ENERGY BALANCES, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION & HEURISTICS

A. MOMENTUM TRANSFER

MECHANICAL ENERGY BALANCE

P ₁ Ʋ ₁² P ₂ Ʋ ₂²
+ + gZ ₁+Ws= + + gZ ₂+∑ F
ƿ 2 ƿ 2

Given: Fig. 2

LT = 26 m P1 = 101325 Pa

𝓺 = 0.0692 m ³/s P2 = 599844 Pa

@ 25° From A.6 McCabe

Viscosity = 0.898 ×10 ¯ 3 Pa·s ƿ = 997.08 kg /m ³

D @ 4in Pipe SCH: 40 From A.3 McCabe D @ 2in Pipe SCH: 40

1 ft 1 ft
4.026 ∈× 2.067∈×
D= 0.3048 m D= 0.3048 m
12∈¿ × =0.1023m ¿ 12∈¿× =0.053 m ¿
1 ft 1 ft

Reqd: W𝒔

Solution:

@ 4in Pipe @ 2in Pipe

ПD ² П (0.1023 m)² ПD ² П (0.053 m) ²

A= = =0.00822m ² A= = =0.00221m ²
4 4 4 4

q 0.0692m ³ /s q 0.0692m ³ /s
V= = =8.41 8 m/s V= = =31.31 m/s
A 0.00822m ² A 0.00221m ²
 ƿDV (997.08 kg /m ³)(0.1023 m)(8.41 8 m/s)
NRe = = NRe =
µ 0.898 × 10¯ ³ Pa·s

ƿDV (997.08 kg /m ³)(0.053 m³)(31.31 m/s)

=
µ 0.898 ×10 ¯ 3 Pa·s

¿ 957312.72 turbulent flow ¿ 1842521.68 turbulent flow

P ₁ Ʋ ₁² P ₂ Ʋ ₂²
+ + gZ ₁+Ws= + + gZ ₂+∑ F
ƿ 2 ƿ 2

Assumption/s: Neglected υ1, because no need mechanical force to pull the liquid above.

Neglected Z2, because there no elevation at point 2.

∑ F=hc +he+ hs+ hf

Assumption/s: Neglected expansion losses due to large volume of the tank.

@ 4in Pipe @ 2in Pipe

For skin Friction loss

2lfυ ²
hs=
D

Ԑ 0.00015 ft Ԑ 0.00015 ft
= =¿0.0045 = =0.0087
D 0.3355 f t D 0.17225 ft

f =0.0042(fig. 5.10 McCabe) f =0.0048

8.418 m/s
hs=
2(0.0042)(4 m)(
s
)²
hs=
2 ( 0.0048 )( 22 m ) ( 31.31s m )
(0.1023 m) (0.053 m)

¿ 23.33 m² /s ² ¿ 124.77 m ²/s ²

For contraction losses

 υ ₂2
hc=Kc
2

S₂
Kc=0.4(1− )
S₁

From Tank to 4in Pipe From 4in Pipe To 2in Pipe

8.418 m 2 31.31m

hc=0.4(1−0)(
s( )
) hc=0.4(1−
0.00221 m²
)(
s
)²
)
(

2 0.00822 m² 2

¿ 14.1 7 m ²/s ² ¿ 143.35 m² / s ²

Losses for fittings

υ ₁²
hf =kf ( )
2

Fittings from 4in to 2in Pipe Fittings along 2in Pipe

kf @ 90° =0.75 From Table 5.1 McCabe

(8.418 m/ s)² (31.31 m/s)²

hf =0.75( ) hf =4 (0.75)( )
2 2

¿ 26.57 m ²/s ² ¿ 1470.47 m² /s ²

∑ F=hc +hs+ hf

∑ F=14.17+¿143.35 + 23.33 + 124.77 + 26.57 + 1470.47

¿ 1802 m² /s ²

P2−P1 Ʋ ₂2
Ws= + + gZ ₁+∑ F
ƿ 2

( 599844−101325 ) Pa (31,31m/ s) ² 9.81 m

Ws=
(997.08 kg /m ³)
+
2
+
s2 ( )
( 7 m ) +1802 m² /s ²

Ws=2860 m ²/ s ²
 Ws=2860 J /k g

B. HEURISTICS / ASSUMPTION

Design temperature is set 25°C above the operating between -30°C and 350°C,

higher safety margins are used outsides the temperature range.

The design pressure is at 101325 Pa as the initial the temperature, then the final

pressure or the maximum operating pressure is at 599844 Pa .

Since that the equipment said is a leaf filter the rate of washing (Rw) is design equal to the final

rate of filtration (Rff ) at the constant rate of filtration ( Unit.Op. by G G. Brown)

The design pump operating at a 100% efficiency.

 NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES, SOLUTIONS AND CACULATED VALUES

A. NUMERICAL TECHNIUES

Ɵ c=Ɵ+ Ɵ w+Ɵ d

A.1 Time to Filtrate:

Given: Estimated Reqd.: Ɵ c=?

hrs
Ɵ=2 Ɵ w=Ɵ d=30 mins
cycle

Solution:

2 hrs 1 hr 1 hr hrs
Ɵ c= +30 mins × +30 mins × =3
cycle 60 mins 60 mins cycle

A.2 Number of cycle per day:

24 hrs
day
Nc=
Ɵc

24 hrs
day cycles
Nc= =8
3 hrs day
cycle
A.3 Daily Capacity:

Y =V × Nc

V=A×h

П ( 1m )2
V= × 2.4994 m ¿ 1.963 m ³
4

1
8 cycle ×
cycle
Y =1.963 m ³ ×
day

m3
Y =15.74
day

B. SOLUTIONS/CALCULATED VALUES

B.1 Pressure drop outlet of the pump to inlet of the “Vertical leaf filter”.

Given: Fig. 3

Ws=2860 J /k g υ=31.31 m/s

m3
q=¿ 0.0692 N Re ¿ 1842521.68 turbulent flow
s

Ƿ¿ 997.08 kg /m ³ f =0.0048

Reqd.: Pressure Drop

Solution:

P ₁ Ʋ ₁² P₂ Ʋ ₂²
+ + g Z ₁+Ws= + + g Z ₂+∑ F
ƿ 2 ƿ 2
ASSUMPTION:

Neglected Z₁, No elevation at point one

υ ₁=υ ₂=0

∑ F=hc +he+ hs+ hf

ASSUMPTION:

No expansion losses (he=0)

No contraction losses (hc=0)

∆P
Ws= +g Z ₂+ ∑ F
Ƿ

For skin friction losses For fittings friction losses

hs=
2 flυ ² υ2
hf =Kf ( )
D 2

31.31m
2 ( 0.0048 )(9 m)( )²
s ¿ 2(0.75) ¿)
¿
0.053 m

hs=1598.1 m² /s ² hf =m² /s ²

∆P
2860 J /k g= +(9.81 m/s ²)(5 m)+2333.34 m ²/s ²
997.08 Kg
m3

∆ P=476215.38 Pa

B.2 Work of pump

Ws
℘=
efficiency

2860 J /k g
℘=
1

℘=2860 J /k g