Catalysis Today 281 (2017) 656–661

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Catalysis Today
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Enhanced degradation of organic pollutants using Bi25 FeO40

microcrystals as an efficient reusable heterogeneous photo-Fenton
like catalyst
L. Ren a , S.Y. Lu b , J.Z. Fang a,c,∗ , Y. Wu d , D.Z. Chen d , L.Y. Huang d , Y.F. Chen a , C. Cheng a ,
Y. Liang a , Z.Q. Fang a,c
a
School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
b
Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
c
Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Urban Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China
d
Institute of Engineering Technology of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Pollution Control of Guangdong Province,
Guangzhou 510440, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A molten-salt growth method was developed for the synthesis of Bi25 FeO40 crystals. Degradation of rho-
Received 26 December 2015 damine B(RhB) and 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP) was carried out in aqueous medium and a cooperating
Received in revised form 3 June 2016 Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 /sunlight system, respectively. In the cooperating system, the degradation rate of RhB
Accepted 10 June 2016
and 2,4-DCP was enhanced prominently and pH was found to be a key factor for the photocatalytic
Available online 22 June 2016
degradation of RhB and 2,4-DCP. The best performance of degradation of RhB was observed at pH 3.0
and the degradation rate was 95% under 4 h simulated sunlight irradiation. On the other hand, complete
Keywords:
photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-DCP was achieved in 90 min at pH 6.0.
Bi25 FeO40
Photocatalysis © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Degradation
Rhodamine B(RhB)
2,4-Dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)

1. Introduction
Advanced oxidation technology is a common process to remove
organic pollutants from wastewater for the generation of strongly
oxidizing radicals (• OH) in the process. One of the most popular
advanced oxidation technologies is the Fenton reaction based on
the following steps [1,2]:
Fe2+ + H2 O2 → Fe3+ + OH− + • OH
Fe3+ + H2 O2 → Fe2+ + O2− + 2H+
The repetitive oxidation-reduction took place between the pol-
lutants and the hydroxyl radicals and made the organic pollutants
degrade to intermediate products and eventually mineralize to CO2
and H2 O. In the process, iron catalyzed the decomposition of H2 O2
and led to the generation of hydrogen radicals. Although the Fenton
reaction is high-efficiency, it requires low pH (pH < 3.0) conditions
∗ Corresponding author at: South China Normal University, School of Chemistry
and Environment, Guangzhou 510006, China.
E-mail address: fangjzh@scnu.edu.cn (J.Z. Fang).
to restrain the precipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) [3]. Usually, a large
amount of iron hydroxide sludge was produced along with the pro-
cess for the non-reusable of dissolved iron in solution [4]. Compared
to Fenton reaction, heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts can over-
come the disadvantages mentioned and be operated on a wider pH
range [5].
H2 O2 can unite with iron-oxygen materials to create a hetero-
geneous photo-Fenton system to improve the degradation activity
(1) of the materials. In the study of Luo et al. [6], the apparent rate
constant for the RhB degradation in the BiFeO3 -H2 O2 system was
(2)
about 20 folds of that obtained with BiFeO3 as the catalyst. The
Bi2 Fe4 O9 could be used as a photocatalyst and Fenton catalyst to
improve the photocatalysis of bisphenol A (BPA) from 34% to 73%
[7]. LiFePO4 was also confirmed to be a good Fenton-like catalyst
to decompose rhodamine 6G [8]. Sillenite materials were excellent
photocatalyst for its common band gap are about 2.2 eV ∼ 3.2 eV
[9]. However, As a representative sillenite material, there are not
many researches of optical properties on Bi25 FeO40. Bi25 FeO40 was
thought to be a promising UV–vis photocatalytic material for its
low energy gap, whereas the photocatalytic activity of Bi25 FeO40
product was quite low in previous studies. In the report of Li et al.
[10], the Bi25 FeO40 preparing by a PVA-assisted hydrothermal syn-

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2016.06.028
0920-5861/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 L. Ren et al. / Catalysis Today 281 (2017) 656–661
thesis route could photocatalytically degrade more than 84% MO
after 7 h UV–vis irradiation. As a Fe-type sillenite material, ferrum
is existed in the form of Fe3+ in the Bi25 FeO40 crystals, Bi25 FeO40 is
likely to catalytic activation of H2 O2 to improve the photocatalytic
activity. Thus, it is promising to significantly enhance the photo-
catalytic degradation rate of organic pollutants in heterogeneous
Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 cooperating system [11].
At present, the synthetic methods of Bi25 FeO40 crystal mainly
include sol-gel method [9,12] and hydrothermal synthesis method
[10,13,14]. However, the synthesizing of Bi25 FeO40 by wet-
chemical routes is complicated, time-consuming and low-yielding.
In this paper, Bi25 FeO40 crystals were prepared by a one-step,
template-free and molten-salt growth method. The degradation of
RhB and 2,4-DCP were used to evaluate the photocatalytic degrada-
tion activity of Bi25 FeO40 and a synergetic Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 system
under simulated sunlight irradiation. The pH value of photocat-
alytic degradation environment was explored in the subsequent
experiments. Moreover, the mechanism of the influence of pH was
proposed and the Bi25 FeO40 crystals were confirmed to be stable by
the test of recycled runs of Bi25 FeO40 in the degradation of RhB and
2,4-DCP under Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 photocatalytic system at optimized
pH conditions.
2. Experiment
2.1. Materials
Bismuth oxide (Bi2 O3 ), potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium
bromide (KBr) were purchased from Tianjin Secco remeo Chemi-
cal Reagent Co., Ltd. Other reagents containing iron oxide (Fe2 O3 ),
rhodamine B (RhB) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) were offered
by Tianjin Dazhi Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. All the chemicals were
analytically pure and obtained by commercially approach without
further purification. The water used in the experiment was deion-
ized water.
2.2. Synthesis of Bi25 FeO40 photocatalyst
Bi25 FeO40 photocatalyst was synthesized by molten-salt growth
method [15–17]. 1.3980 g Bi2 O3 (3 mmol) and 0.4791 g Fe2 O3
(3 mmol) were mixed and grinded to evenly in the mortar. 0.7230 g
KCl (1 mmol) and 1.1541 g KBr (1 mmol) were mixed with the mix-
ture reagent in the mortar and then calcined 2 h at 650 ◦ C. After
cooled to room temperature, the sample was filtered and washed
with deionized water until precipitate disappears while the silver
nitrate solution was dropping to the sample solution. After drying
at 70 ◦ C in air, the Bi25 FeO40 product was obtained.
2.3. Characterization
X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the crystalline phase of
the Bi25 FeO40 sample. It was performed on a Bruker D8 Advanced
Diffractometer with Cu-K␣ radiation in scan area (2␪) from 10◦ to
80◦ . The sweep rate was 0.05◦ (2␪)/s at a setting of 40 kV and 40 mA.
The morphology of the sample was observed by field-emmission
scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, ZEISS Ultra 55). The crystal
size and lattice were observed by high resolution transmission elec-
tron microscope (HRTEM, JEM2100HR, JEOL, Japan) operated at an
accelerating voltage of 200 kV. UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra
(UV-vis DRS) of the Bi25 FeO40 product was obtained by perform-
ing on a (U-3010, HITACHI, Japan) UV–vis spectrometer applying
BaSO4 as the reflectance sample.
657
Fig. 1. XRD patterns of as-prepared Bi25 FeO40 product: (a) Bi25 FeO40 synthesized at
550 ◦ C; (b) Bi25 FeO40 synthesized at 650 ◦ C.
2.4. Photocatalyst test
RhB (10 mg/L) and 2,4-DCP (10 mg/L) were used as the model
pollutants to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared
Bi25 FeO40 product. 25 mg and 50 mL solution containing different
pollutants were added to a glass vessel under simulated sunlight
irradiation from a 250 W Xe lamp. The distance between glass ves-
sel and lamp was kept 20 cm. The suspension was stirred in dark
for 1 h to achieve an adsorption-desorption equilibrium. During
the photocatalytic process, 3 mL of the suspension was collected
as sample at intervals of set time. The samples were centrifuged
at 2000 r/min for 10 min to remove the catalyst. The concentration
of the centrifuged RhB and 2,4-DCP solution was obtained by mea-
suring the absorbance at ␭ = 553 nm and ␭ = 283 nm by a UV3000
spectrophotometer, respectively.
3. Results
3.1. Characterization results
3.1.1. XRD
XRD patterns of the samples are shown in Fig. 1. All the diffrac-
tion peaks of observed are assigned to the sillenite-type phase
Bi25 FeO40 (JCPDS46-0416; lattice constants a = 10.1849 Å) without
any impurity phase. The sharp and narrow diffraction peaks signify
high crystallinity of Bi25 FeO40 . It is observed that the intensity ratio
of the first and second highest peak corresponding (310)–(321)
plane is higher than the standard value, signifying that anisotropic
growth along the 310 plane [18].
3.1.2. SEM & TEM
SEM image of Bi25 FeO40 photocatalysts is displayed in Fig. 2.
It can be seen that the Bi25 FeO40 particles are in polyhedral shape
with uneven sizes. As shown in the high-magnification image, octa-
hedral crystals are found. The morphology of the crystal was further
detected by TEM. The low-magnification TEM image of as-prepared
Bi25 FeO40 (Fig. 3a) reveals that the crystals size of the product are
around hundreds of nanometers and the clear lattice fringe was
displayed in HRTEM image (Fig. 3b).
3.1.3. Optical properties
UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) was used to char-
acterize the optical properties of the Bi25 FeO40 product. As a key
factor to determine the photocatalytic activity of catalysts, the
658 L. Ren et al. / Catalysis Today 281 (2017) 656–661

Fig. 2. SEM image of Bi25 FeO40 product.

Fig. 4. (a) UV–vis diffuse reflection spectrum of Bi25 FeO40 product; (b) the plots of
(ahv)2 versus photon energy where the plot line is tangent of the linear part.

optical absorption is associated with the band gap of the catalyst.

Zhang et al. [18] Calculated the theoretic energy band structure of
Bi25 FeO40 by means of the CASTEP module in Accelrys MS Model-
ing 4.0 software, the band gap they got is 2.0 eV. Fig. 4a shows the
UV–vis absorption spectra of the as-prepared Bi25 FeO40 sample. It
can be seen that Bi25 FeO40 powder has a strong photoabsorption
in the wavelength range between 200 nm and 600 nm. It reveals
a good UV and visible light response of Bi25 FeO40 powder. The
band gap (Eg) of Bi25 FeO40 can be obtained from Tauc Equation
[19]: ah␯ = A(h␯ − Eg)n/2 where a, h, ␯ and A are the absorption
coefficient, planck constant, light frequency and proportionality
constant, respectively. While n = 1 for direct transition and n = 4 for
indirect transition. For Bi25 FeO40 , the value of n is 1 on account of
the direct optical transition [18]. The Eg value of Bi25 FeO40 based on
the plots of (ahv)2 versus photon energy (hv) (Fig. 4b) is estimated
about 1.995 eV, which is very close to the theoretical band gap
obtained by calculation. Compared to some other sillenite materials
Bi25 GaO39 , Bi24 Ga2 O39 , Bi12 GeO20 , Bi12 TiO20 , Bi12 SiO20, Bi25 GaO39
and Bi24 AlO39 , Bi25 FeO40 [20–24] have a lower energy gap, the pho-
toabsorption of Bi25 FeO40 moves to high wavelength. Wei et al. [25]
reported that the band gap of BiFeO3 is about 2.55 eV (486 nm) by
the linear extrapolation and the band gap of Bi25 FeO40 is much
Fig. 3. (a) low magnification of TEM image; (b)HRTEM image of Bi25 FeO40 product.
lower than BiFeO3 . Therefore Bi25 FeO40 may be applied to water
treatment as a promising UV–vis photocatalyst.
 L. Ren et al. / Catalysis Today 281 (2017) 656–661 659

Fig. 5. Photocatalytic degradation of RhB and 2,4-DCP by Bi25 FeO40 after 4 h irradi-
ation at different pH conditions.

3.2. Photocatalytic performance

3.2.1. Degradation of RhB by Bi25 FeO40 crystal

The photocatalytic activity of Bi25 FeO40 was assessed by
degradation of RhB under simulated sunlight irradiation. The pho-
tocatalytic activities of Bi25 FeO40 for RhB degradation at different
pH conditions are shown in Fig. 5. In the figure, C is the concen-
tration of RhB at an internal time, C0 is the initial concentration
(10 mg/L). The photolysis of RhB can be ignored. It can be found
that only about 30% of RhB was degraded by Bi25 FeO40 after 4 h irra-
diation and the variation of degradation rate for RhB was little at
different pH conditions from 2 to 8 (Fig. 5). Obviously, the efficiency
of the directly photocatalytic degradation of RhB by Bi25 FeO40 was
quiet low.

3.2.2. Degradation of RhB under H2 O2 -Bi25 FeO40 system

As an efficient electron scavenger, H2 O2 was brought into
the photocatalytic system to capture the photoinduced elec-
trons from Bi25 FeO40 catalyst. A photocatalytic system associating
H2 O2 (0.1 mL) with Bi25 FeO40 catalyst was created. As shown in
Fig. 6, contrast to direct photocatalytic degradation of RhB by the
Bi25 FeO40 catalyst, a substantial increase occured in the united sys-
tem. Meanwhile, the influence of pH on the degradation of organic
pollutants was considered. The pH of solution was adjusted by
adding KOH (1 M) and H2 SO4 (1 M) to the solution. The values of
pH were set as 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8, respectively. A H2 O2 system of pH = 3
without photocatalyst adding and another system of the same pH
with photocatalyst addition but without H2 O2 were set as control
groups. It can be easily found that about 99% RhB was degraded after
4 h exposure to light in the presence of Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 /sunlight
system at pH = 3. 92% RhB was degraded after 4 h light irradiation
at pH = 2. However, the degradation rate reduced along with the
increase of the value of pH. The degradation of RhB by H2 O2 can be
neglected. Hence, it can be proved that, the photocatalytic rate can
be improved in the cooperating Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 /sunlight system.
In addition, the acid environment was beneficial for the degrada-
tion of RhB and pH = 3 was the optimized condition. Moreover, the
pseudo-first-order rate constant k was 0.93472/h and 0.02707/h
for Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 /pH = 3 system and Bi25 FeO40 catalyst, respec-
tively. For Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 /pH = 3 system, the value of k was nearly
35 times higher than the H2 O2 free system. Therefore, it can be
easily found that the introduction of H2 O2 can greatly enhance the
degradation rate of RhB in Bi25 FeO40 /sunlight system.
Fig. 6. (a) Photocatalytic degradation of RhB at different reaction conditions under
simulated sunlight irradiation. (b) The pseudo-first-order rate constant (kobs ) for the
photodegradation of RhB.
3.2.3. Degradation of 2,4-DCP
In order to confirm that whether Bi25 FeO40 product can be
applied commonly for degradation of organic pollutants, a trans-
parent pollutant 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP 10 mg/L) was chosen
to be degraded by Bi25 FeO40 catalyst. Different from RhB, Fig. 5 also
displays that directly degradation of 2,4-DCP by using Bi25 FeO40
catalyst attained 95% after 4 h sunlight irradiation at pH = 6 and the
pH lower than 4 may decrease the degradation rate for the stronger
stability of 2,4-DCP in acid ambient. The maximum adsorption of
2,4-DCP was 283 nm. It means that Bi25 FeO40 catalyst can degrade
2,4-DCP radically in a certain period of time even without H2 O2
assisting. However, the degradation rate of 2,4-DCP substantial
enhanced in the participation of H2 O2 . As shown in Fig. 7, Only
90 min sunlight irradiation was needed to the complete degrada-
tion of 2,4-DCP in Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 /sunlight system. In contrast to
RhB, low pH prevented the degradation of 2,4-DCP and the opti-
mal pH in 2,4-DCP degradation was about 6 and the impaction
of pH in the degradation of 2,4-DCP was less than RhB. The
pseudo-first-order rate constant k was 3.00448/h and 0.72882/h for
Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 /pH = 6 system and Bi25 FeO40 catalyst, respectively.
The value of k for Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 /pH = 6 system was about 4 times
higher than the H2 O2 free system. It follows that the introduction
of H2 O2 can effectively enhance the degradation rate of 2,4-DCP
660 L. Ren et al. / Catalysis Today 281 (2017) 656–661

H2 O2 together form a complex being assigned as FeIII H2 O2 . Then

FeIII H2 O2 species are reduced to FeII species and HO2 according
to Eq. (4). Following, the • HO2 generated by Eq. (4) may further
reduce FeIII to FeII species (Eq. (5)). All the FeII species formed
by Eqs. (3) and (4) can react with H2 O2 to generate • OH radicals,
which are the key active specie to degrade RhB and 2,4-DCP to
intermediates and eventually reduce to CO2 and H2 O (Eq. (7)).

FeIII + H2 O2 → FeIII H2 O2 (3)

+
III
Fe H2 O2 → Fe II
+ • HO 2 +H (4)
+
Fe III
+ • HO 2 → II
Fe + O2 + H (5)
−
II
Fe + H2 O2 → Fe III
+ • OH + OH (6)

RhB/2, 4-DCP + • OH → · · ·CO2 + H2 O (7)

In alkaline aqueous solution, Bi25 FeO40 are also able to cat-

alytic activating H2 O2 , especially for 2,4-DCP in this study. Although
Little is known about the exact structure and reactivity between
Bi25 FeO40 and H2 O2 in alkaline environment, Keenan and Sedlak
[31] confirmed that a high-valent iron species of FeIV = O may be
formed by Eq. (8) and Fe(IV) = O species are lower reactive than • OH
radicals in aqueous solution. In present study, it is still difficult to
distinguish the effects of two possible active species at alkaline pH
values.

FeII + H2 O2 → FeIV = O + H2 O (8)

The experiment results also reveal that the value of pH has a

Fig. 7. (a) Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-DCP at different reaction conditions
under simulated sunlight irradiation. (b) The pseudo-first-order rate constant (kobs )
for the photodegradation of 2,4-DCP.
in Bi25 FeO40 /sunlight system, but the effect was not so remarkable
than the degradation rate of RhB.
4. Discussion
As a sillenite crystal, Bi25 FeO40 possesses high photosensitiv-
ity and high carrier mobility. Under irradiation, the transition of
electrons of Bi25 FeO40 in valence band or defect band could lead to
the separation of electron-hole pairs [26]. The electron or hole can
migrate to the surface of grain. Consequently, it forms strong reduc-
tant or oxidant groups to react with the RhB and 2,4-DCP absorbed
on grain surface. Moreover, The Bi-O polyhedron in Bi25 FeO40 crys-
tal can activate the dissolved oxygen to improve the binding rate
between electrons and oxygen [27]. Thus, Bi25 FeO40 can photocat-
alytic degrade RhB and 2,4-DCP. Whereas the reason for the low
degradation efficiency might be that the migration rate of the sepa-
rated electron-hole pairs in pure Bi25 FeO40 was not quickly enough
to prevent the recombination of the electron-hole pairs.
Although Bi25 FeO40 are recognized to be able to catalytic acti-
vating H2 O2 , the detail mechanism is still unknown. According to
the literature concerning on analogous heterogeneous Fenton reac-
tions, which reported the mechanism of the activation of H2 O2 to
produce ·OH to degradation of organic pollutants by iron oxide and
composite [28–30], the mechanism of Bi25 FeO40 catalytic activat-
ing H2 O2 is observed. In acidic and neutral aqueous solution, the
mechanism of the production of • OH by activation of H2 O2 may
involve with Eq. (3), Fe(III) sites on the catalyst surface ( FeIII ) and
significant influence on the photocatalytic degradation of RhB and
2,4-DCP (Figs. 6 and 7). The low pH was beneficial to the degradation
of RhB. The same influence of pH for the degradation of Orange II by
iron-based catalysts were also observed in previous study [32,33].
In the experiments of Feng et al. [33], the mineralization kinetics
become slower at initial pH values from 3.0 to 6.6, indicating that
the iron-based catalysts displayed a decreased photocatalytic activ-
ity. Oppositely, when initial solution pH increase from 2.1 to 3.0, the
mineralization kinetics of Orange II becomes faster, implying that
the iron-based catalysts showed a decreased catalytic activity at
pH = 2.1. The catalytic activity of Bi25 FeO40 for RhB is also increased
with decreasing of solution pH in this study. It is due to the amount
of conjugate base of H2 O2 increases as the value of pH by Eq. (9).
But the conjugate anion of H2 O2 (HO2 − ) may reacts with a non-
dissociated H2 O2 according to Eq. (10), which leads to produce O2 −
and H2 O instead of hydroxyl radicals. Thus, the instantaneous con-
centration of • OH radicals is lower than expected [34]. In addition,
the deactivation of • OH is stronger when pH of the solution is high
for the reaction between • OH and HO2 − (Eq. (11)) is nearly 100
times faster than that of H2 O2 (Eq. (12)). The reactivity of O2 − and
HO2 − with organic pollutants is very low compared to that of • OH
[35].
H2 O2 → HO2 − + H+ (9)
− −
HO2 + H2 O2 → H2 O + O2 +OH (10)
• OH − − 9 −1 −1
+ HO2 → H2 O + O2 , K = 7.5 × 10 L mol s (11)
• OH − 7 −1 −1
+ H2 O2 → H2 O + HO2 , K = 2.7 × 10 L mol s (12)
However, the degradation efficiency of RhB decrease when the
initial solution pH below 3. It is due to the formation of oxonium
ion (H3 O2 + ), which can enhance the stability of H2 O2 and prevent
the generation of • OH radicals. Moreover, iron may leaching to the
solution from catalyst while pH is lower than 3 [36]. Phenol are
easily oxidized [28], the weak acidic even neutral conditions can
exhibit high photocatalytic efficiency for 2,4-DCP. According to the
above discussion, we thought that • OH radicals make a major con-
tribution in the degradation of RhB and 2,4-DCP at pH = 3 and pH = 6,
respectively.
 L. Ren et al. / Catalysis Today 281 (2017) 656–661
Fig. 8. The recycled runs of Bi25 FeO40 in the degradation of RhB under
Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 photocatalytic system when pH = 3.
Fig. 9. The recycled runs of Bi25 FeO40 in the degradation of 2,4-DCP under
Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 photocatalytic system when pH = 6.
The stability of Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 system at optimal pH was stud-
ied by the cyclic use of Bi25 FeO40 catalyst in degradation of RhB and
2,4-DCP (Figs. 8 and 9). The Bi25 FeO40 catalyst was collected after
reaction by magnetic separation, washing, centrifugation and dry-
ing. A slight catalytic activity loss of RhB and 2,4-DCP was appeared
at 3rd run and 4th run, respective. Hence, the as-prepared Bi25 FeO40
product was proved to have a well stability catalyst.
6. Conclusion
Polyhedral shaped Bi25 FeO40 was prepared by a one-step
and fast molten-salt growth method at 650 ◦ C. The as-prepared
Bi25 FeO40 showed moderate performance in the photocatalytic
661
degradation of RhB and a better performance for 2,4-DCP. In a coop-
erating Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 system, comparing with Bi25 FeO40 catalyst
under sunlight, the degradation rate of the cooperating heteroge-
neous photo-Fenton like system enhanced prominently for RhB and
2,4-DCP. pH was a key factor for the degradation of RhB and 2,4-DCP
in heterogeneous system, pH = 3 and pH = 6 were the best condition
for the degradation of RhB and 2,4-DCP, respectively. The heteroge-
neous Bi25 FeO40 /H2 O2 /sunlight system is a potential approach for
industrial wastewater treatment.
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