2O3
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3.nH2O
Antimony pentoxide Sb2O5
Ferrous bromide FeBr2
Antimony tribromide SbBr3
Ferrous chloride FeCl2
Antimony(lumps) Sb
Ferrous orthophosphate Fe 3(PO4)2
Arsenic As
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4
Barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2
Ferrous sulfide FeS
Barium carbonate BaCO3
Fluoboric acid (50% in water) HF
Barium chlorate monohydrate Ba(ClO3)2.H2O
Germanium(IV)chloride GeCl4
Barium chloride BaCl2
Iodic acid HIO3
Barium fluoride BaF2
Iodine I2
Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2
Iodine pentoxide I2O5
Barium oxide BaO
Iron Fe
Barium perchlorate Ba(ClO4)2
Barium permanganate Ba(MnO4)2 Lanthanium oxide La2O3
Lead bromide PbBr2
Barium peroxide BaO2
Lead carbonate PbCO3
Barium sulfate BaSO4
Lead chloride PbCl2
Bismuth metal Bi
Lead chromate PbCrO4
Bismuth nitrate Bi(NO3)3
Lead dioxide PbO2
Bismuth subnitrate BiNO3
Lead fluoride PbF2
Bismuth trioxide Bi2O3
Lead iodide PbI2
Borax crystals Na2B4O7
Lead metal Pb
Boric acid H3BO3
Lead oxide yellow PbO
Cadmium carbonate CdCO3
Lead sulfide PbS
Cadmium chloride CdCl2
Lithium carbonate Li2CO3
Cadmium fluoride CdF2
Lithium chloride LiCl
Cadmium granule. Cd
Lithium fluoride LiF
Cadmium metal, mossy Cd
Lithium hydroxide LiOH
Cadmium nitrate CdNO3.4H2O
Lithium iodide LiI
Cadmium selenide CdSe
Lithium nitrate LiNO3
Cadmium sulfate CdSO4
Magnesium bromide MgBr2
Calcium Ca
Magnesium carbonate MgCO3
Calcium fluoride CaF2
Magnesium chloride MgCl2
Calcium hypochlorite(~35%Cl) CaCl2O2
Magnesium chloride anhydrous MgCl2
Calcium orthophosphate Ca3(PO4)2
Magnesium ferrocyanide Mg2Fe(CN)6
Calcium oxide CaO Magnesium fluoride MgF2
Calcium pentahydroxide triphosphate Ca5(PO4)3OH
Magnesium oxide MgO
Calcium peroxide CaO2
Magnesium perchlorate Mg(ClO4)2
Calcium phosphate dibasic CaHPO4
Magnesium silicate MgO,SiO2,Na2SiO4
Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2
Magnesium sulfate MgSO4.H2O
Calcium phosphate monobasic Ca(H2PO4)2
Manganese dioxide MnO2
Cerium sulfate anhydrous Ce2(SO4)3
Manganese hydroxide Mn(OH)2
Cesium chloride CsCl
Manganese metal Mn Sodium fluoride NaF
Manganous chloride MnCl2 Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4
Mecurous chloride HgCl2 Sodium hydrogen sulfate NaHSO4
Mercuric iodide HgI2 Sodium hydrogen sulfite NaHSO3
Mercuric nitrate HgNO3 di-Sodium hydrogenphosphate Na2HPO4.2H2O
Mercuric thiocyanate Hg(CSN)2 Sodium iodate NaIO3
Mercurous fluorude Hg2F2 Sodium iodide NaI
Mercurous iodide Hg2I2 Sodium meta-periodate NaIO4
Mercurous nitrate HgNO3.H2O Sodium methaborate NaBO2.2H2O
Mercury(II)chloride HgCl2 Sodium perchlorate NaCl3O4
Mercury(II)iodide HgI2 Sodium peroxide Na2O2
Mercury(II)nitrate Hg(NO3)2 Sodium persulfate Na2S2O8
Molybdenium trioxide MoO3 Sodium polyphosphate (NaPO3)12-13.Na2O
Nickel carbonate NiCO3 Sodium pyrophosphate Na4P2O7
Nickel chloride NiCl2.6H2O Sodium silicate Na2Si3O7
Nickel fluoride NiF2 Sodium sulfate Na2SO4.10H2O
+1 +2 +3 +4 ous ic
H Ba Al C ANTIMONY Sb +3 +5
Li Ca B Si ARSENIC As +3 +5
K Bd Fe BISMUTH Bi +3 +5
Na Mg Cr CHROMIUM Cr +2 +3
Ag Ra Ni COBALT Co +2 +3
Cu Sr Co COPPER Cu +1 +2
Zn Bi GOLD Au +1 +3
Cu As IRON Fe +2 +3
Fe Sb LEAD Pb +2 +4
Pb MANGANESE Mn +2 +4
Hg MERCURY Hg +1 +2
Ni NICKEL Ni +2 +3
Co NITROGEN N +3 +5
Cd PHOSPHORUS P +3 + 5
Mn PLATINUM Pt +2 + 4
Sn TIN Sn +2 + 4
-1 -2 -3 -4
Br O As C
Cl S N Si
F P
H
I
IV.Common Radicals
-1 -2 -3
ACETATE C2H3O2 CARBONATE CO3 ARSENATE AsO4
ALUMINATE Al(OH)4 CHROMATE CrO4 ARSENITE AsO3
BICARBONATE HCO3 DICHROMATE Cr2O7 BORATE BO3
BROMATE BrO3 MANGANATE MnO4 CITRATE C6H5O2
BROMIDE Br MOLYBDATE MoO4 FERICYANIDE Fe(Cn)6
CHLORATE ClO3 OXALATE C2O4 PHOSPHATE PO4
CHLORIDE Cl OXIDE O PHOSPHITE PO3
CYANATE CNO PEROXIDE O2
FLOURIDE F HYDROPHOSPHATE HPO3 -4
HYDROXIDE OH SILICATE SiO3 PYROARSENATE As2O7
HYPOCHLORITE ClO SULFATE SO4 PYROPHOSPHATE P2O7
IODATE IO3 SULFIDE S ORTHOSILICATE SiO4
IODIDE I SULFITE SO2
METABORATE BO2 STANATE SnO3 +1
MEATAPHOSPHATE PO3 TARTRATE C4H4O6 AMMONIUM NH4
NITRATE NO3 TETABORATE Br4O7 COPPER (I) Cu
NITRITE NO2 THIOSULFATE S2O3 MERCURY (I) Hg2
PERCHLORATE ClO4 ZINCATE ZnO7
PERMANGANATE MnO4
THIOCYANATE SCN