Aws-Practical Reference Guide PDF

American Welding Society
The Practical
Reference Guide for
Acceptance Criteria
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
STDmAWS PRG-ENGL 1995 = 07811265 0519326 8bO
THE PRACTICAL
REFERENCE GUIDE
for
RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
Located, reviewed and reformatted under the

AWS Product Development Committee as a service
for quality-minded welding fabricators.
This publication is designed to provide information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is made available with the
understanding that the publisher is not engaged in the rendering of professional advice. Reliance upon the information
contained in this document should not be undertaken without an independent verification of its application for a particular
use. The publisher is not responsible for loss or damage resulting from use of this publication. This document is not a
consensus standard. Users should refer to the applicable standards for their particular application.
American Welding Society

550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126

S T D * A W S PRG-ENGL 1995 E 0784265 0539327 7T7 111
FOREWORD
A US military standard (MiL-STD-2035), in use for more than twenty years, set forth acceptance criteria for welds
evaluated by nondestructive examination. As a military standard, those acceptance criteria could be applied as
standards for fabrications for military use. It is recognized that certain nonmilitary fabrications might also benefit from
comparison with these criteria. Although these criteria, offered herein, do not constitute a consensus standard of the
American Welding Society, they are made available by AWS for consideration by fabricators.
A technical committee of AWS is curently evaluating these acceptance criteria with a view to possibly producing a
consensus standard, but that evolution is not complete at this time. Should it be completed and result in an AWS
standard, this document will be withdrawn in favor of the resulting standard.
O 1995 by the American Welding Society. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.
Photocopy Rights
Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, or
educational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that the
appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 508-750-
8400; online: http//www.copyright.com
II

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STD*AWS PRG-ENGL 3975 W 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0537328 633 D
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................... ii
1.O Scope ................................................................................................................................................ 1
2.0 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................... 1
3.0 Radiographic Indications ................................................................................................................... 1
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1. S I 4 Inclusion Indication Limit for Class 1 Weld Radiographic Quality ...................................... 7
2. Slag Inclusion Indication Limits for Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality ...................................... 7
3. Slag Inclusion Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality ...................................... 8
4. Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Joint Penetration Indication Limits for Class 1
Weld Radiographic Quality .......................................................................................................... 8
5. Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Joint Penetration Indication Limits for Class 2 and
Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality ............................................................................................. 9
6. Usual Acceptance Criteria for Clustered Porosity ..................................................................... 10
7. Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1/8 in.) ...... 11
8. Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 3/16 in.) .... 12
1o . Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 3/8 in.) ...... 14
13. Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1 in.) ......... 17
14. Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1-1/2 in.) ... 18
17. Porosity Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 114 in.) .......................... 21
18. Porosity Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 3/8 in.) .......................... 22
21 . Porosity Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1 in.) ............................. 25
22 . Porosity Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1-1/2 in.) ....................... 26
25 . Areas of Circles ......................................................................................................................... 29
iii

S T D - A W S PRG-ENGL 1995 E 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 05193Z9 57T 6
1.0 SCOPE Three classes of radiographic quality are offered for possible application to welds in
general fabrication. Normally, the choice of an appropriate quality level is made by the
engineer, the user or may be contained in the contractual documents. Among the pos-
sibilities are the quality levels shown in this document, however, other choices may
also be appropriate.
2.0 DEFINITIONS The definitions of the identified discontinuities are contained in AWS A3.0, Standard
Welding Terms and Definitions. Specific terms not included in AWS A3.0 are clarified
below.
2.1 Crater Pit. An approximately circular surface condition extending into the weld in
an irregular manner caused by insufficient filler metal at the weld stop.
2.2 Incomplete Consumable Insert Melting. Melting of the consumable insert with-
out fusion to the base metal along either side of the consumable insert.
2.3 Oxidation. A condition resulting from partial or complete lack of inert gas shielding
of a surface which is heated during welding, resulting in formation of oxide on the
surface. This condition may range from slight oxidation evidenced by a multicolored or
tightly adhering black film, to the extreme of a very rough surface having a crystalline,
or “sugared appearance.
2.4 Root Surface Center-line Crease or Shrinkage. An intermittent or continuous

center-line concavity formed on the root surface.
3.0
I NDICATIONS 3.1.1 Radiographic Technique. Radiographic technique is usually required to be in
accordance with some applicable standard for nondestructive testing requirements.To
properly evaluate radiographic indications in welds, the film reviewer should be sure
that the correct film has been used and has been developed according to the manu-
facturer’s specifications. Any film conditions such as density, penetrometer location
and identification, and extraneous artifacts should be evaluated by the film reviewer.
3.1.2 Cracks. Welds containing any crack are usually rejected.
3.1.3 Burn Through, Melt Through and Crater Pit. Burn through, melt through and
crater pits are usually accepted provided the areas do not contain cracks, crevices or
globules and provided the convexity or concavity limits otherwise specified are not
exceeded.
3.1.4 Tungsten Inclusions.Tungsten inclusions having a maximum dimension greater

than 20% of the design material thickness or 1/8 inch, whichever is less, are usually
rejected. Smaller tungsten inclusions are generally counted as porosity.
3.1.5 Questionable Indications. When doubt exists as to whether an indication on

the radiograph is the result of surface imperfections or subsurface defects, it is com-
mon practice to compare the radiograph with the weld. If the indication in question is
the result of an acceptable surface imperfection and does not interfere with interpreta-
tion, that weld may be accepted.
AWS Practical Reference Guide 1

3.1.6 Slag, Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Joint Penetration Indications
Figures 1 through 3 offer criteria applicable to slag inclusion indications for three classes
of weld radiographic quality. Figures 4 and 5 offer criteria applicable to indications of
incomplete fusion and incomplete joint penetration for three classes of weld radiographic
quality.
a. General. Indications having a maximum size of 1/8 inch may be evaluated

as slag or porosity, usually whichever is less restrictive. A cluster or a group of aligned
indications including both slag and porosity are usually evaluated as either all slag or
all porosity.
b. Aligned Indications. A group of four or more indications is usually consid-

ered aligned when a straight line through the geometric center of the two outer indica-
tions touches the intervening indications, and said line lies axially with the welded seam
within approximately 5".
(1) Multiple aligned slag indications separated in any one direction from adja-
cent groups or individual indications by L* or 1/2 inch, whichever is less, are
usually acceptable.
(2) Indications separated in any direction from adjacent groups or individual in-
dications by L* or 1/2 inch, whichever is less, are usually acceptable.
* L is defined as the length of the longer indication being evaluated
c. Unaligned Indications. Unaligned indications are generally two or more indi-

cations that do not meet the aligned criteria of 3.1.6(b).
3.1.7 Porosity
Figure 6 offers criteria applicable to cluster porosity indications for various thicknesses
of base metals. Figures 7 through 24 offer criteria applicable to scattered porosity indi-
cations for various thicknesses of base metals and three classes of weld radiography
qual ity.
a. General. Porosity indications 1/64 inch or less in diameter are usually not
counted in evaluation of weld radiographic quality.
b. Clustered Porosity. Porosity are usually considered as clustered when a

group of four or more indications are concentrated in a manner as shown in Figure 6.
Pores separated from the group by 1/8 inch or 3D (where D is the largest pore in that
group), whichever is greater, are not usually considered a part of the group.
c. Randomly Dispersed Porosity. The porosity patterns shown in Figures 7

through 24 are not necessarily the patterns that may appear on the radiographs, but
are illustrative of a particular combination of number and size of indications. Accep-
tance criteria for thicknesses not shown may be extrapolated. For weld lengths less
than 6 inches, or weld widths less than shown, the acceptance criteria may be propor-
tionally reduced. Increasing the acceptable pores to compensate for weld widths greater
2 AWS Practical Reference Guide

STDIAWS PRG-ENGL 1995 I07842b5 05L933L II28 E
than that shown in the porosity charts is usually not permitted. When it is considered
necessary for evaluation, Figure 25 may be used to determine the total area of accept-
able pores for any applicable thickness. When randomly distributed indications occur
in a concentrated pattern, but not to such a degree as to be classed as rejectable
clusters, these are usually considered rejectable when the concentration in any one
inch or more of weld length becomes twice the amount which is shown in the applicable
randomly distributed porosity charts.
d. Aligned Porosity. Four or more pores linearly aligned such that the distance
between each two adjacent pores is less than D,or 1/16 inch, whichever is greater,
where D is the diameter of the larger of the two adjacent pores, are usually rejected.
However, such linearly aligned pores may be acceptable when the total length of the
stringer of pores does not exceed the length permitted for a single slag indication. The
maximum pore diameter is not usually acceptable if it exceeds the large diameter speci-
fied on Figures 7 through 24.
e. Other Indications. Other indications, including clustered, aligned and

randomly dispersed indications are usually considered in the evaluation and the total
indication area are usually not acceptable if they exceed the basic requirement of 0.01T
inch per inch or 0.015T inch per inch, as applicable.
f. Maximum Pore Diameter. Design material thicknesses equal to or less than

1/8 inch are usually acceptable if they have no more than six pores in any 6 inch length
of weld, and no pores have a diameter greater than 20 percent of the design material
thickness. For design material thicknesses greater than 1/8 inch, an isolated pore may
be 25 percent of T or 3/16, whichever is less, provided that there is not more than one
such pore in any 6 inch length.
3.1.8 Oxidation of Root. Rough oxidized surface, accompanied by a wrinkled or

“sugared” appearance on the radiograph is not usually acceptable.
3.1.9 Multiple Indications. The presence of the various types of indications on the
same radiograph section is usually permitted provided each indication type is within
the limits herein except that total accumulated slag usually includes lack of fusion and
incomplete penetration indications.
3.1 .IO Undercut. External undercut or root undercut is usually evaluated versus the
specification limits for visual inspection. Undercut is usually evaluated by visual inspec-
tion whenever possible; where this is not feasible, records of use of a workmanship
sample or approved measuring system usually accompany the radiographs which exhibit
undercut.
3.1.11 Inadvertent Radiography. Inadvertent radiography is defined as the presenta-

tion on a required radiograph of adjacent welds or base material which do not require
radiography. Acceptance or rejection of indications so revealed is usually based on the
following:
a. Base Metal. Any defect revealed by inadvertent radiography is usually evalu-

ated to base metal acceptance criteria; any defect determined to be a crack is usually
cause for rejection. For indications other than a crack, if radiography criteria do not
exist, an engineering evaluation may be made.

S T D * A W S PRG-ENGL 1995 I
I 0784265 0519332 O b 4 M
b. Welds Requiredto be Radiographed.For welds required to be radiographed

which are inadvertently radiographed again, any defect revealed by inadvertent radi-
ography is usually evaluated to the original acceptance criteria for that particular weld
class.
c. Welds Not Requiring Radiography. For welds which are not required to be
radiographed, which are inadvertently radiographed, all defects found are usually evalu-
ated. Defects that are determined to be cracks usually cause the weld to be rejected.
Other defects usually call for an engineering evaluation.
Engineering evaluation is usually used to confirm that the structural integrity of the weld
or base material is maintained. This evaluation is usually based on the following: per-
formance reliability, prescribed inspection methods and acceptance criteria, and the
quality of similar parts which meet the designated inspection requirements. Engineer-
ing actions taken in accordance with inadvertently detected defects are usually noted
in the radiographic record. Should repairs be required, the repair areas are usually
reinspected as originally specified.
3.1.12 Weld and Base Metal Defect Evaluations. Weld spatter, arc strikes, grinding
marks, surface roughness or handling marks which may interfere with inspection are
usually removed by wire brushing and/or grinding prior to radiography. When weld
spatter, arc strikes, etc., are overlooked during visual inspection and are shown as
radiographic indications in the base metal not interfering with interpretation of the weld,
the affected area need not be reradiographed but the defects are usually removed
whenever accessible, visually inspected, and the results noted in the radiographic
records. Tool marks or irregular surfaces which are not accessible for removal, such as
tool marks on the inside surface of piping adjacent to welds, usually require engineering
evaluation, and any technical justificationfor acceptance may accompany the radiograph.
3.2 Class 1 Weld Radiographic Quality
3.2.1 General. The provisions of Section 3.1 apply where applicable.
3.2.2 Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Joint Penetration. Welds are usually re-
quired to be free of incomplete fusion and incomplete joint penetration indications which
exceed the limits of Figure 4. Acceptable incomplete fusion and incomplete joint pene-
tration are usually treated as slag when determining the total accumulated length of
slag.
3.2.3 Slag. The maximum single slag length and the maximum accumulation of slag
lengths are usually not acceptable if either exceeds that shown in Figure 1,
3.2.4 Porosity
a. Maximum Porosity. The total area of porosity usually permitted, as deter-

mined from the radiographic film, is based on one percent of design material thickness
“T” per inch of weld being inspected. For calculation, the following formula applies:

~- -~
S T D - A W S PRG-ENGL 3995 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0539333 T T O
Total area of pores permitted in 1 in. length of weld = 0.01T in. x 1 in.
hence, for any six-inch length, the total area of pores usually permitted will be 0.06T
square inches.
b. Randomly Dispersed Porosity. Randomly dispersed porosity is usually not

acceptable if it exceeds the limits of Figures 7 through 16 for weld thicknesses of 1/8 in.
to 4 in.
c. Clustered Porosity.Acceptance for clustered porosity, as defined in Section

3.1.7 (d) and as shown in Figure 6, is usually as follows:
Weld Thickness “T” Maximum Cluster Size Maximum Number

Diameter of Pores
1/4 in. and less 1/4 in. 4, any size
greater than 1/4 in. through 1/2 in. 1/4 in. No limit, except summation
of pore diameters usually
may not exceed 1/4 in.
greater than 1/2 in. 1/2T or 3/4 in. No limit, except summation
whichever is less of pore diameters usually
may not exceed 1/2T or
3/4 in., whichever is less
In addition, the minimum separation between clusters is usually 4T or 3 inches, which-

ever is less, and the sizes are not usually acceptable if they exceed those shown in
Section 3.1.7 (f).
3.2.6 Other Defects
a. Consumable insert welds are usually required to be completely fused to the

base material. Incomplete melting may be acceptable if the convexity requirements are
met and it can clearly be determined that the insert has been completely fused to the
adjacent base metal. The insert is usually considered completely fused to the adjacent
base metal if the edges of the insert have flowed, ¡.e., image of original edge@)of insert
is not present in the radiographic image.
b. The root surface concavity, including centerline shrinkage or wrinkling is usu-

ally not acceptable if it exceeds 1/32 inch for welds in pipe less than 2 inch nominal size
or 1/16 inch for welds in pipe 2 inch or larger nominal size. Concavity of contour is
usually not acceptable unless the resulting thickness of weld metal is equal to or greater
than the minimum thickness of the adjacent base metal. (See Section 3.2.7)
c. The root surface convexity is usually not acceptable if it exceeds 1/16 inch
for welds in pipe less than 2 inch nominal size or 3/32 inch for welds in pipe 2 inch or
larger nominal size. (See Section 3.2.7)

S T D - A W S P R G - E N G L 1995 m 0 7 w z b 5 0539334 937 m
d. Root concavity or convexity may extend for the entire circumference of

the weld.
3.2.7 Verification. Verification of questionable dimensional tolerances is usually

established by visual inspection. If this is not feasible, records of use of a workman-
ship sample or an approved measuring system may be required to accompany the
radiographic records.
3.3.1 General. The provisions of Section 3.1 apply where applicable. To properly
evaluate radiographic indications in welds, the film reviewer must usually ensure
that the correct film has been used and has been developed according to the
manufacturer’s specifications.Film conditions such as density, penetrometer location
and identification,and extraneous artifacts are usually evaluated by the film reviewer.
3.3.2 Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Joint Penetration. Welds are usually
required to be free of incomplete fusion and incomplete joint penetration indications
which exceed the limits of Figure 5. Acceptable incomplete fusion and incomplete
joint penetration are usually treated as slag when determining the total accumulated
length of slag.
3.3.3 Slag. The maximum single slag length and the maximum accumulative slag
lengths are usually not acceptable if either exceeds that shown in Figure 2.
3.3.4 Porosity. The provisions of Section 3.2.4 apply where applicable.
3.4.1 General. The provisions of Section 3.1 apply where applicable.
3.4.2 Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Joint Penetration. Welds are usually
required to be free of incomplete fusion and incomplete joint penetration indications
which exceed the limits of Figure 5. Acceptable incomplete fusion and incomplete
joint penetration are usually treated as slag when determining the total accumulated
length of slag.
3.4.3 Slag. The maximum single slag and the maximum accumulative slag length
are usually not acceptable if either exceeds that shown in Figure 3.
3.4.4 Porosity. The requirements of Section 3.1.7 usually apply except that the
total area of porosity acceptable may be based on the area of porosity being 1.5%
of the material thickness in 1 inch length and the randomly dispersed porosity not
exceeding the limits of Figures 17 through 24 for weld thicknesses 1/4 inch to
4 inches. Clustered or concentrated porosity may be acceptable provided these
indications, when evaluated with other porosity indications, do not exceed the maxi-
mum number and size shown in the applicable randomly dispersed porosity chart
(or 0.09T square inches) in any six inches of weld.

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S T D - A W S PRG-ENGL 3995 07842b5 0539335 873 D
Figure 1. 3/4
SLAG INCLUSION
518
INDICATION LIMITS
FOR CLASS 1 WELD
c
RADIOGRAPHIC I
'- 112
I
QUALITY I-
u
z
318
5
3
2
x
2 114
118 1. FOR WELD LENGTH LESS THAN 6 in., THE ACCUMULATED

LENGTH IS USUALLY THE PRORATED LENGTH OR THE MAXIMUM
LENGTH FOR INDIVIUAL INDICATION, WHICHEVER IS GREATER. 1
112 1 1-112 2 2-1/2 3 3- 1I2 4
DESIGN MATERIAL THICKNESS 'T (in.)
Figure 2.
SLAG INCLUSION 1 I
INDICATION LIMITS TOTAL ACCUMULATED LENGTH

718 PER 6 in. LENGTH OF WELD
FOR CLASS 2 WELD
RADIOGRAPHIC ?
C
Y 314
QUALITY f I I
zX
<
112
3/8
-- MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR
INDIVIDUAL INDICATIONS
1I4 I NOTES:
-
1 . FOR WELD LENGTH LESS THAN 6 in., THE ACCUMULATED
LENGTH IS USUALLY THE PRORATED LENGTH OR THE MAXIMUM
118 LENGTH FOR INDIVIUAL INDICATION, WHICHEVER IS GREATER. __
2. ACCUMULATED SLAG MAY INCLUDE INCOMPLETE FUSION
AND INCOMPLETE PENETRATION ACCORDING TO FIGURE 5.
I I I I I 1
114 112 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-112 4
DESIGN MATERIAL THICKNESS 'T (in.)

Figure 3. 3
2-314
SLAG INCLUSION
INDICATION LIMITS 2-112
FOR CLASS 3 WELD 2-114
RADIOGRAPHIC
Q UA LITY -
c
._
2
v
F 1-314 1. FOR WELD LENGTH LESS THAN 6 in.,

a THE ACCUMULATED LENGTH IS
6 1-112
-J
USUALLY THE PRORATED LENGTH OR
THE MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR INDIVIUAL
I INDICATION, WHICHEVER IS GREATER.
3 1-114 2 ACCUMULATED SLAG MAY INCLUDE
2 INCOMPLETE FUSION AND INCOM-
2 1 PLETE PENETRATION ACCORDING
I TO FIGURE 5.
314
112
114
114 112 1 1-112 2 2- 112 3 3-112 4
DESIGN MATERIAL THICKNESS “T” (in.)
314
Figure 4.
NOTE FOR WELD LENGTH LESS THAN 6 i n , THE TOTAL
ACCUMULATED INDICATION LENGTH IS USUALLY THE
INCOMPLETE 518 PRORATED LENGTH OR THE MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR
FUSION AND INDIVIUAL INDICATION, WHICHEVER IS GREATER
INCOMPLETE JOINT
PENETRATION -e
v
112
I
INDICATION LIMITS I-
FORCLASSI WELD TOTAL ACCUMULATED LENGTH
j 318
RADIOGRAPHIC PER 6 in LENGTH OF WELD
QUALITY 3
E
X 114 -
a
3
MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR

1I8 INDIV IDUAL INDICATIONS
O 1I2 1 1-112 2 2-112 3 3-112 4
DESIGN MATERIAL THICKNESS “7(in.)

~
STD-AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0539333 b4b D
Figure 5.
NOTE: FOR WELD LENGTH LESS THAN 6 in., THE TOTAL ACCUMULATED
718 - INDICATION LENGTH IS USUALLY THE PRORATED LENGTH OR THE
INCOMPLETE MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR INDIVIUAL INDICATION, WHICHEVER IS GREATER.
FUSION AND
314
INCOMPLETE JOINT
PENETRATION e
.E 518
v
INDICATION LIMITS I
l-
FOR CLASS 2 AND 2 112
CLASS 3 WELD J
RADIOGRAPHIC 55 318
QUALITY x
2 114
MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR

118 INDIVIDUAL INDICATIONS
O
1t2 1 1-112 2 2- 1 12 3 3- 112 4
DESIGN MATERIAL THICKNESS 'T' (in.)

Figure 6. USUAL ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR CLUSTERED POROSITY
-
ACCEPT
R
___) @- 3EJECT
1J4 310 1J2 314 1 1-1/2
DESIGN MATERIAL THICKNESS ' T (in.)
NOTE: ILLUSTRATION OF CLUSTERED POROSITY FOR VARIOUS THICKNESSES. IT IS USUAL TO ACCEPT

ALL TO THE LEFT OF ANY VERTICAL THICKNESS LINE, AND REJECT ALL TO THE RIGHT.

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S T D - A U S PRG-ENGL 1995 m 07842b5 0539339 419
Figure 7. POROSITY INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 WELD

RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1% TAN. PER 6 IN.)
T = 1/8 IN.
PORE DIAMETER PORES ALLOWABLE
.O25 6
. .
I LARGE
I
.o20 6
MEDIUM
1

RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1% T/IN. PER 6 IN.)
T = 3/16 IN. (.O113 SQ. IN. TOTAL POROSITY AREA)
5 12
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STD*AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 0784265 0539343 077 b

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S T D - A W S PRG-ENGL 1995 0784265 0519345 712 M
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STD.AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 0 7 8 4 Z b 5 0539347 595
T = 2 IN. (.120 SQ. IN. TOTAL POROSITY AREA)
1 1
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e e * * e * e e * e * e * e * e .
e e e e
* e e e e e
e e e e *
* e e 0 e
e e * e
* e e e e e *
* e e e e e *
a e e * e e *
e e e e * e
e e e * e
e e e
e e e e
* e a e e e * e * e * e e
I SMALL I

STD-AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 D 07842b5 0539349 3bB
Figure 17. POROSITY INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 3 WELD

RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1.5% TAN. PER 6 IN.)
.O50 I .O31 I .O20 6 5 18
i
O
O O
O O . . O
. O . . o . 0 .
O
O O O
O O
O O O 0 . O O
.O31 29
O O O O O
O O . O O O 0 .
O O O O O O
O . O O . 0 .
I MEDIUM I
.
.o20
. . . . . . . . * .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. .72 .
.- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. a .
* . . * * a . .
I SMALL 1

RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1.5% T/IN. PER 6 IN.)
T = 3/8 IN. (.O337SQ. IN. TOTAL POROSITY AREA)
4 5 17
O ' 0 . O
0 . O
O 0 . O '
I ASSORTED I
.O75
O O O
O O O
O
LARGE
.O49 17
O O
O 0 . O e O
O O
O O O O O O
MEDIUM
108
.. .... .... .. .
.. .
.:' . . . ... . .. . . . . ..... . .. .. . . . .. .. '.. . * -
. . . . . e :
: . . . a . . . . - . a * .
0 . . . *
e .
a .
* . . * * .
SMALL

~
=
~
STD-AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 m 07842b5 05L735L TLb

.
2 15 I 53
. . . . a.
a .
.
. '
a
* . a
*
* a m o .,
. a
'
* . a
a .
2
* 0 .
. * . * a . . a . * - a * a i . . a
.10 6
O O a O
a a
I LARGE
I
.O31
a . a a m a m
a m a @ a a m a * * a
a
a a * a
e * a a * m a e e.
a a a * a a m
* a a a a a m a * a a a
I MEDIUM I
. . . . . . .... ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
.. .. ... .. . .. .. .. . .'. . . . . - .. . .. - . . ' . . .
e .
........ ' *
* *
. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .- . -. .. . .. . . .' ..
* e .
0 .
: a
. ' *
I SMALL I

I ASSORTED I
.125 6
I. O O
I LARGE
I
.O24 135
. . .' . . .. .' . , . . ' . . .. . ' . . :

. * ,
. . * .
. *
. .
a
..'
. .
. . . . . .. . - . . . . . . . . . . . e .
a .
. *
a . . * . . a .
I I
i SMALL I

~~ ~
~
S T D = A W S PRG-ENGL 1995 E 07842b5 0519353 899 W

2 17 I 53
. .
ASSORTED
I
e e e
e
I I
I LARGE
I
.O39 60
e e e e
e e e @ e @ e
e
e m e e e o e e
e e
e e @ e e
e e e e e
e e e
e e * e e @
e e e
e o e
m e e e @ @ e e e
e e e
MEDIUM
. . . .. * . . .
. . . . . . * , . . .. .- . ' . . . .. ' . . . .. . . .* -
* .
.. . . . . . . * .. . . -. . . . . . *
*
.
. a . e
. . . . .. . . - . . .. .
. e : 9
..
a .
. . .. . 8 . .
a . - 9 .
. *
I SMALL I
T = 1-1/2 IN. (.135 SQ. IN. TOTAL POROSITY AREA)
e e . . *o
e . e
6
e
15
8 .
36
eo
0
* o
. e
e
e
e
0
. .
0
e
*.
*
0
e
e
0
e
. .
O
o
. . 0
8 .
e *. e
O e
0 .
O o 0
ASSORTED
11
O O O
O
O
O
O O
O
I LARGE I
.O48 75
. . ..
.O34 150
. e
O
e
.
e
e
. e
e
e .
e
e
.
. e e .
: . e
.
e e
e e e . * e
e * . O e
..
e * e * e
e e . e * . e
e e * e e
e * *

STD-AWS PRG-ENGL 1775 H 0784265 0519355 b b l m


.125 I .O55 I .O39 3 25 57
I ASSORTED I
.125 15
a e a O
a
a O
O O a
O a O a
I LARGE I
I SMALL I
S T D m A W S PRG-ENGL 1995 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0519356 5T8 m

. . ..
..O O 0 . 0 0 . 0
.
0 . O
6
O
32
O
60
. .
0 . 0
. .
O .
o @ O O
O O 0 . 0 .
0 . O o oO o . . o o . o
O . O @ 0
O . . o 0 O
O O O 0 0 0 . O 0 .
O
@ . o . o O eo . o a O 0 0 . 0
I ASSORTED
.O78
. . .@.
. .. . ........ . . . LARGE
I
.@ ..
O
. . .. . .
@
..
. O
0 .
0
0
.
.
O
0 .
.
MEDIUM
O O
O .o
O O
O .
e 0 . 0
O O O
o . 0 . O .
O
0 0 O 0. 0 0
O .
. o o o .
SMALL
I
~
~~
STDSAWS PRG-ENGL 3995 07642b5 0539357 434 m
Figure 25. AREA OF CIRCLES
DIAMETER AREA DIAM ETER AREA

(INCHES) (Sa. IN.) (INCHES) (SQ. IN.)
1 /32 .O008 .O1 95 .0003

3/64 .o017 .o20 .0003
1/16 .O031 .O24 .0005
5/64 .O048 .O25 .0005
3/32 .O069 .O275 .0006
7/64 .O093 .O31 .0008
118 .O1 23 .O34 .0009
9/64 .O155 .O37 .o011
5/32 .O192 ,039 .o015
1 1 /64 ,0232 .O48 .O018
3/16 ,0276 .O49 ,0019
13/64 .O324 .O50 .0020
7/32 .O375 .O55 .0024
15/64 .O431 .O75 .0044
114 .O491 .O78 .0047
.1 O0 .0079

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American Welding Society

Located, reviewed and reformatted under the

American Welding Society

COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.

O 1995 by the American Welding Society. All rights reserved.

COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.

STD*AWS PRG-ENGL 3975 W 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0537328 633 D

COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.

2.4 Root Surface Center-line Crease or Shrinkage. An intermittent or continuous

3.1.2 Cracks. Welds containing any crack are usually rejected.

3.1.4 Tungsten Inclusions.Tungsten inclusions having a maximum dimension greater

3.1.5 Questionable Indications. When doubt exists as to whether an indication on

AWS Practical Reference Guide 1

a. General. Indications having a maximum size of 1/8 inch may be evaluated

b. Aligned Indications. A group of four or more indications is usually consid-

* L is defined as the length of the longer indication being evaluated

c. Unaligned Indications. Unaligned indications are generally two or more indi-

b. Clustered Porosity. Porosity are usually considered as clustered when a

c. Randomly Dispersed Porosity. The porosity patterns shown in Figures 7

2 AWS Practical Reference Guide

e. Other Indications. Other indications, including clustered, aligned and

f. Maximum Pore Diameter. Design material thicknesses equal to or less than

3.1.8 Oxidation of Root. Rough oxidized surface, accompanied by a wrinkled or

3.1.11 Inadvertent Radiography. Inadvertent radiography is defined as the presenta-

a. Base Metal. Any defect revealed by inadvertent radiography is usually evalu-

AWS Practical Reference Guide 3

COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.

b. Welds Requiredto be Radiographed.For welds required to be radiographed

3.2 Class 1 Weld Radiographic Quality

3.2.1 General. The provisions of Section 3.1 apply where applicable.

a. Maximum Porosity. The total area of porosity usually permitted, as deter-

4 AWS Practical Reference Guide

COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.

S T D - A W S PRG-ENGL 3995 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0539333 T T O

b. Randomly Dispersed Porosity. Randomly dispersed porosity is usually not

c. Clustered Porosity.Acceptance for clustered porosity, as defined in Section

Weld Thickness “T” Maximum Cluster Size Maximum Number

In addition, the minimum separation between clusters is usually 4T or 3 inches, which-

3.2.6 Other Defects

a. Consumable insert welds are usually required to be completely fused to the

b. The root surface concavity, including centerline shrinkage or wrinkling is usu-

AWS Practical Reference Guide 5

COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.

d. Root concavity or convexity may extend for the entire circumference of

3.2.7 Verification. Verification of questionable dimensional tolerances is usually

3.3 Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality

3.3.4 Porosity. The provisions of Section 3.2.4 apply where applicable.

3.4 Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality

3.4.1 General. The provisions of Section 3.1 apply where applicable.

6 AWS Practical Reference Guide

COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.

S T D - A W S PRG-ENGL 3995 07842b5 0539335 873 D

118 1. FOR WELD LENGTH LESS THAN 6 in., THE ACCUMULATED

INDICATION LIMITS TOTAL ACCUMULATED LENGTH

AWS Practical Reference Guide 7

F 1-314 1. FOR WELD LENGTH LESS THAN 6 in.,

114 112 1 1-112 2 2- 112 3 3-112 4

DESIGN MATERIAL THICKNESS “T” (in.)

MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR

O 1I2 1 1-112 2 2-112 3 3-112 4

DESIGN MATERIAL THICKNESS “7(in.)

8 AWS Practical Reference Guide

COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.