Laser torch projectScribd Upload a Document Search Books, Presentations,

Business, Academics... Explore

Documents
Books - Fiction
Books - Non-fiction
Health & Medicine
Brochures/Catalogs
Government Docs
How-To Guides/Manuals
Magazines/Newspapers
Recipes/Menus
School Work
+ all categories
Featured
Recent
People
Authors
Students
Researchers
Publishers
Government & Nonprofits
Businesses
Musicians
Artists & Designers
Teachers
+ all categories
Most Followed
Popular
Sign Up | Log In 1First Page
Previous Page
Next Page
/ 41Sections not available
Zoom Out
Zoom In
Fullscreen
Exit Fullscreen
Select View Mode
View Mode
Book
Slideshow
Scroll Readcast
Add a Comment
Embed & Share
Reading should be social! Post a message on your social networks to let others
know what you're reading. Select the sites below and start sharing.
Readcast this Document
Login to Add a CommentShare & Embed
Add to Collections
Download this Document for FreeAuto-hide: off

MAJOR PROJECT LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION 1.1 ABOUT PROJECT LASER TORCH-BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
Using this circuit you can communicate with your neighbors wirelessly. Instead
of RF signals, light from a laser torch is used as the carrier in the circuit.
The laser torch can transmit light up to a distance of about 500 meters. The
phototransistor of the receiver must be accurately oriented towards the laser
beam from the torch. If there is any obstruction in the path of the laser beam,
no sound will be heard from the receiver. The transmitter circuit comprises
condenser microphone transistor amplifier BC548 (T1) followed by an opamp stage
built around µA741 (IC1). The gain of the op-amp can be controlled with the help
of 1-mega-ohm pot meter VR1. The AF output from IC1 is coupled to the base of
transistor BD139 (T2), which, in turn, modulates the laser beam. The transmitter
uses 9V power supply. However, the 3-volt laser torch (after removal of its
battery) can be directly connected to the circuitâ with the body of the torch
connected to the emitter of BD139 and the spring-loaded lead protruding from
inside the torch to circuit ground. The receiver circuit uses an npn
phototransistor as the light sensor that is followed by a two-stage transistor
preamplifier and LM386-based audio power amplifier. The receiver does not need
any complicated alignment. Just keep the phototransistor oriented towards the
remote transmitterâ s laser point and adjust the volume control for a clear
sound. To avoid 50Hz hum noise in the speaker, keep the phototransistor away
from AC light sources such as bulbs. The reflected sunlight, however, does not
cause any problem. But the sensor should not directly face the sun. DEPARTMENT
OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG, HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL-136027 1 MAJOR PROJECT LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER
AND RECEIVER 1.2 Laser information page 1. 21 General information The 'laser' -
or - (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) was perfected in
1960, by research scientist Theodore Maiman at the Hughes Laboratory in Malibu
California. Physicists Charles H. Townes and his brother-in-law Arthur Schawlow
were the first to actually apply for a patent on the laser and they were the
first to publish their findings in scientific journals. The He-Ne laser (red
beam) was in commercial use, by 1968. Today many different types of lasers
exist, for a wide range of applications. Lasers are used for surgery, for
cutting metal, for determining distance, for projecting 3-dimensional
holographic images, for computer printing and for entertainment lighting
applications. Laser light differs from ordinary light in four ways. Briefly it
is much more intense, directional, monochromatic and coherent. Most lasers
consist of a column of active material with a partly reflecting mirror at one
end and a fully reflecting mirror at the other. The active material can be solid
(ruby crystal), liquid or gas (HeNe, CO2 etc.). 1.22 Why use a laser? A laser as
a communications medium has some unique properties compared to other forms of
media. A line-of-sight laser beam is useful where wires cannot be physically
connected to a remote location. A laser beam, unlike wires, also does not
require special shielding over longer distances. Lasers offer at least an order
of magnitude longer distances compared to infrared LEDs. Although RF
transmitters may offer longer distances than line-of-sight lasers, they are
subject to interference from other transmitters. Since the laser medium is
line-of-sight and the beam being only several millimeters in diameter it is very
difficult for the data stream to be tapped. This offers secure communication
since any attempts to intercept the laser beam would be detected at the receiver
as a loss in data. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG, HARYANA
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL-136027 2 MAJOR PROJECT LASER
TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER CHAPTER 2 COMPONENT USED 2.1
Transmitter:. Table 2.1 S.No. NAME OF THE COMPONENT QUANTITY 1. Resistance (8.2
K) 2 2 Resistance (1.8 M) 1 3. Resistance (10 K) 1 4. Resistance (15 K) 2 5.
Resistance (82 ohm) 1 6. Variable Resistance (1 M) 1 7. Capacitor (1 mf) 1 8.
Capacitor (0.1 mf) 1 9. Capacitor (470 mf) 1 10. Capacitor (1000 mf) 1 11.
Semiconductor T1 BC548 1 12. Semiconductor T2 BD139 1 13. Condenser MIC 1 14. IC

UA741 1 15. PCB 1 2.2 Receiver: S.No. NAME OF THE COMPONENT QUANTITY 1. Resistor
(6.8 K) 1 2 Resistor (4.7M) 1 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG,
HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL-136027 3 MAJOR PROJECT
LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER 3. Resistor (470 K) 1 4.
Resistor (2.2 K) 2 5. Resistor (1 K) 1 6. Resistor (10 K) 1 7. Variable resistor
(50 K) 1 8. Capacitor (0.01 mf) 1 9. Capacitor(47 pf) 1 10. Capacitor (0.1 mf) 2
11. Capacitor (1 mf) 1 12. Capacitor (100 mf) 2 13. Capacitor(10mf) 1 14.
Capacitor(470 mf) 1 15. Semiconductor 2N5777 1 16. Semiconductor BC549 2 17. LM
386 1 18. P.C.B 1 19. 8 ohm Speaker 1 CHAPTER 3 COMPONENT STUDY 3.1 OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER An op amp is a high-gain, direct-coupled differential linear amplifier
whose response characteristics are externally controlled by negative feedback
from the output to the input. OP amps, widely used in computers, can perform
mathematical operations such as summing, integration, and differentiation. OP
amps are also used as video and audio amplifiers, oscillators, etc. in the
communication electronics. Because of their versatility op amps are widely used
in all branches of electronics both in digital and linear circuits. DEPARTMENT
OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG, HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL-136027 4 MAJOR PROJECT LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER
AND RECEIVER OP amps lend themselves readily to IC manufacturing techniques.
Improved IC manufacturing techniques, the op amp's adaptability, and extensive
use in the design of new equipment have brought the price of IC ops amps from
very high to very reasonable levels. These facts ensure a very substantial role
for the IC op amp in electronics. Fig shows the symbol for an op amp. Note that
the operational amplifier has two inputs marked (-) and (+). The minus input is
the inverting input. A signal applied to the minus terminal will be shifted in
phase 180° at the output. The plus input is the non-inverting input. A signal
applied to the plus terminal will appear in the same phase at the output as at
the input. Because of the complexity of the internal circuitry of an op amp, the
op amp symbol is used exclusively in circuit diagrams. Fig 3.1 symbol of op-amp
IC-741 An operational amplifier often referred to as op Amp, is a very high gain
high performance amplifier designed to amplify ac and dc signal voltages. Modern
integrated circuit technology and large-scale production techniques have brought
down the prices of such amplifiers within reach of all amateurs, experimenters
and hobbyists. The Op Amp is now used as a basic gain element, like an elegant
transistor, in electronic circuits. The availability of two input terminals
simplifies feedback circuitry and makes the operational amplifier a highly
versatile device. If a feedback is applied from the output to the inverting
input terminal, the result is a negative feedback, which gives a DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG, HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL-136027 5 MAJOR PROJECT LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER
AND RECEIVER stable amplifier with precisely controlled gain characteristics. On
the other hand, if the feedback is applied to the non-inverting input, the
result is positive feedback, which gives oscillators and multivibrator. Special
effects are obtained by combination of both types of feedback. Fig 3.2 symbol of
IC741 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGG, HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL-136027 6 MAJOR
PROJECT LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER Fig 3.3 Negative
feedback control ckt The above figure shows the basic circuit, including the
negative feedback loop of an op amp. The output is fed back to the inverting
input terminal in order to provide negative feedback for the amplifier. The
input signal is applied to the inverting input. As a result, the output will be
inverted. It is possible to operate the op amp as a non- inverting amplifier by
applying the signal to the plus input. In this circuit the feedback network is
still connected to the inverting input. 3.2 VR(potentiometer/resistance
variac/trimmer): fig 3.4symbol The potentiometer is a resistor of variable
resistance. It has three terminals; a fixed resistance is found between two of
the terminals and the third terminal slides along the fixed resistor. Often, it
is used to control the volume in an audio amplifier. 3.3 CapacitorThe capacitor
plays a crucial role in electronics -- it stores electrons for when they're
needed most. Capacitors consist of two conducting plates placed
near each other. Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates
separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, paper, plastic or anything
else that
does not conduct electricity and keeps the plates from touching each other..
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG, HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
AND MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL-136027 7 MAJOR PROJECT LASER TORCH BASED VOICE
TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER fig 3.5c e r amic capacitor They can store electric
charge for later discharge. Direct current through a capacitor will charge the
capacitor for a short time, and then stop flowing. Alternating current, because
of the changing electric fields it generates, can â flowâ across a capacitor. 3.4
Digital Multimeter(D MM) The DMM is an instrument that is able to measure
voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit, or across circuit components and
displays its measurements on a digital display. 3.5 Battery(9 VOLT):If you look
at any battery, you'll notice that it has two terminals. One terminal is marked
(+), or positive, while the other is marked (-), or negative. In an normal
flashlight batteries, the ends of the battery are the terminals. In a large car
battery, there are two heavy lead posts that act as the terminals. Electrons
collect on the negative terminal of the battery. If you connect a wire between
the negative and positive terminals, the electrons will flow from the negative
to the positive terminal as fast as they can (and wear out the battery very
quickly -- this also tends to be dangerous, especially with large batteries, so
it is not something DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG, HARYANA
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL-136027 8 MAJOR PROJECT LASER
TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER you want to be doing). Normally, you
connect some type of load to the battery using the wire. Fig 3.6 : 9V Battery
Inside the battery itself, a chemical reaction produces the electrons. The speed
of electron production by this chemical reaction (the battery's internal
resistance) controls how many electrons can flow between the terminals.
Electrons flow from the battery into a wire, and must travel from the negative
to the positive terminal for the chemical reaction to take place. That is why a
battery can sit on a shelf for a year and still have plenty of power unless
electrons are flowing from the negative to the positive terminal, the chemical
reaction does not take place. Once you connect a wire, the reaction starts. 3.6
Laser torch For this project we have removed the laser assembly from a small
laser pointer. The power supply circuit is the green board attached to the brass
laser head. We carry DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG, HARYANA
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL-136027 9 MAJOR PROJECT LASER
TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER similar laser pointers in our catalog
that are easily disassembled for this project. The power supply circuit came
conveniently marked with a plus and a minus next to two holes in the board. We
solder the black negative lead from the battery clip to the hole marked minus.
We solder one of the coil leads to the hole marked plus. We solder the red
positive lead of the battery clip to the other lead from the coil. fig 3.7:Laser
torch 3.7 Microphone Sound is an amazing thing. All of the different sounds that
wehear are caused by minute pressure differences in the air around us. What's
amazing about it is that the air transmits those pressure changes so well, and
so accurately, over relatively long distances. It was a metal diaphragm attached
to a needle, and this needle scratched a pattern onto a piece of metal foil. The
pressure differences in the air that occurred when you spoke toward the
diaphragm moved the diaphragm, which moved the needle, which was recorded on the
foil. When you later ran the needle back over the foil, the vibrations scratched
on the foil would then move the diaphragm and recreate the sound. The fact that
this purely mechanical system works shows how much energy the vibrations in the
air can have! All modern microphones are trying to DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGG, HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL-136027
10 MAJOR PROJECT LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER accomplish
the same thing as the original, but do it electronically rather than
mechanically. A microphone wants to take varying pressure waves in the air and
convert them into varying electrical signals. There are five different
technologies commonly used to accomplish this conversion. We use condenser mic
in our project. Condenser microphones - A condenser microphone is essentially
acapacitor, with one plate of the capacitor moving in response to sound waves.
3.8 Integrated Circuit (IC) An integrated circuit is a pre-made circuit shrunk
down to small size and put on a chip. ICâ s save circuit makers time by serving
common purposes like amplifying a signal which would otherwise have to be done
by a new circuit built from scratch every time. 3.8.1 UA741: GENERAL-PURPOSE
OP-AMP Uses:- 1. Short-Circuit Protection 2. Offset-Voltage Null Capability 3.
Large Common-Mode and Differential Voltage Ranges
4. No Frequency Compensation Required
5. Low Power Consumption
6. No Latch-Up DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG, HARYANA COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL-136027 11
Laser torch project
Download this Document for FreePrintMobileCollectionsReport DocumentReport this
document?
Please tell us reason(s) for reporting this document

Spam or junk
Porn adult content
Hateful or offensive
If you are the copyright owner of this document and want to report it, please
follow these directions to submit a copyright infringement notice.
Report Cancel
This is a private document.
Info and Rating
Reads:1,137
Uploaded:05/29/2010Category:Research>Math & EngineeringRated:
touch basedlaser touchlasertorch communicationvolt laserused laserlow
rangelasers beam(more tags)touch basedlaser touchlasertorch communicationvolt
laserused laserlow rangelasers beamrange lasersbeam
torchusing(fewer)FollowAnkush Saini
Share & Embed
Related Documents
PreviousNext p. p.1 p.1 p.1 p.1 p.56 p.56 p.56 p.56 p.56 p.56 p. p. p. p. p.1
p.1 p. p.464 p.58 p.1 p. p.711 p.
More from this user
PreviousNext34 p.43 p.3 p.1 p.41 p.
Recent Readcasters
Add a Comment

SubmitCharacters: 400
shivayya left a comment
konda.bindu@gmail.com
08 / 24 / 2010 Reply
Ads by Google
IR Sources
Thermal sources, LEDs, lasers
Instrument Grade
www.Boselec.com
RJ-LASER Therapy Devices
Laser therapy and laser diagnosis
LLLT - Laser for professional use
www.rj-laser.com
Brighter MPE Images
Widest tuning range: 680 - 1080 nm
and highest power up to 3.5W
www.coherent.com/chameleon
Print this document
High Quality
Open the downloaded document, and select print from the file menu (PDF reader
required).
Sign up
Use your Facebook login and see what your friends are reading and sharing.
Other login options
Login with Facebook
Signup
I don't have a Facebook account

email address (required)

create username (required)
password (required)
Send me the Scribd Newsletter, and occasional account related
communications.
Sign Up Privacy policy You will receive email notifications regarding your
account activity. You can manage these notifications in your account settings.
We promise to respect your privacy. Why Sign up?
Discover and connect with people of similar interests.
Publish your documents quickly and easily.
Share your reading interests on Scribd and social sites.

Already have a Scribd account?

email address or username
password
 Log In Trouble logging in?
Login Successful
Now bringing you back...

« Back to LoginReset your password

Please enter your email address below to reset your password. We will send you
an email with instructions on how to continue.
Email address:
You need to provide a login for this account as well.
Login:
Submit
Upload a Document Follow
Us!scribd.com/scribdtwitter.com/scribdfacebook.com/scribdAboutPressBlogPartner
sScribd
101Web StuffScribd StoreSupportFAQDevelopers / APIJobsTermsCopyrightPrivacy