Hazelwood School Dist V Kuhlmeier

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Smith, Rachel
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2/19/2020
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For Educational Use Only
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Hazelwood School Dist. v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260 (1988)
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108 S.Ct. 562, 98 L.Ed.2d 592, 56 USLW 4079, 43 Ed. Law Rep. 515...
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\u169\'3f 2020 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
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108 S.Ct. 562
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Supreme Court of the United States
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HAZELWOOD SCHOOL DISTRICT, et al., Petitioners
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v.
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Cathy KUHLMEIER et al.
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No. 86\u8211\'3f836.
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|
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Argued Oct. 13, 1987.
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|
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Decided Jan. 13, 1988.
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Synopsis
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Staff members of high school newspaper filed First Amendment action seeking
injunctive relief, money damages and declaration that First Amendment rights were
violated by censorship of certain articles. The United States District Court for
the Eastern District of Missouri, John F. Nangle, Chief Judge, denied injunctive
relief,
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and held that students\rquote First Amendment rights were not violated,
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Students appealed. The Court of Appeals, Heaney, Circuit Judge, reversed,
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Defendants petitioned for writ of certiorari. The Supreme Court, Justice White,
held that: (1) high school paper that was published by students in journalism class
did not qualify as \u8220\'3fpublic forum,\u8221\'3f so that school officials
retained right to impose reasonable restrictions on student speech in paper, and
(2) high school principal\rquote s decision to excise two pages from student
newspaper, on ground that articles unfairly impinged on privacy rights of pregnant
students and others, did not violate students\rquote speech rights.
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School need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with its basic
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High school newspaper that was published by journalism students could not be
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Educators are entitled to exercise greater control over school-sponsored student
expression than over students\rquote personal speech, in order to assure that
participants learn whatever lessons expressive activity is designed to teach, that
readers or listeners are not exposed to material which may be inappropriate for
their level of maturity, and that views of individual speaker are not erroneously
attributed to school.
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Speech and assembly; \u8201\'3fdemonstrations
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School must be able to set high standards for student speech that is disseminated
under its auspices and may refuse to disseminate speech that does not meet those
standards.
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School must be able to take into account the emotional maturity of intended
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potentially sensitive topics.
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School may refuse to sponsor student speech which might reasonably be perceived to
advocate conduct inconsistent with shared values of civilized social order, or
which associates school with any position other than neutrality on matters of
political controversy.
}
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[9]
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Educators do not offend First Amendment by exercising editorial control over style
and content of student speech in school-sponsored expressive activities, as long as
their actions are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns.
}
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[10]
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Constitutional Law
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It is only when decision to censor school-sponsored publication, theatrical
production, or other vehicle of student expression has no valid educational purpose
that judicial intervention is required to protect students\rquote free speech
rights.
}
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[11]
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Publications
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High school principal\rquote s decision to excise two pages from student newspaper,
on ground that articles located on pages unfairly impinged on privacy rights of
pregnant students and others, did not impermissibly interfere with students\rquote
free speech rights, where students published paper as part of high school
curriculum, and principal reasonably believed that articles could not have been
modified in time to permit publication of paper before school term had ended.
}
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{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_708_564_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_708_564_1}
**564
}
}
}
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Syllabus
}
}
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*260
}
}
Respondents, former high school students who were staff members of the
school\rquote s newspaper, filed suit in Federal District Court against
petitioners, the school district and school officials, alleging that
respondents\rquote First Amendment rights were violated by the deletion from a
certain issue of the paper of two pages that included an article describing school
students\rquote experiences with pregnancy and another article discussing the
impact of divorce on students at the school. The newspaper was written and edited
by a journalism class, as part of the school\rquote s curriculum. Pursuant to the
school\rquote s practice, the teacher in charge of the paper submitted page proofs
to the school\rquote s principal, who objected to the pregnancy story because the
pregnant students, although not named, might be identified from the text, and
because he believed that the article\rquote s references to sexual activity and
birth control were inappropriate for some of the younger students. The principal
objected to the divorce article because the page proofs he was furnished identified
by name (deleted by the teacher from the final version) a student who complained of
her father\rquote s conduct, and the principal believed that the student\rquote s
parents should have been given an opportunity to respond to the remarks or to
consent to their publication. Believing that there was no time to make necessary
changes in the articles if the paper was to be issued before the end of the school
year, the principal directed that the pages on which they appeared be withheld from
publication even though other, unobjectionable articles were included on such
pages.
}
The District Court held that no First Amendment violation had occurred. The Court
of Appeals reversed.
\par
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}
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\u160\'3f
\par
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Held:
}
}
Respondents\rquote First Amendment rights were not violated. Pp.
567\u8211\'3f572.
\par
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}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
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(a) First Amendment rights of students in the public schools are not automatically
coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings, and must be applied in
light of the special characteristics of the school environment. A school need not
tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with its basic educational mission,
even though the government could not censor similar speech outside the school. Pp.
567\u8211\'3f568.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
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(b) The school newspaper here cannot be characterized as a forum for public
expression. School facilities may be deemed to be public forums
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*261
}
}
only if school authorities have by policy or by practice opened the facilities for
indiscriminate use by the general public, or by some segment of the public, such as
student organizations. If the facilities have instead been reserved for other
intended purposes, communicative or otherwise, then no public forum has been
created, and school officials may impose reasonable restrictions on the speech of
students, teachers, and other members of the school community. The school officials
in this case did not deviate from their policy that the newspaper\rquote s
production was to be part of the educational curriculum and a regular classroom
activity under the journalism teacher\rquote s control as to almost every aspect of
publication. The officials did not evince any intent to open the paper\rquote s
pages to indiscriminate use by its student reporters and editors, or by the student
body generally. Accordingly, school officials were entitled to regulate
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**565
}
}
the paper\rquote s contents in any reasonable manner. Pp. 567\u8211\'3f569.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
(c) The standard for determining when a school may punish student expression that
happens to occur on school premises is not the standard for determining when a
school may refuse to lend its name and resources to the dissemination of student
expression.
}
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documentGuid=I236984929c1e11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4&transitionType=InlineKeyCiteFlags&or
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}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist.,
}
}
393 U.S. 503, 89 S.Ct. 733, 21 L.Ed.2d 731,
}}}
distinguished. Educators do not offend the First Amendment by exercising editorial
control over the style and content of student speech in school-sponsored expressive
activities so long as their actions are reasonably related to legitimate
pedagogical concerns. Pp. 569\u8211\'3f571.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
(d) The school principal acted reasonably in this case in requiring the deletion of
the pregnancy article, the divorce article, and the other articles that were to
appear on the same pages of the newspaper. Pp. 571\u8211\'3f572.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
00000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
795 F.2d 1368 (CA8 1986)
}}}
, reversed.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
WHITE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which REHNQUIST, C.J., and
STEVENS, O\rquote CONNOR, and SCALIA, JJ., joined. BRENNAN, J., filed a dissenting
opinion, in which MARSHALL and BLACKMUN, JJ., joined,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
post,
}
}
p. \u8211\'3f\u8211\'3f\u8211\'3f\u8211\'3f.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b1 \cf20 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\*\bkmkstart co_attorneysAndLawFirms_1}{\*\bkmkend co_attorneysAndLawFirms_1}
Attorneys and Law Firms
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Robert P. Baine, Jr.,
}
}
argued the cause for petitioners. With him on the briefs were
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
John Gianoulakis
}
}
and
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Robert T. Haar.
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Leslie D. Edwards
}
}
argued the cause and filed a brief for respondents.*
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
*
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ronald A. Zumbrun
}
}
and
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Anthony T. Caso
}
}
filed a brief for the Pacific Legal Foundation as
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
amicus curiae
}
}
urging reversal.
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Briefs of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
amici curiae
}
}
urging affirmance were filed for the American Civil Liberties Union et al. by
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Janet L. Benshoof, John A. Powell, Steven R. Shapiro,
}
}
and
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Frank Susman;
}
}
for the American Society of Newspaper Editors et al. by
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Richard M. Schmidt, Jr.;
}
}
for People for the American Way by
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Marvin E. Frankel;
}
}
for the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund et al. by
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Martha L. Minow, Sarah E. Burns,
}
}
and
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Marsha Levick;
}
}
for the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc., et al. by
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Eve W. Paul;
}
}
and for the Student Press Law Center et al. by
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
J. Marc Abrams.
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Briefs of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
amici curiae
}
}
were filed for the National School Boards Association et al. by
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Gwendolyn H. Gregory, August W. Steinhilber, Thomas A. Shannon,
}
}
and
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ivan B. Gluckman;
}
}
and for the School Board of Dade County, Florida, by
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Frank A. Howard, Jr.,
}
}
and
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Johnny Brown.
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf20 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\*\bkmkstart co_opinion_1}{\*\bkmkend co_opinion_1}
Opinion
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*262
}
}
Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
This case concerns the extent to which educators may exercise editorial control
over the contents of a high school newspaper produced as part of the school\rquote
s journalism curriculum.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
I
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Petitioners are the Hazelwood School District in St. Louis County, Missouri;
various school officials; Robert Eugene Reynolds, the principal of Hazelwood East
High School; and Howard Emerson, a teacher in the school district. Respondents are
three former Hazelwood East students who were staff members of Spectrum, the school
newspaper. They contend that school officials violated their First Amendment rights
by deleting two pages of articles from the May 13, 1983, issue of Spectrum.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Spectrum was written and edited by the Journalism II class at Hazelwood East. The
newspaper was published every three weeks or so during the 1982\u8211\'3f1983
school year. More than 4,500 copies of the newspaper were distributed during that
year to students, school personnel, and members of the community.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Board of Education allocated funds from its annual budget for the printing of
Spectrum. These funds were supplemented by proceeds from sales of the newspaper.
The printing expenses during the 1982\u8211\'3f1983 school year totaled $4,668.50;
revenue from sales was $1,166.84. The other costs associated with the
newspaper\u8212\'3fsuch as supplies, textbooks,
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*263
}
}
and a portion of the journalism teacher\rquote s salary\u8212\'3fwere borne
entirely by the Board.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Journalism II course was taught by Robert Stergos for most of the
1982\u8211\'3f1983 academic year. Stergos left Hazelwood East to take a job in
private industry on April 29, 1983, when the May 13 edition of Spectrum was nearing
completion, and petitioner Emerson took his place as newspaper adviser for the
remaining weeks of the term.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The practice at Hazelwood East during the spring 1983 semester was for the
journalism teacher to submit page proofs of each Spectrum issue to Principal
Reynolds for his review prior to publication. On May 10, Emerson delivered the
proofs of the May 13 edition to Reynolds, who objected to two of the articles
scheduled to appear in that edition. One of the stories described three Hazelwood
East students\rquote experiences with pregnancy; the other discussed
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**566
}
}
the impact of divorce on students at the school.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Reynolds was concerned that, although the pregnancy story used false names
\u8220\'3fto keep the identity of these girls a secret,\u8221\'3f the pregnant
students still might be identifiable from the text. He also believed that the
article\rquote s references to sexual activity and birth control were inappropriate
for some of the younger students at the school. In addition, Reynolds was concerned
that a student identified by name in the divorce story had complained that her
father \u8220\'3fwasn\rquote t spending enough time with my mom, my sister and
I\u8221\'3f prior to the divorce, \u8220\'3fwas always out of town on business or
out late playing cards with the guys,\u8221\'3f and \u8220\'3falways argued about
everything\u8221\'3f with her mother. App. to Pet. for Cert. 38. Reynolds believed
that the student\rquote s parents should have been given an opportunity to respond
to these remarks or to consent to their publication.
}
He was unaware that Emerson had deleted the student\rquote s name from the final
version of the article.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Reynolds believed that there was no time to make the necessary changes in the
stories before the scheduled press run
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*264
}
}
and that the newspaper would not appear before the end of the school year if
printing were delayed to any significant extent. He concluded that his only options
under the circumstances were to publish a four-page newspaper instead of the
planned six-page newspaper, eliminating the two pages on which the offending
stories appeared, or to publish no newspaper at all. Accordingly, he directed
Emerson to withhold from publication the two pages containing the stories on
pregnancy and divorce.
}
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{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_B00211988007755_ID0EGWAG_1}{\*\bkmkend
co_fnRef_B00211988007755_ID0EGWAG_1}
1
}}}
}
He informed his superiors of the decision, and they concurred.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Respondents subsequently commenced this action in the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Missouri seeking a declaration that their First
Amendment rights had been violated, injunctive relief, and monetary damages. After
a bench trial, the District Court denied an injunction, holding that no First
Amendment violation had occurred.
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
607 F.Supp. 1450 (1985)
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The District Court concluded that school officials may impose restraints on
students\rquote speech in activities that are \u8220\'3f \u8216\'3fan integral
part of the school\rquote s educational function\u8217\'3f
\u8221\'3f\u8212\'3fincluding the publication of a school-sponsored newspaper by a
journalism class\u8212\'3fso long as their decision has \u8220\'3f \u8216\'3fa
substantial and reasonable basis.\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
findType=Y&serNum=1985123956&originatingDoc=I2365db119c1e11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4&refTy
pe=RP&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&con
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{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Id.,
}
}
at 1466
}}}
(quoting
}
ca3a4&refType=RP&fi=co_pp_sp_345_1052&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0
&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Folder*cid.905235cf33f04fc8a575dbc6a85
bac72*oc.DocLink)#co_pp_sp_345_1052" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Frasca v. Andrews,
}
}
463 F.Supp. 1043, 1052 (EDNY 1979)
}}}
). The court found that Principal Reynolds\rquote concern that the pregnant
students\rquote anonymity would be lost and their privacy invaded was
\u8220\'3flegitimate and reasonable,\u8221\'3f given \u8220\'3fthe small number of
pregnant students at Hazelwood East and several identifying characteristics that
were disclosed in the article.\u8221\'3f
}
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89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d49484452000000100000001008060000001ff3ff6100000009704859730
000113900001139011bd9934600000a4f6943435050686f746f73686f70204943432070726f66696c65
01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
607 F.Supp., at 1466.
}}}
The court held that Reynolds\rquote action was also justified \u8220\'3fto avoid
the impression that [the school] endorses
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*265
}
}
the sexual norms of the subjects\u8221\'3f and to shield younger students from
exposure to unsuitable material.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ibid.
}
}
The deletion of the article on divorce was seen by the court as a reasonable
response to the invasion of privacy concerns raised by the named student\rquote s
remarks. Because the article did not indicate that the student\rquote s parents had
been offered an opportunity to respond to her allegations, said the court, there
was cause for \u8220\'3fserious doubt that the article complied with the rules of
fairness which are standard in the field of journalism and which were covered in
the textbook used in the Journalism II class.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d49484452000000100000001008060000001ff3ff6100000009704859730
000113900001139011bd9934600000a4f6943435050686f746f73686f70204943432070726f66696c65
01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Id.,
}
}
at 1467
}}}
. Furthermore, the court concluded that Reynolds was justified in deleting two full
pages of the newspaper, instead of deleting only the pregnancy and divorce stories
or requiring
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**567
}
}
that those stories be modified to address his concerns, based on his
\u8220\'3freasonable belief that he had to make an immediate decision and that
there was no time to make modifications to the articles in question.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d49484452000000100000001008060000001ff3ff6100000009704859730
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Id.,
}
}
at 1466
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed.
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
00000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
795 F.2d 1368 (1986)
}}}
. The court held at the outset that Spectrum was not only \u8220\'3fa part of the
school adopted curriculum,\u8221\'3f
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
00000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
id.,
}
}
at 1373
}}}
, but also a public forum, because the newspaper was \u8220\'3fintended to be and
operated as a conduit for student viewpoint.\u8221\'3f
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
00000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Id.,
}
}
at 1372
}}}
. The court then concluded that Spectrum\rquote s status as a public forum
precluded school officials from censoring its contents except when \u8220\'3f
\u8216\'3fnecessary to avoid material and substantial interference with school work
or discipline
}
... or the rights of others.\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
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89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d49484452000000100000001008060000001ff3ff6100000009704859730
000113900001139011bd9934600000a4f6943435050686f746f73686f70204943432070726f66696c65
01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
00000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Id.,
}
}
at 1374
}}}
(quoting
}
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2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
ca3a4&refType=RP&fi=co_pp_sp_708_739&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&
transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Folder*cid.905235cf33f04fc8a575dbc6a85b
ac72*oc.DocLink)#co_pp_sp_708_739" }{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
}
}
393 U.S. 503, 511, 89 S.Ct. 733, 739, 21 L.Ed.2d 731 (1969)
}}}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Court of Appeals found \u8220\'3fno evidence in the record that the principal
could have reasonably forecast that the censored articles or any materials in the
censored articles would have materially disrupted classwork or given rise to
substantial disorder in the school.\u8221\'3f
}
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000113900001139011bd9934600000a4f6943435050686f746f73686f70204943432070726f66696c65
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300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
00000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
795 F.2d, at 1375.
}}}
School officials were entitled to censor the articles on the ground that
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*266
}
}
they invaded the rights of others, according to the court, only if publication of
the articles could have resulted in tort liability to the school. The court
concluded that no tort action for libel or invasion of privacy could have been
maintained against the school by the subjects of the two articles or by their
families. Accordingly, the court held that school officials had violated
respondents\rquote First Amendment rights by deleting the two pages of the
newspaper.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
We granted certiorari,
}
{\fldrslt
479 U.S. 1053, 107 S.Ct. 926, 93 L.Ed.2d 978 (1987)
}}}
, and we now reverse.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
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\par
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\par
{\b0 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
II
\par
}
}
}
}
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{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B11988007755_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B11988007755_1}
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Students in the public schools do not \u8220\'3fshed their constitutional rights
to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.\u8221\'3f
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker, supra,
}
}
393 U.S., at 506, 89 S.Ct., at 736.
}}}
They cannot be punished merely for expressing their personal views on the school
premises\u8212\'3fwhether \u8220\'3fin the cafeteria, or on the playing field, or
on the campus during the authorized hours,\u8221\'3f
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
393 U.S., at 512\u8211\'3f513, 89 S.Ct., at 739\u8211\'3f740
}}}
\u8212\'3funless school authorities have reason to believe that such expression
will \u8220\'3fsubstantially interfere with the work of the school or impinge upon
the rights of other students.\u8221\'3f
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Id.,
}
}
at 509, 89 S.Ct., at 738
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
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[2]
}}}
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}
We have nonetheless recognized that the First Amendment rights of students in the
public schools \u8220\'3fare not automatically coextensive with the rights of
adults in other settings,\u8221\'3f
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser,
}
}
478 U.S. 675, 682, 106 S.Ct. 3159, 3164, 92 L.Ed.2d 549 (1986)
}}}
, and must be \u8220\'3fapplied in light of the special characteristics of the
school environment.\u8221\'3f
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker, supra,
}
}
393 U.S., at 506, 89 S.Ct., at 736;
}}}
cf.
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
New Jersey v. T.L.O.,
}
}
469 U.S. 325, 341\u8211\'3f343, 105 S.Ct. 733, 743\u8211\'3f744, 83 L.Ed.2d 720
(1985)
}}}
. A school need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with its
\u8220\'3fbasic educational mission,\u8221\'3f
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Fraser, supra,
}
}
478 U.S., at 685, 106 S.Ct., at 3165,
}}}
even though the government could not censor similar speech outside the school.
Accordingly, we held in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Fraser
}
}
that a student could be disciplined for having delivered a speech that was
\u8220\'3fsexually explicit\u8221\'3f but not legally obscene at an official school
assembly, because the school was entitled to \u8220\'3fdisassociate
itself\u8221\'3f from the speech in a manner
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*267
}
}
that would demonstrate to others that such vulgarity is \u8220\'3fwholly
inconsistent with the \u8216\'3ffundamental values\rquote of public school
education.\u8221\'3f
}
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}
478 U.S., at 685\u8211\'3f686, 106 S.Ct., at 3165.
}}}
We thus recognized that \u8220\'3f[t]he determination of what manner of speech in
the classroom or in school assembly is inappropriate properly rests with the school
board,\u8221\'3f
}
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
id.,
}
}
at 683, 106 S.Ct., at 3164,
}}}
rather than with the
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**568
}
}
federal courts. It is in this context that respondents\rquote First Amendment
claims must be considered.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
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\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
A
\par
}
}
}
}
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[3]
}}}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
We deal first with the question whether Spectrum may appropriately be
characterized as a forum for public expression. The public schools do not possess
all of the attributes of streets, parks, and other traditional public forums
that \u8220\'3ftime out of mind, have been used for purposes of assembly,
communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public questions.\u8221\'3f
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
}
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Hague v. CIO,
}
}
307 U.S. 496, 515, 59 S.Ct. 954, 964, 83 L.Ed. 1423 (1939)
}}}
. Cf.
}
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090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Widmar v. Vincent,
}
}
454 U.S. 263, 267\u8211\'3f268, n. 5, 102 S.Ct. 269, 273, n. 5, 70 L.Ed.2d 440
(1981)
}}}
. Hence, school facilities may be deemed to be public forums only if school
authorities have \u8220\'3fby policy or by practice\u8221\'3f opened those
facilities \u8220\'3ffor indiscriminate use by the general public,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
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300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Perry Education Assn. v. Perry Local Educators\rquote Assn.,
}
}
460 U.S. 37, 47, 103 S.Ct. 948, 956, 74 L.Ed.2d 794 (1983)
}}}
, or by some segment of the public, such as student organizations.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
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2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Id.,
}
}
at 46, n. 7, 103 S.Ct., at 955, n. 7
}}}
(citing
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Widmar v. Vincent
}
}
). If the facilities have instead been reserved for other intended purposes,
\u8220\'3fcommunicative or otherwise,\u8221\'3f then no public forum has been
created, and school officials may impose reasonable restrictions on the speech of
students, teachers, and other members of the school community.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
460 U.S., at 46, n. 7, 103 S.Ct., at 955, n. 7.
}}}
\u8220\'3fThe government does not create a public forum by inaction or by
permitting limited discourse, but only by intentionally opening a nontraditional
forum for public discourse.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
documentGuid=I2356e6f39c1e11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4&transitionType=InlineKeyCiteFlags&or
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc.,
}
}
473 U.S. 788, 802, 105 S.Ct. 3439, 3449, 87 L.Ed.2d 567 (1985)
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*268
}
}
}
[4]
}}}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
The policy of school officials toward Spectrum was reflected in Hazelwood School
Board Policy 348.51 and the Hazelwood East Curriculum Guide. Board Policy 348.51
provided that \u8220\'3f[s]chool sponsored publications are developed within the
adopted curriculum and its educational implications in regular classroom
activities.\u8221\'3f App. 22. The Hazelwood East Curriculum Guide described the
Journalism II course as a \u8220\'3flaboratory situation in which the students
publish the school newspaper applying skills they have learned in Journalism
I.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Id.,
}
}
at 11. The lessons that were to be learned from the Journalism II course,
according to the Curriculum Guide, included development of journalistic skills
under deadline pressure, \u8220\'3fthe legal, moral, and ethical restrictions
imposed upon journalists within the school community,\u8221\'3f and
\u8220\'3fresponsibility and acceptance of criticism for articles of
opinion.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ibid.
}
}
Journalism II was taught by a faculty member during regular class hours. Students
received grades and academic credit for their performance in the course.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
School officials did not deviate in practice from their policy that production of
Spectrum was to be part of the educational curriculum and a \u8220\'3fregular
classroom activit[y].\u8221\'3f The District Court found that Robert Stergos, the
journalism teacher during most of the 1982\u8211\'3f1983 school year,
\u8220\'3fboth had the authority to exercise and in fact exercised a great deal of
control over
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Spectrum.
}
}
\u8221\'3f
}
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2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
607 F.Supp., at 1453.
}}}
For example, Stergos selected the editors of the newspaper, scheduled publication
dates, decided the number of pages for each issue, assigned story ideas to class
members, advised students on the development of their stories, reviewed the use of
quotations, edited stories, selected and edited the letters to the editor, and
dealt with the printing company. Many of these decisions were made without
consultation with the Journalism II students. The District Court thus found it
\u8220\'3fclear that Mr. Stergos was the final authority with respect to almost
every aspect of the production and publication of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Spectrum,
}
}
including its content.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ibid.
}
}
Moreover, after
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*269
}
}
each Spectrum issue had been finally approved by Stergos or his successor, the
issue still had to be reviewed by Principal Reynolds prior to publication.
}
Respondents\rquote assertion that
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**569
}
}
they had believed that they could publish \u8220\'3fpractically anything\u8221\'3f
in Spectrum was therefore dismissed by the District Court as simply \u8220\'3fnot
credible.\u8221\'3f
}
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000113900001139011bd9934600000a4f6943435050686f746f73686f70204943432070726f66696c65
01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Id.,
}
}
at 1456
}}}
. These factual findings are amply supported by the record, and were not rejected
as clearly erroneous by the Court of Appeals.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The evidence relied upon by the Court of Appeals in finding Spectrum to be a public
forum, see
}
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
00000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
795 F.2d, at 1372\u8211\'3f1373,
}}}
is equivocal at best. For example, Board Policy 348.51, which stated in part
that \u8220\'3f[s]chool sponsored student publications will not restrict free
expression or diverse viewpoints within the rules of responsible
journalism,\u8221\'3f also stated that such publications were \u8220\'3fdeveloped
within the adopted curriculum and its educational implications.\u8221\'3f App. 22.
One might reasonably infer from the full text of Policy 348.51 that school
officials retained ultimate control over what constituted \u8220\'3fresponsible
journalism\u8221\'3f in a school-sponsored newspaper. Although the Statement of
Policy published in the September 14, 1982, issue of Spectrum declared that
\u8220\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Spectrum,
}
}
as a student-press publication, accepts all rights implied by the First
Amendment,\u8221\'3f this statement, understood in the context of the paper\rquote
s role in the school\rquote s curriculum, suggests at most that the administration
will not interfere with the students\rquote exercise of those First Amendment
rights that attend the publication of a school-sponsored newspaper. It does not
reflect an intent to expand those rights by converting a curricular newspaper into
a public forum.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_B00321988007755_ID0EABAI_1}{\*\bkmkend
co_fnRef_B00321988007755_ID0EABAI_1}
2
}}}
}
Finally,
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*270
}
}
that students were permitted to exercise some authority over the contents of
Spectrum was fully consistent with the Curriculum Guide objective of teaching the
Journalism II students \u8220\'3fleadership responsibilities as issue and page
editors.\u8221\'3f App. 11. A decision to teach leadership skills in the context of
a classroom activity hardly implies a decision to relinquish school control over
that activity. In sum, the evidence relied upon by the Court of Appeals fails to
demonstrate the \u8220\'3fclear intent to create a public forum,\u8221\'3f
}
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300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
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090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Cornelius,
}
}
473 U.S., at 802, 105 S.Ct., at 3449\u8211\'3f3450,
}}}
that existed in cases in which we found public forums to have been created. See
}
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
id.,
}
}
at 802\u8211\'3f803, 105 S.Ct., at 3449\u8211\'3f3450
}}}
(citing
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Widmar v. Vincent,
}
}
454 U.S., at 267, 102 S.Ct., at 273;
}}}
}
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090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Madison School District v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Comm\rquote n,
}
}
429 U.S. 167, 174, n. 6, 97 S.Ct. 421, 426, n. 6, 50 L.Ed.2d 376 (1976)
}}}
;
}
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090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad,
}
}
420 U.S. 546, 555, 95 S.Ct. 1239, 1245, 43 L.Ed.2d 448 (1975)
}}}
). School officials did not evince either \u8220\'3fby policy or by
practice,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
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090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Perry Education Assn.,
}
}
460 U.S., at 47, 103 S.Ct., at 956,
}}}
any intent to open the pages of Spectrum to \u8220\'3findiscriminate
use,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
ibid.,
}
}
by its student reporters and editors, or by the student body generally. Instead,
they \u8220\'3freserve[d] the forum for its intended purpos[e],\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
id.,
}
}
at 46, 103 S.Ct., at 955,
}}}
as a supervised learning experience for journalism students. Accordingly, school
officials were entitled to regulate the contents of Spectrum in any reasonable
manner.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ibid.
}
}
It is this standard, rather than our decision in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker,
}
}
that governs this case.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
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{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_I5fe4d69af64e11e28578f7ccc38dc}{\*\bkmkend
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\par
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{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_I5fe4d69af64e11e28578f7ccc38dc}{\*\bkmkend
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\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
B
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The question whether the First Amendment requires a school to tolerate particular
student speech\u8212\'3fthe question that we addressed in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
\u8212\'3fis different from the
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**570
}
}
question whether the First Amendment requires a school affirmatively
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*271
}
}
to promote particular student speech. The former question addresses
educators\rquote ability to silence a student\rquote s personal expression that
happens to occur on the school premises.
}
The latter question concerns educators\rquote authority over school-sponsored
publications, theatrical productions, and other expressive activities that
students, parents, and members of the public might reasonably perceive to bear the
imprimatur of the school. These activities may fairly be characterized as part of
the school curriculum, whether or not they occur in a traditional classroom
setting, so long as they are supervised by faculty members and designed to impart
particular knowledge or skills to student participants and audiences.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_B00431988007755_ID0E5MAI_1}{\*\bkmkend
co_fnRef_B00431988007755_ID0E5MAI_1}
3
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
[5]
}}}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
}
[6]
}}}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
}
[7]
}}}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
}
[8]
}}}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
Educators are entitled to exercise greater control over this second form of
student expression to assure that participants learn whatever lessons the activity
is designed to teach, that readers or listeners are not exposed to material that
may be inappropriate for their level of maturity, and that the views of the
individual speaker are not erroneously attributed to the school. Hence, a school
may in its capacity as publisher of a school newspaper or producer of a school play
\u8220\'3fdisassociate itself,\u8221\'3f
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Fraser,
}
}
478 U.S., at 685, 106 S.Ct., at 3165,
}}}
not only from speech that would \u8220\'3fsubstantially interfere with [its]
work ... or impinge upon the rights of other students,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d49484452000000100000001008060000001ff3ff6100000009704859730
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300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker,
}
}
393 U.S., at 509, 89 S.Ct., at 738,
}}}
but also from speech that is, for example, ungrammatical, poorly written,
inadequately researched, biased or prejudiced, vulgar or profane, or unsuitable for
immature audiences.
}
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{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_B00541988007755_ID0EQRAI_1}{\*\bkmkend
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4
}}}
}
A school must be able to set high standards for
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*272
}
}
the student speech that is disseminated under its auspices\u8212\'3fstandards that
may be higher than those demanded by some newspaper publishers or theatrical
producers in the \u8220\'3freal\u8221\'3f world\u8212\'3fand may refuse to
disseminate student speech that does not meet those standards. In addition, a
school must be able to take into account the emotional maturity of the intended
audience in determining whether to disseminate student speech on potentially
sensitive topics, which might range from the existence of Santa Claus in an
elementary school setting to the particulars of teenage sexual activity in a high
school setting. A school must also retain the authority to refuse to sponsor
student speech that might reasonably be perceived to advocate drug or alcohol use,
irresponsible sex, or conduct otherwise inconsistent with \u8220\'3fthe shared
values of a civilized social order,\u8221\'3f
}
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300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Fraser, supra,
}
}
478 U.S., at 683, 106 S.Ct., at 3164,
}}}
or to associate the school with any position other than neutrality on matters of
political controversy. Otherwise, the schools would be unduly constrained from
fulfilling their role as \u8220\'3fa principal instrument in awakening the child to
cultural values, in preparing him for later professional training, and in helping
him to adjust normally to his environment.\u8221\'3f
}
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documentGuid=I1793c6219c1f11d993e6d35cc61aab4a&transitionType=InlineKeyCiteFlags&or
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Brown v. Board of Education,
}
}
347 U.S. 483, 493, 74 S.Ct. 686, 691, 98 L.Ed. 873 (1954)
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**571
}
}
}
[9]
}}}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
Accordingly, we conclude that the standard articulated in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
for determining when a school may punish student expression need not also be the
standard for determining when a school may refuse to lend its name and resources to
the dissemination
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*273
}
}
of student expression.
}
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{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_B00651988007755_ID0ER1AI_1}{\*\bkmkend
co_fnRef_B00651988007755_ID0ER1AI_1}
5
}}}
}
Instead, we hold that educators do not offend the First Amendment by exercising
editorial control over the style and content of student speech in school-sponsored
expressive activities so long as their actions are reasonably related to legitimate
pedagogical concerns.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_B00761988007755_ID0EY1AI_1}{\*\bkmkend
co_fnRef_B00761988007755_ID0EY1AI_1}
6
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
[10]
}}}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
This standard is consistent with our oft-expressed view that the education of the
Nation\rquote s youth is primarily the responsibility of parents, teachers, and
state and local school officials, and not of federal judges.
}
See,
}
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090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
e.g., Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson Central School Dist. v. Rowley,
}
}
458 U.S. 176, 208, 102 S.Ct. 3034, 3051, 73 L.Ed.2d 690 (1982)
}}}
;
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
documentGuid=I1791f1689c1f11d993e6d35cc61aab4a&transitionType=InlineKeyCiteFlags&or
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300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
00000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Wood v. Strickland,
}
}
420 U.S. 308, 326, 95 S.Ct. 992, 1003, 43 L.Ed.2d 214 (1975)
}}}
;
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
documentGuid=I2377403f9c1e11d9bdd1cfdd544ca3a4&transitionType=InlineKeyCiteFlags&or
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Epperson v. Arkansas,
}
}
393 U.S. 97, 104, 89 S.Ct. 266, 270, 21 L.Ed.2d 228 (1968)
}}}
. It is only when the decision to censor a school-sponsored publication, theatrical
production, or other vehicle of student expression has no valid educational purpose
that the First Amendment is so \u8220\'3fdirectly and sharply
implicate[d],\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
ibid.,
}
}
as to require judicial intervention to protect students\rquote constitutional
rights.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_B00871988007755_ID0EDCBI_1}{\*\bkmkend
co_fnRef_B00871988007755_ID0EDCBI_1}
7
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
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{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_I5fe4d69bf64e11e28578f7ccc38dc}{\*\bkmkend
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\par
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{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_I5fe4d69bf64e11e28578f7ccc38dc}{\*\bkmkend
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\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*274
}
}
III
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
[11]
}}}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i0 \fs20
}
We also conclude that Principal Reynolds acted reasonably in requiring the
deletion from the May 13 issue of Spectrum of the pregnancy article, the divorce
article, and the remaining articles that were to appear on the same pages of the
newspaper.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The initial paragraph of the pregnancy article declared that \u8220\'3f[a]ll names
have been changed to keep the identity of these girls a secret.\u8221\'3f The
principal concluded that the students\rquote anonymity was not adequately
protected, however, given the other identifying information in the article and the
small number of pregnant students at the school. Indeed, a teacher at the school
credibly testified that she could positively identify at least one of the girls and
possibly all three. It is likely that many students at Hazelwood East would have
been at least as successful in identifying the girls. Reynolds therefore could
reasonably have feared that the article violated whatever pledge of anonymity had
been given to the pregnant students. In addition, he could reasonably have been
concerned that the article was not sufficiently sensitive to the privacy interests
of the students\rquote boyfriends and parents, who were discussed in
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**572
}
}
the article but who were given no opportunity to consent to its publication or to
offer a response. The article did not contain graphic accounts of sexual activity.
The girls did comment in the article, however, concerning their sexual histories
and their use or nonuse of birth control. It was not unreasonable for the principal
to have concluded that such frank talk was inappropriate in a school-sponsored
publication distributed to 14\u8211\'3fyear\u8211\'3fold freshmen
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*275
}
}
and presumably taken home to be read by students\rquote even younger brothers and
sisters.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The student who was quoted by name in the version of the divorce article seen by
Principal Reynolds made comments sharply critical of her father. The principal
could reasonably have concluded that an individual publicly identified as an
inattentive parent\u8212\'3findeed, as one who chose \u8220\'3fplaying cards with
the guys\u8221\'3f over home and family\u8212\'3fwas entitled to an opportunity to
defend himself as a matter of journalistic fairness. These concerns were shared by
both of Spectrum\rquote s faculty advisers for the 1982\u8211\'3f1983 school year,
who testified that they would not have allowed the article to be printed without
deletion of the student\rquote s name.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_B00981988007755_ID0E6IBI_1}{\*\bkmkend
co_fnRef_B00981988007755_ID0E6IBI_1}
8
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Principal Reynolds testified credibly at trial that, at the time that he reviewed
the proofs of the May 13 issue during an extended telephone conversation with
Emerson, he believed that there was no time to make any changes in the articles,
and that the newspaper had to be printed immediately or not at all. It is true that
Reynolds did not verify whether the necessary modifications could still have been
made in the articles, and that Emerson did not volunteer the information that
printing could be delayed until the changes were made.
}
We nonetheless agree with the District Court that the decision to excise the two
pages containing the problematic articles was reasonable given the particular
circumstances of this case. These circumstances included the very recent
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*276
}
}
replacement of Stergos by Emerson, who may not have been entirely familiar with
Spectrum editorial and production procedures, and the pressure felt by Reynolds to
make an immediate decision so that students would not be deprived of the newspaper
altogether.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In sum, we cannot reject as unreasonable Principal Reynolds\rquote conclusion that
neither the pregnancy article nor the divorce article was suitable for publication
in Spectrum. Reynolds could reasonably have concluded that the students who had
written and edited these articles had not sufficiently mastered those portions of
the Journalism II curriculum that pertained to the treatment of controversial
issues and personal attacks, the need to protect the privacy of individuals whose
most intimate concerns are to be revealed in the newspaper, and \u8220\'3fthe
legal, moral, and ethical restrictions imposed upon journalists within [a] school
community\u8221\'3f that includes adolescent subjects and readers. Finally, we
conclude that the principal\rquote s decision to delete two pages of Spectrum,
rather than to delete only the offending articles or to require that they be
modified, was reasonable under the circumstances as he understood them.
Accordingly, no violation of First Amendment rights occurred.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_B01091988007755_ID0EJMBI_1}{\*\bkmkend
co_fnRef_B01091988007755_ID0EJMBI_1}
9
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**573
}
}
The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit is therefore
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Reversed.
\par
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf20 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\*\bkmkstart co_dissent_opinion_1}{\*\bkmkend co_dissent_opinion_1}
\par
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
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{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_I5fe4d6a0f64e11e28578f7ccc38dc}{\*\bkmkend
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\par
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}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*277
}
}
Justice BRENNAN, with whom Justice MARSHALL and Justice BLACKMUN join, dissenting.
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
When the young men and women of Hazelwood East High School registered for
Journalism II, they expected a civics lesson. Spectrum, the newspaper they were to
publish, \u8220\'3fwas not just a class exercise in which students learned to
prepare papers and hone writing skills, it was a ... forum established to give
students an opportunity to express their views while gaining an appreciation of
their rights and responsibilities under the First Amendment to the United States
Constitution....\u8221\'3f
}
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300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
00000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
795 F.2d 1368, 1373 (CA8 1986)
}}}
. \u8220\'3f[A]t the beginning of each school year,\u8221\'3f
}
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00000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
id.,
}
}
at 1372
}}}
, the student journalists published a Statement of Policy\u8212\'3ftacitly approved
each year by school authorities\u8212\'3fannouncing their expectation that
\u8220\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Spectrum,
}
}
as a student-press publication, accepts all rights implied by the First
Amendment.... Only speech that \u8216\'3fmaterially and substantially interferes
with the requirements of appropriate discipline\u8217\'3f can be found unacceptable
and therefore prohibited.\u8221\'3f App. 26 (quoting
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
}
}
393 U.S. 503, 513, 89 S.Ct. 733, 740, 21 L.Ed.2d 731 (1969)
}}}
).
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs16
{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_B01111988007755_ID0E1TBI_1}{\*\bkmkend
co_fnRef_B01111988007755_ID0E1TBI_1}
1
}}}
}
The school board itself affirmatively guaranteed the students of Journalism II an
atmosphere conducive to fostering such an appreciation and exercising the full
panoply of rights associated with a free student press. \u8220\'3fSchool sponsored
student publications,\u8221\'3f it vowed, \u8220\'3fwill not restrict free
expression or diverse viewpoints within the rules of responsible
journalism.\u8221\'3f App. 22 (Board Policy 348.51).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*278
}
}
This case arose when the Hazelwood East administration breached its own promise,
dashing its students\rquote expectations. The school principal, without prior
consultation or explanation, excised six articles\u8212\'3fcomprising two full
pages\u8212\'3fof the May 13, 1983, issue of Spectrum. He did so not because any of
the articles would \u8220\'3fmaterially and substantially interfere with the
requirements of appropriate discipline,\u8221\'3f
}
but simply because he considered two of the six \u8220\'3finappropriate, personal,
sensitive, and unsuitable\u8221\'3f for student consumption.
}
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2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
00000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
795 F.2d, at 1371
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In my view the principal broke more than just a promise. He violated the First
Amendment\rquote s prohibitions against censorship of any student expression that
neither disrupts classwork nor invades the rights of others, and against any
censorship that is not narrowly tailored to serve its purpose.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
I
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Public education serves vital national interests in preparing the Nation\rquote s
youth for life in our increasingly complex society and for the duties of
citizenship in our democratic Republic. See
}
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2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Brown v. Board of Education,
}
}
347 U.S. 483, 493, 74 S.Ct. 686, 691, 98 L.Ed. 873 (1954)
}}}
. The public school conveys to our young the information and tools required not
merely to survive in, but to contribute to, civilized society. It also inculcates
in tomorrow\rquote s leaders the \u8220\'3ffundamental values necessary to the
maintenance of a democratic political system....\u8221\'3f
}
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300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**574
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ambach v. Norwick,
}
}
441 U.S. 68, 77, 99 S.Ct. 1589, 1595, 60 L.Ed.2d 49 (1979)
}}}
. All the while, the public educator nurtures students\rquote social and moral
development by transmitting to them an official dogma of \u8220\'3f
\u8216\'3fcommunity values.\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Board of Education v. Pico,
}
}
457 U.S. 853, 864, 102 S.Ct. 2799, 2806, 73 L.Ed.2d 435 (1982)
}}}
(plurality opinion) (citation omitted).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The public educator\rquote s task is weighty and delicate indeed. It demands
particularized and supremely subjective choices among diverse curricula, moral
values, and political stances to teach or inculcate in students, and among various
methodologies for doing so. Accordingly, we have traditionally reserved
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*279
}
}
the \u8220\'3fdaily operation of school systems\u8221\'3f to the States and their
local school boards.
}
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090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
}
}
393 U.S. 97, 104, 89 S.Ct. 266, 270, 21 L.Ed.2d 228 (1968)
}}}
; see
}
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Board of Education v. Pico, supra,
}
}
457 U.S., at 863\u8211\'3f864, 102 S.Ct., at 2806.
}}}
We have not, however, hesitated to intervene where their decisions run afoul of
the Constitution. See
}
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
e.g., Edwards v. Aguillard,
}
}
482 U.S. 578, 107 S.Ct. 2573, 96 L.Ed.2d 510 (1987)
}}}
(striking state statute that forbade teaching of evolution in public school unless
accompanied by instruction on theory of \u8220\'3fcreation science\u8221\'3f);
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Board of Education v. Pico, supra
}
}
(school board may not remove books from library shelves merely because it
disapproves of ideas they express);
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Epperson v. Arkansas, supra
}
}
(striking state-law prohibition against teaching Darwinian theory of evolution in
public school);
}
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090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette,
}
}
319 U.S. 624, 63 S.Ct. 1178, 87 L.Ed. 1628 (1943)
}}}
(public school may not compel student to salute flag);
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Meyer v. Nebraska,
}
}
262 U.S. 390, 43 S.Ct. 625, 67 L.Ed. 1042 (1923)
}}}
(state law prohibiting the teaching of foreign languages in public or private
schools is unconstitutional).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Free student expression undoubtedly sometimes interferes with the effectiveness of
the school\rquote s pedagogical functions. Some brands of student expression do so
by directly preventing the school from pursuing its pedagogical mission: The young
polemic who stands on a soapbox during calculus class to deliver an eloquent
political diatribe interferes with the legitimate teaching of calculus. And the
student who delivers a lewd endorsement of a student-government candidate might so
extremely distract an impressionable high school audience as to interfere with the
orderly operation of the school. See
}
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090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Bethel School Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser,
}
}
478 U.S. 675, 106 S.Ct. 3159, 92 L.Ed.2d 549 (1986)
}}}
. Other student speech, however, frustrates the school\rquote s legitimate
pedagogical purposes merely by expressing a message that conflicts with the
school\rquote s, without directly interfering with the school\rquote s expression
of its message: A student who responds to a political science teacher\rquote s
question with the retort, \u8220\'3fsocialism is good,\u8221\'3f subverts the
school\rquote s inculcation of the message that capitalism is better.
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*280
}
}
Even the maverick who sits in class passively sporting a symbol of protest against
a government policy, cf.
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Dist.,
}
}
393 U.S. 503, 89 S.Ct. 733, 21 L.Ed.2d 731 (1969)
}}}
, or the gossip who sits in the student commons swapping stories of sexual escapade
could readily muddle a clear official message condoning the government policy or
condemning teenage sex. Likewise, the student newspaper that, like Spectrum,
conveys a moral position at odds with the school\rquote s official stance might
subvert the administration\rquote s legitimate inculcation of its own perception of
community values.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
If mere incompatibility with the school\rquote s pedagogical message were a
constitutionally sufficient justification for the suppression of student speech,
school officials could censor each of the students or student organizations in the
foregoing hypotheticals, converting our public schools into \u8220\'3fenclaves of
totalitarianism,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
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090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
id.,
}
}
at 511, 89 S.Ct., at 739,
}}}
that \u8220\'3fstrangle the free mind at its source,\u8221\'3f
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, supra,
}
}
319 U.S., at 637, 63 S.Ct., at 1185.
}}}
The First Amendment permits no such blanket censorship authority. While the
\u8220\'3fconstitutional rights of students in public school are not automatically
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**575
}
}
coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d49484452000000100000001008060000001ff3ff6100000009704859730
000113900001139011bd9934600000a4f6943435050686f746f73686f70204943432070726f66696c65
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2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Fraser, supra,
}
}
478 U.S., at 682, 106 S.Ct., at 3164,
}}}
students in the public schools do not \u8220\'3fshed their constitutional rights
to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d49484452000000100000001008060000001ff3ff6100000009704859730
000113900001139011bd9934600000a4f6943435050686f746f73686f70204943432070726f66696c65
01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker, supra,
}
}
393 U.S., at 506, 89 S.Ct., at 736.
}}}
Just as the public on the street corner must, in the interest of fostering
\u8220\'3fenlightened opinion,\u8221\'3f
}
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documentGuid=I0910ec029cc311d991d0cc6b54f12d4d&transitionType=InlineKeyCiteFlags&or
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300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Cantwell v. Connecticut,
}
}
310 U.S. 296, 310, 60 S.Ct. 900, 906, 84 L.Ed. 1213 (1940)
}}}
, tolerate speech that \u8220\'3ftempt[s] [the listener] to throw [the speaker] off
the street,\u8221\'3f
}
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documentGuid=I0910ec029cc311d991d0cc6b54f12d4d&transitionType=InlineKeyCiteFlags&or
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
id.,
}
}
at 309, 60 S.Ct., at 906,
}}}
public educators must accommodate some student expression even if it offends them
or offers views or values that contradict those the school wishes to inculcate.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker,
}
}
this Court struck the balance. We held that official censorship of student
expression\u8212\'3fthere the suspension of several students until they removed
their armbands protesting the Vietnam war\u8212\'3fis unconstitutional unless the
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*281
}
}
speech \u8220\'3fmaterially disrupts classwork or involves substantial disorder or
invasion of the rights of others....\u8221\'3f
}
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89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d49484452000000100000001008060000001ff3ff6100000009704859730
000113900001139011bd9934600000a4f6943435050686f746f73686f70204943432070726f66696c65
01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
393 U.S., at 513, 89 S.Ct., at 740.
}}}
School officials may not suppress \u8220\'3fsilent, passive expression of opinion,
unaccompanied by any disorder or disturbance on the part of\u8221\'3f the speaker.
}
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Id.,
}
}
at 508, 89 S.Ct., at 737.
}}}
The \u8220\'3fmere desire to avoid the discomfort and unpleasantness that always
accompany an unpopular viewpoint,\u8221\'3f
}
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
id.,
}
}
at 509, 89 S.Ct., at 738,
}}}
or an unsavory subject,
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Fraser, supra,
}
}
478 U.S., at 688\u8211\'3f689, 106 S.Ct., at 3167\u8211\'3f3168
}}}
(BRENNAN, J., concurring in judgment), does not justify official suppression of
student speech in the high school.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
This Court applied the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
test just a Term ago in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Fraser, supra,
}
}
upholding an official decision to discipline a student for delivering a lewd
speech in support of a student-government candidate.
}
The Court today casts no doubt on
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
\lquote s vitality. Instead it erects a taxonomy of school censorship, concluding
that
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
applies to one category and not another. On the one hand is censorship
\u8220\'3fto silence a student\rquote s personal expression that happens to occur
on the school premises.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 569. On the other hand is censorship of expression that arises in the context
of \u8220\'3fschool-sponsored ... expressive activities that students, parents, and
members of the public might reasonably perceive to bear the imprimatur of the
school.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ibid.
\par
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Court does not, for it cannot, purport to discern from our precedents the
distinction it creates. One could, I suppose, readily characterize the
students\rquote symbolic speech in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
as \u8220\'3fpersonal expression that happens to [have] occur[red] on school
premises,\u8221\'3f although
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
did not even hint that the personal nature of the speech was of any (much less
dispositive) relevance. But that same description could not by any stretch of the
imagination fit Fraser\rquote s speech. He did not just \u8220\'3fhappen\u8221\'3f
to deliver his lewd speech to an ad hoc gathering on the playground. As the second
paragraph of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Fraser
}
}
evinces, if ever a forum for student expression was \u8220\'3fschool-
sponsored,\u8221\'3f Fraser\rquote s was:
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li200
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li200
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*282
}
}
\u8220\'3fFraser ... delivered a speech nominating a fellow student for student
elective office. Approximately 600 high school students ... attended the assembly.
Students were required to attend the assembly or to report to the study hall. The
assembly was part of a
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
school-sponsored
}
}
educational program in self-government.\u8221\'3f
}
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Fraser,
}
}
478 U.S., at 677, 106 S.Ct., at 3161
}}}
(emphasis added).
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Yet, from the first sentence of its analysis, see
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
id.,
}
}
at 680, 106 S.Ct., at 3162\u8211\'3f3163,
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Fraser
}
}}}
faithfully applied
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker.
\par
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Nor has this Court ever intimated a distinction between personal and school-
sponsored speech in any other context. Particularly telling is this Court\rquote s
heavy reliance on
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
in two cases of First Amendment infringement on state college campuses. See
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Papish v. University of Missouri Board of Curators,
}
}
410 U.S. 667, 671, n. 6, 93 S.Ct. 1197, 1199, n. 6, 35 L.Ed.2d 618 (1973)
}}}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
(
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**576
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
per curiam); Healy v. James,
}
}
408 U.S. 169, 180, 189, and n. 18, 191, 92 S.Ct. 2338, 2345, 2350, and n. 18,
2351, 33 L.Ed.2d 266 (1972)
}}}
. One involved the expulsion of a student for lewd expression in a newspaper that
she sold on campus pursuant to university authorization, see
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Papish, supra,
}
}
410 U.S., at 667\u8211\'3f668, 93 S.Ct., at 1197\u8211\'3f1198,
}}}
and the other involved the denial of university recognition and concomitant
benefits to a political student organization, see
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Healy, supra,
}
}
408 U.S., at 174, 176, 181\u8211\'3f182, 92 S.Ct., at 2342, 2343,
2346\u8211\'3f2347.
}}}
Tracking
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
\lquote s analysis, the Court found each act of suppression unconstitutional. In
neither case did this Court suggest the distinction, which the Court today finds
dispositive, between school-sponsored and incidental student expression.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
II
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Even if we were writing on a clean slate, I would reject the Court\rquote s
rationale for abandoning
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
in this case. The Court offers no more than an obscure tangle of three excuses to
afford educators \u8220\'3fgreater control\u8221\'3f over school-sponsored speech
than the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
test would permit: the public educator\rquote s prerogative to control curriculum;
the pedagogical interest in shielding the high school audience from objectionable
viewpoints and sensitive topics; and the school\rquote s need
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*283
}
}
to dissociate itself from student expression.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 569\u8211\'3f570. None of the excuses, once disentangled, supports the
distinction that the Court draws.
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
fully addresses the first concern; the second is illegitimate; and the third is
readily achievable through less oppressive means.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
A
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Court is certainly correct that the First Amendment permits educators
\u8220\'3fto assure that participants learn whatever lessons the activity is
designed to teach....\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 570. That is, however, the essence of the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
test, not an excuse to abandon it. Under
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker,
}
}
school officials may censor only such student speech as would \u8220\'3fmaterially
disrup[t]\u8221\'3f a legitimate curricular function. Manifestly, student speech is
more likely to disrupt a curricular function when it arises in the context of a
curricular activity\u8212\'3fone that \u8220\'3fis designed to teach\u8221\'3f
something\u8212\'3fthan when it arises in the context of a noncurricular activity.
Thus, under
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker,
}
}
the school may constitutionally punish the budding political orator if he disrupts
calculus class but not if he holds his tongue for the cafeteria. See
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Comm\rquote n of New York,
}
}
447 U.S. 530, 544\u8211\'3f545, 100 S.Ct. 2326, 2337, 65 L.Ed.2d 319 (1980)
}}}
(STEVENS, J., concurring in judgment). That is not because some more stringent
standard applies in the curricular context. (After all, this Court applied the same
standard whether the students in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
wore their armbands to the \u8220\'3fclassroom\u8221\'3f or the
\u8220\'3fcafeteria.\u8221\'3f
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
393 U.S., at 512, 89 S.Ct., at 740.)
}}}
It is because student speech in the noncurricular context is less likely to
disrupt materially any legitimate pedagogical purpose.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
I fully agree with the Court that the First Amendment should afford an educator the
prerogative not to sponsor the publication of a newspaper article that is
\u8220\'3fungrammatical, poorly written, inadequately researched, biased or
prejudiced,\u8221\'3f or that falls short of the \u8220\'3fhigh standards for ...
student speech that is disseminated under [the school\rquote s]
auspices....\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 570. But we need not abandon
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*284
}
}
to reach that conclusion; we need only apply it. The enumerated criteria reflect
the skills that the curricular newspaper \u8220\'3fis designed to teach.\u8221\'3f
The educator may, under
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker,
}
}
constitutionally \u8220\'3fcensor\u8221\'3f poor grammar, writing, or research
because to reward such expression would \u8220\'3fmaterially disrup[t]\u8221\'3f
the newspaper\rquote s curricular purpose.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The same cannot be said of official censorship designed to shield the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
audience
}
}
or dissociate the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
sponsor
}
}
from the expression. Censorship so motivated might well serve (although, as I
demonstrate
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
infra,
}
}
at \u8211\'3f\u8211\'3f\u8211\'3f\u8211\'3f \u8211\'3f
\u8211\'3f\u8211\'3f\u8211\'3f\u8211\'3f, cannot legitimately serve) some other
school purpose. But it in no way furthers
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**577
}
}
the curricular purposes of a student
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
newspaper,
}
}
unless one believes that the purpose of the school newspaper is to teach students
that the press ought never report bad news, express unpopular views, or print a
thought that might upset its sponsors. Unsurprisingly, Hazelwood East claims no
such pedagogical purpose.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Court relies on bits of testimony to portray the principal\rquote s conduct as
a pedagogical lesson to Journalism II students who \u8220\'3fhad not sufficiently
mastered those portions of the ... curriculum that pertained to the treatment of
controversial issues and personal attacks, the need to protect the privacy of
individuals ..., and \u8216\'3fthe legal, moral, and ethical restrictions imposed
upon journalists....\rquote \u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 572. In that regard, the Court attempts to justify censorship of the article on
teenage pregnancy on the basis of the principal\rquote s judgment that (1)
\u8220\'3fthe [pregnant] students\rquote anonymity was not adequately
protected,\u8221\'3f despite the article\rquote s use of aliases; and (2) the
judgment that
}
\u8220\'3fthe article was not sufficiently sensitive to the privacy interests of
the students\rquote boyfriends and parents....\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 571. Similarly, the Court finds in the principal\rquote s decision to censor
the divorce article a journalistic lesson that the author should have given the
father of one student an \u8220\'3fopportunity to defend himself\u8221\'3f against
her charge that (in the Court\rquote s words) he \u8220\'3fchose
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*285
}
}
\u8216\'3fplaying cards with the guys\rquote over home and family....\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 572.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
But the principal never consulted the students before censoring their work.
\u8220\'3f[T]hey learned of the deletions when the paper was released....\u8221\'3f
}
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}
795 F.2d, at 1371.
}}}
Further, he explained the deletions only in the broadest of generalities. In one
meeting called at the behest of seven protesting Spectrum staff members (presumably
a fraction of the full class), he characterized the articles as \u8220\'3f
\u8216\'3ftoo sensitive\u8217\'3f for \u8216\'3four immature audience of
readers,\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
607 F.Supp. 1450, 1459 (ED Mo.1985)
}}}
, and in a later meeting he deemed them simply \u8220\'3finappropriate, personal,
sensitive and unsuitable for the newspaper,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
ibid.
}
}
The Court\rquote s supposition that the principal intended (or the protesters
understood) those generalities as a lesson on the nuances of journalistic
responsibility is utterly incredible. If he did, a fact that neither the District
Court nor the Court of Appeals found, the lesson was lost on all but the psychic
Spectrum staffer.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
B
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Court\rquote s second excuse for deviating from precedent is the school\rquote
s interest in shielding an impressionable high school audience from material whose
substance is \u8220\'3funsuitable for immature audiences.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 570 (footnote omitted). Specifically, the majority decrees that we must afford
educators authority to shield high school students from exposure to
\u8220\'3fpotentially sensitive topics\u8221\'3f (like \u8220\'3fthe particulars of
teenage sexual activity\u8221\'3f) or unacceptable social viewpoints (like the
advocacy of \u8220\'3firresponsible se[x] or conduct otherwise inconsistent with
\u8216\'3fthe shared values of a civilized social order\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f)
through school-sponsored student activities.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 570 (citation omitted).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
teaches us that the state educator\rquote s undeniable, and undeniably vital,
mandate to inculcate moral and political values is not a general warrant to act
as \u8220\'3fthought police\u8221\'3f stifling discussion of all but state-approved
topics and advocacy of all
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*286
}
}
but the official position. See also
}
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}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
}
}
393 U.S. 97, 89 S.Ct. 266, 21 L.Ed.2d 228 (1968)
}}}
;
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Meyer v. Nebraska,
}
}
262 U.S. 390, 43 S.Ct. 625, 67 L.Ed. 1042 (1923)
}}}
. Otherwise educators could transform students into \u8220\'3fclosed-circuit
recipients of only that which the State chooses to communicate,\u8221\'3f
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker,
}
}
393 U.S., at 511, 89 S.Ct., at 739,
}}}
and cast a perverse and impermissible \u8220\'3fpall of orthodoxy over the
classroom,\u8221\'3f
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Keyishian v. Board of Regents,
}
}
385 U.S. 589, 603, 87 S.Ct. 675, 683, 17 L.Ed.2d 629 (1967)
}}}
. Thus, the State cannot constitutionally prohibit its high school students from
recounting in the locker room \u8220\'3fthe particulars of [their] teenage
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**578
}
}
sexual activity,\u8221\'3f nor even from advocating \u8220\'3firresponsible
se[x]\u8221\'3f or other presumed abominations of \u8220\'3fthe shared values of a
civilized social order.\u8221\'3f Even in its capacity as educator the State may
not assume an Orwellian \u8220\'3fguardianship of the public mind,\u8221\'3f
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Thomas v. Collins,
}
}
323 U.S. 516, 545, 65 S.Ct. 315, 329, 89 L.Ed. 430 (1945)
}}}
(Jackson, J., concurring).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The mere fact of school sponsorship does not, as the Court suggests, license such
thought control in the high school, whether through school suppression of
disfavored viewpoints or through official assessment of topic sensitivity.
}
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{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_B01221988007755_ID0E3VDI_1}{\*\bkmkend
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2
}}}
}
The former would constitute unabashed and unconstitutional viewpoint
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*287
}
}
discrimination, see
}
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
}
}
457 U.S., at 878\u8211\'3f879, 102 S.Ct., at 2813\u8211\'3f2814
}}}
(BLACKMUN, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment), as well as an
impermissible infringement of the students\rquote \u8220\'3f \u8216\'3fright to
receive information and ideas,\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
id.,
}
}
at 867, 102 S.Ct., at 2808
}}}
(plurality opinion) (citations omitted); see
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
First National Bank v. Bellotti,
}
}
435 U.S. 765, 783, 98 S.Ct. 1407, 1419, 55 L.Ed.2d 707 (1978)
}}}
.
}
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{\*\bkmkstart co_fnRef_B01331988007755_ID0EYYDI_1}{\*\bkmkend
co_fnRef_B01331988007755_ID0EYYDI_1}
3
}}}
}
Just as a school board may not purge its state-funded library of all books that
\u8220\'3f \u8216\'3foffen[d] [its] social, political and moral
tastes,\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
457 U.S., at 858\u8211\'3f859, 102 S.Ct., at 2804
}}}
(plurality opinion) (citation omitted), school officials may not, out of like
motivation, discriminatorily excise objectionable ideas from a student publication.
The State\rquote s prerogative to dissolve the student newspaper entirely (or to
limit its subject matter) no more entitles it to dictate which viewpoints students
may express on its pages, than the State\rquote s prerogative to close down the
schoolhouse entitles it to prohibit the nondisruptive expression of antiwar
sentiment within its gates.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Official censorship of student speech on the ground that it addresses
\u8220\'3fpotentially sensitive topics\u8221\'3f is, for related reasons, equally
impermissible. I would not begrudge an educator the authority to limit the
substantive scope of a school-sponsored publication to a certain, objectively
definable topic, such as literary criticism, school sports, or an overview of the
school year. Unlike those determinate limitations, \u8220\'3fpotential topic
sensitivity\u8221\'3f is a vaporous nonstandard\u8212\'3flike \u8220\'3f
\u8216\'3fpublic welfare, peace, safety, health, decency, good order, morals or
convenience,\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham,
}
}
394 U.S. 147, 150, 89 S.Ct. 935, 938, 22 L.Ed.2d 162 (1969)
}}}
, or \u8220\'3f \u8216\'3fgeneral welfare of citizens,\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Staub v. Baxley,
}
}
355 U.S. 313, 322, 78 S.Ct. 277, 282, 2 L.Ed.2d 302 (1958)
}}}
\u8212\'3fthat invites manipulation to achieve ends that cannot permissibly be
achieved through blatant viewpoint discrimination and chills student speech to
which school officials might not
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*288
}
}
object. In part because of those dangers, this Court has consistently condemned
any scheme allowing a state official boundless
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**579
}
}
discretion in licensing speech from a particular forum. See,
}
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
e.g., Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham, supra,
}
}
394 U.S., at 150\u8211\'3f151, and n. 2, 89 S.Ct., at 938\u8211\'3f939, and n. 2;
}}}
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Cox v. Louisiana,
}
}
379 U.S. 536, 557\u8211\'3f558, 85 S.Ct. 453, 465\u8211\'3f466, 13 L.Ed.2d 471
(1965)
}}}
;
}
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398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Staub v. Baxley, supra,
}
}
355 U.S., at 322\u8211\'3f324, 78 S.Ct., at 282\u8211\'3f283
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The case before us aptly illustrates how readily school officials (and courts) can
camouflage viewpoint discrimination as the \u8220\'3fmere\u8221\'3f protection of
students from sensitive topics. Among the grounds that the Court advances to uphold
the principal\rquote s censorship of one of the articles was the potential
sensitivity of \u8220\'3fteenage sexual activity.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 570. Yet the District Court specifically found that the principal \u8220\'3fdid
not, as a matter of principle, oppose discussion of said topi[c] in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Spectrum.
}
}
\u8221\'3f
}
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}
607 F.Supp., at 1467.
}}}
That much is also clear from the same principal\rquote s approval of the
\u8220\'3fsqueal law\u8221\'3f article on the same page, dealing forthrightly
with \u8220\'3fteenage sexuality,\u8221\'3f \u8220\'3fthe use of contraceptives by
teenagers,\u8221\'3f and \u8220\'3fteenage pregnancy,\u8221\'3f App. 4\u8211\'3f5.
If topic sensitivity were the true basis of the principal\rquote s decision, the
two articles should have been equally objectionable. It is much more likely that
the objectionable article was objectionable because of the viewpoint it expressed:
It might have been read (as the majority apparently does) to advocate
\u8220\'3firresponsible sex.\u8221\'3f
}
See
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
ante,
}
}
at 570.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
C
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The sole concomitant of school sponsorship that might conceivably justify the
distinction that the Court draws between sponsored and nonsponsored student
expression is the risk \u8220\'3fthat the views of the individual speaker [might
be] erroneously attributed to the school.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 570. Of course, the risk of erroneous attribution inheres in any student
expression, including \u8220\'3fpersonal expression\u8221\'3f that, like the
armbands in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker,
}
}
\u8220\'3fhappens to occur on the school premises,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
ante,
}
}
at 569. Nevertheless, the majority is certainly correct that indicia of school
sponsorship increase the likelihood
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*289
}
}
of such attribution, and that state educators may therefore have a legitimate
interest in dissociating themselves from student speech.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
But \u8220\'3f \u8216\'3f[e]ven though the governmental purpose be legitimate and
substantial, that purpose cannot be pursued by means that broadly stifle
fundamental personal liberties when the end can be more narrowly
achieved.\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Keyishian v. Board of Regents,
}
}
385 U.S., at 602, 87 S.Ct., at 683
}}}
(quoting
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Shelton v. Tucker,
}
}
364 U.S. 479, 488, 81 S.Ct. 247, 252, 5 L.Ed.2d 231 (1960)
}}}
). Dissociative means short of censorship are available to the school. It could,
for example, require the student activity to publish a disclaimer, such as the
\u8220\'3fStatement of Policy\u8221\'3f that Spectrum published each school year
announcing that \u8220\'3f[a]ll ... editorials appearing in this newspaper reflect
the opinions of the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Spectrum
}
}
staff, which are not necessarily shared by the administrators or faculty of
Hazelwood East,\u8221\'3f App. 26; or it could simply issue its own response
clarifying the official position on the matter and explaining why the student
position is wrong. Yet, without so much as acknowledging the less oppressive
alternatives, the Court approves of brutal censorship.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
\par
{\b0 \qc \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
III
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Since the censorship served no legitimate pedagogical purpose, it cannot by any
stretch of the imagination have been designed to prevent \u8220\'3fmateria[l]
disrup [tion of] classwork,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker,
}
}
393 U.S., at 513, 89 S.Ct., at 740.
}}}
Nor did the censorship fall within the category that
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
described as necessary to prevent student expression from \u8220\'3finva[ding] the
rights of others,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
ibid.
}
}
If that term is to have any content, it must be limited to rights that are
protected by law. \u8220\'3fAny yardstick less exacting than [that] could result in
school officials curtailing speech at the slightest fear of disturbance,\u8221\'3f
}
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795 F.2d, at 1376,
}}}
a prospect that would be completely at odds with this Court\rquote s pronouncement
that the \u8220\'3fundifferentiated
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
**580
}
}
fear or apprehension of disturbance is not enough [even in the public school
context] to overcome the right to freedom of expression.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*290
}
}
}
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker, supra,
}
}
393 U.S., at 508, 89 S.Ct., at 737.
}}}
And, as the Court of Appeals correctly reasoned, whatever journalistic impropriety
these articles may have contained, they could not conceivably be tortious, much
less criminal. See
}
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}
795 F.2d, at 1375\u8211\'3f1376
}}}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Finally, even if the majority were correct that the principal could
constitutionally have censored the objectionable material, I would emphatically
object to the brutal manner in which he did so. Where \u8220\'3f[t]he separation of
legitimate from illegitimate speech calls for more sensitive tools\u8221\'3f
}
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Speiser v. Randall,
}
}
357 U.S. 513, 525, 78 S.Ct. 1332, 1342, 2 L.Ed.2d 1460 (1958)
}}}
; see
}
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Keyishian v. Board of Regents, supra,
}
}
385 U.S., at 602, 87 S.Ct., at 683,
}}}
the principal used a paper shredder. He objected to some material in two articles,
but excised six entire articles. He did not so much as inquire into obvious
alternatives, such as precise deletions or additions (one of which had already been
made), rearranging the layout, or delaying publication.
}
Such unthinking contempt for individual rights is intolerable from any state
official. It is particularly insidious from one to whom the public entrusts the
task of inculcating in its youth an appreciation for the cherished democratic
liberties that our Constitution guarantees.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
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\par
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\par
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{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
IV
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Court opens its analysis in this case by purporting to reaffirm
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
\lquote s time-tested proposition that public school students \u8220\'3fdo not
\u8216\'3fshed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at
the schoolhouse gate.\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 567 (quoting
}
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker, supra,
}
}
393 U.S., at 506, 89 S.Ct., at 736).
}}}
That is an ironic introduction to an opinion that denudes high school students of
much of the First Amendment protection that
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
itself prescribed. Instead of \u8220\'3fteach[ing] children to respect the
diversity of ideas that is fundamental to the American system,\u8221\'3f
}
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
}
}
457 U.S., at 880, 102 S.Ct., at 2814
}}}
(BLACKMUN, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment), and \u8220\'3fthat
our Constitution is a living reality, not parchment preserved under
glass,\u8221\'3f
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}
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{\b1 \cf1 \f2 \i0 \fs20
*291
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
Shanley v. Northeast Independent School Dist., Bexar Cty., Tex.,
}
}
462 F.2d 960, 972 (CA5 1972)
}}}
, the Court today \u8220\'3fteach[es] youth to discount important principles of our
government as mere platitudes.\u8221\'3f
}
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}
{\b0 \cf5 \f2 \i1 \fs20
West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette,
}
}
319 U.S., at 637, 63 S.Ct., at 1185.
}}}
The young men and women of Hazelwood East expected a civics lesson, but not the
one the Court teaches them today.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f2 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
I dissent.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
}
}
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All Citations
\par
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}
484 U.S. 260, 108 S.Ct. 562, 98 L.Ed.2d 592, 56 USLW 4079, 43 Ed. Law Rep. 515, 14
Media L. Rep. 2081
\par
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The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared
by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See
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United States v. Detroit Lumber Co.,
}
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200 U.S. 321, 337, 26 S.Ct. 282, 287, 50 L.Ed. 499
.
\par
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The two pages deleted from the newspaper also contained articles on teenage
marriage, runaways, and juvenile delinquents, as well as a general article on
teenage pregnancy. Reynolds testified that he had no objection to these articles
and that they were deleted only because they appeared on the same pages as the two
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The Statement also cited
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393 U.S. 503, 89 S.Ct. 733, 21 L.Ed.2d 731 (1969)
, for the proposition that \u8220\'3f[o]nly speech that \u8216\'3fmaterially and
substantially interferes with the requirements of appropriate discipline\u8217\'3f
can be found unacceptable and therefore be prohibited.\u8221\'3f App. 26. This
portion of the Statement does not, of course, even accurately reflect our holding
in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Tinker.
}
}
Furthermore, the Statement nowhere expressly extended the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
standard to the news and feature articles contained in a school-sponsored
newspaper. The dissent apparently finds as a fact that the Statement was published
annually in Spectrum; however, the District Court was unable to conclude that the
Statement appeared on more than one occasion. In any event, even if the Statement
says what the dissent believes that it says, the evidence that school officials
never intended to designate Spectrum as a public forum remains overwhelming.
\par
}
}
}
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The distinction that we draw between speech that is sponsored by the school and
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{\fldrslt
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Papish v. University of Missouri Board of Curators,
}
}
410 U.S. 667, 93 S.Ct. 1197, 35 L.Ed.2d 618 (1973)
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
(per curiam)
}
}
, which involved an off-campus \u8220\'3funderground\u8221\'3f newspaper that
school officials merely had allowed to be sold on a state university campus.
\par
}
}
}
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The dissent perceives no difference between the First Amendment analysis applied in
}
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Tinker
}
}
and that applied in
}
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Fraser.
}
}
We disagree. The decision in
}
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Fraser
}
}
rested on the \u8220\'3fvulgar,\u8221\'3f \u8220\'3flewd,\u8221\'3f and
\u8220\'3fplainly offensive\u8221\'3f character of a speech delivered at an
official school assembly rather than on any propensity of the speech to
\u8220\'3fmaterially disrup [t] classwork or involv[e] substantial disorder or
invasion of the rights of others.\u8221\'3f
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
393 U.S., at 513, 89 S.Ct., at 740.
Indeed, the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Fraser
}
}
Court cited as \u8220\'3fespecially relevant\u8221\'3f a portion of Justice
Black\rquote s dissenting opinion in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
\u8220\'3f \u8216\'3fdisclaim[ing] any purpose ... to hold that the Federal
Constitution compels the teachers, parents, and elected school officials to
surrender control of the American public school system to public school
students.\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
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2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
478 U.S., at 686, 106 S.Ct., at 3166
(quoting
}
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2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
393 U.S., at 526, 89 S.Ct., at 746).
Of course, Justice Black\rquote s observations are equally relevant to the instant
case.
\par
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
co_footnote_B00651988007755_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_B00651988007755_ID0ER1AI_1" }{\fldrslt
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\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
We therefore need not decide whether the Court of Appeals correctly construed
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
as precluding school officials from censoring student speech to avoid
\u8220\'3finvasion of the rights of others,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d49484452000000100000001008060000001ff3ff6100000009704859730
000113900001139011bd9934600000a4f6943435050686f746f73686f70204943432070726f66696c65
01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
393 U.S., at 513, 89 S.Ct., at 740,
except where that speech could result in tort liability to the school.
\par
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
co_footnote_B00761988007755_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_B00761988007755_ID0EY1AI_1" }{\fldrslt
6
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
We reject respondents\rquote suggestion that school officials be permitted to
exercise prepublication control over school-sponsored publications only pursuant to
specific written regulations. To require such regulations in the context of a
curricular activity could unduly constrain the ability of educators to educate. We
need not now decide whether such regulations are required before school officials
may censor publications not sponsored by the school that students seek to
distribute on school grounds. See
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Baughman v. Freienmuth,
}
}
478 F.2d 1345 (CA4 1973)
;
}
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Shanley v. Northeast Independent School Dist., Bexar Cty., Tex.,
}
}
462 F.2d 960 (CA5 1972)
;
}
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documentGuid=Ib1ee404d8fc911d993e6d35cc61aab4a&transitionType=InlineKeyCiteFlags&or
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Eisner v. Stamford Board of Education,
}
}
440 F.2d 803 (CA2 1971)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li0
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{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_B00871988007755_ID0EDCBI_1" }{\fldrslt
7
\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
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{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
A number of lower federal courts have similarly recognized that educators\rquote
decisions with regard to the content of school-sponsored newspapers, dramatic
productions, and other expressive activities are entitled to substantial deference.
See,
}
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i1 \fs20
e.g., Nicholson v. Board of Education, Torrance Unified School Dist.,
}
}
682 F.2d 858 (CA9 1982)
;
}
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Seyfried v. Walton,
}
}
668 F.2d 214 (CA3 1981)
;
}
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documentGuid=Ib31b0651910f11d9a707f4371c9c34f0&transitionType=InlineKeyCiteFlags&or
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Trachtman v. Anker,
}
}
563 F.2d 512 (CA2 1977)
, cert. denied,
}
{\fldrslt
435 U.S. 925, 98 S.Ct. 1491, 55 L.Ed.2d 519 (1978)
;
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Frasca v. Andrews,
}
}
463 F.Supp. 1043 (EDNY 1979)
. We need not now decide whether the same degree of deference is appropriate with
respect to school-sponsored expressive activities at the college and university
level.
\par
}
}
}
}
\intbl
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\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
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{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The reasonableness of Principal Reynolds\rquote concerns about the two articles
was further substantiated by the trial testimony of Martin Duggan, a former
editorial page editor of the St. Louis Globe Democrat and a former college
journalism instructor and newspaper adviser. Duggan testified that the divorce
story did not meet journalistic standards of fairness and balance because the
father was not given an opportunity to respond, and that the pregnancy story was
not appropriate for publication in a high school newspaper because it was unduly
intrusive into the privacy of the girls, their parents, and their boyfriends. The
District Court found Duggan to be \u8220\'3fan objective and independent
witness\u8221\'3f whose testimony was entitled to significant weight.
}
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}
607 F.Supp. 1450, 1461 (ED Mo.1985)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
\intbl
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{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
co_footnote_B01091988007755_1}
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\par
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}
{\ri0 \li0
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{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
It is likely that the approach urged by the dissent would as a practical matter
have far more deleterious consequences for the student press than does the approach
that we adopt today. The dissent correctly acknowledges \u8220\'3f[t]he
State\rquote s prerogative to dissolve the student newspaper entirely.\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Post,
}
}
at 578. It is likely that many public schools would do just that rather than open
their newspapers to all student expression that does not threaten
\u8220\'3fmateria[l] disrup[tion of] classwork\u8221\'3f or violation of
\u8220\'3frights that are protected by law,\u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
post,
}
}
at 579, regardless of how sexually explicit, racially intemperate, or personally
insulting that expression otherwise might be.
\par
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
co_footnote_B01111988007755_1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_B01111988007755_ID0E1TBI_1" }{\fldrslt
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\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Court suggests that the passage quoted in the text did not \u8220\'3fexten [d]
the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Tinker
}
}
standard to the news and feature articles contained in a school-sponsored
newspaper\u8221\'3f because the passage did not expressly mention them.
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 569, n. 2. It is hard to imagine why the Court (or anyone else) might expect a
passage that applies categorically to \u8220\'3fa student-press
publication,\u8221\'3f composed almost exclusively of \u8220\'3fnews and feature
articles,\u8221\'3f to mention those categories expressly. Understandably, neither
court below so limited the passage.
\par
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\ri0 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
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{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_fnRef_B01221988007755_ID0E3VDI_1" }{\fldrslt
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\par
}
}
{\ri0 \li0
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{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
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The Court quotes language in
}
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681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
}
{\fldrslt
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Bethel School Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser,
}
}
478 U.S. 675, 106 S.Ct. 3159, 92 L.Ed.2d 549 (1986)
, for the proposition that \u8220\'3f \u8216\'3f[t]he determination of what manner
of speech in the classroom or in school assembly is inappropriate properly rests
with the school board.\u8217\'3f \u8221\'3f
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Ante,
}
}
at 567 (quoting
}
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300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
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}
478 U.S., at 683, 106 S.Ct., at 3164).
As the discussion immediately preceding that quotation makes clear, however, the
Court was referring only to the appropriateness of the
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
manner
}
}
in which the message is conveyed, not of the message\rquote s
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
content.
}
}
See,
}
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e.g., Fraser,
}
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478 U.S., at 683, 106 S.Ct., at 3164
(\u8220\'3f[T]he \u8216\'3ffundamental values necessary to the maintenance of a
democratic political system\u8217\'3f disfavor the use of terms of debate highly
offensive or highly threatening to others\u8221\'3f). In fact, the
}
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Fraser
}
}
Court coupled its first mention of \u8220\'3fsociety\rquote s ... interest in
teaching students the boundaries of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
socially appropriate behavior,
}
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\u8221\'3f with an acknowledgment of \u8220\'3f[t]he undoubted freedom to advocate
unpopular and controversial views in schools and
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classrooms,
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\u8221\'3f
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2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
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{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i1 \fs20
id.,
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at 681, 106 S.Ct., at 3163
(emphasis added). See also
}
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01c07491384b08801400407a8e42a600404601809d98265300a0040060cb6362e300502d0060277fe6d
300809df8997b01005b94211501a09100201365884400683b00accf568a450058300014664bc43900d8
2d00304957664800b0b700c0ce100bb200080c00305188852900047b0060c8232378008499001446f25
090441c808136121da8801628a58238e08179985f821c14804128b2420c9881451224b91354831528a5
398f3fc63332ddb000000206348524d00007a25000080830000f9ff000080e9000075300000ea600000
681df15e0ef00da2726ba16e89a130000000049454e44ae426082}}}}
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{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i1 \fs20
id.,
}
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at 689, 106 S.Ct., at 3167
(BRENNAN, J., concurring in judgment) (\u8220\'3fNor does this case involve an
attempt by school officials to ban written materials they consider
\u8216\'3finappropriate\u8217\'3f for high school students\u8221\'3f (citation
omitted)).
\par
}
}
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473 U.S. 788, 806, 105 S.Ct. 3439, 3451, 87 L.Ed.2d 567 (1985)
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