Site Selection

&
Bus Switching Scheme

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• A new generating station
• A new development or a new industry
• Network expansion such as new interconnections
• Voltage upgrades
• Introduction of dc lines
• Back-to-back stations for interconnecting two different
networks
• Supply electric power to consumers continuously
• Supply of electric power within specified voltage limits
• Shortest possible fault duration
• Optimum efficiency of electrical network
• Supply of electrical energy to consumers at lowest cost
• Terminal substations zone substations distribution
substations
Terminal Substations
High voltage transmission lines interconnected around the network at terminal
substations
Step down transmission voltage and supply power to zone substations.
(Secondary transmission)
Secondary transmission voltages -132kV, 66kV and 33kV

Zone substations
− Further step down voltage and supply to distribution networks
− Typical output voltage - 6.6kV ~ 33kV

Distribution substations
− Receive power from zone substations, supply power to distribution network and end
users after stepping down voltage (MV or LV)
• Substations can be of many types depending on their
placement in a network and function such as:
– Generation substations
– Transmission substations
– Terminal yards/substations
– Zone substations (= sub-transmission substations)
– Distribution substations
– Industrial (= consumer owned) substations
– HVDC transmission substations
• A new substation or changes to an existing substation will
have to be based on a process of design which involves all or
some of the following:
– Identifying a suitable site
– Defining the substation configuration
– Planning a layout
– Selecting the right equipment to be used
– Planning the facilities required to install
– Equipment maintenance
➢ With increasing constraints of transmission
line corridors, difficulty in availability of
land due to urbanization and economic
development, emergence of stringent social
& environmental regulations and public
awareness, the task of site selection for a
substation has become more and more
complex.

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✓ Technical factors
- Area Requirement
• Voltage levels, Number of feeders, No. of Transformers/ Reactors,
Other facilities like housing, Present and Future requirement
- Corridors for line, aeronautics and forest
- Pollution
✓ Physical factor
- Topography :
Site Levelling, adoption of standard design
- Geological : Soil Properties, water table
- Geography :
Aeronautical corridor, mines, landslide, flood prone

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✓ Infrastructural factor
- Easy Access
- Amenities Availability
- Reliable power & water supply
✓ Social & Environmental factor
- Habitation
- Govt. or Private land
- Forest encroachment
- Landscaping
✓ Commercial factor
- Cost

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• Inputs:
– Function of the substation
– Power system parameters
– Load expected to be handled
– Site ambient conditions
– General area of substation location
• Output:
– Site selection and substation alignment
– Preliminary design and drawings
– Detailed design and drawings
➢ Single Main Bus Scheme
– with sectionaliser & without sectionaliser
➢ Double Main Bus Scheme
➢ Single Main & Transfer Bus Scheme
➢ Double Main with by-pass isolator Bus scheme
➢ Double Main & Transfer Bus Scheme
➢ One & Half Breaker Bus Scheme
➢ Double bus two breaker Scheme
➢ Ring Bus Scheme

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 SINGLE BUS SCHEME

➢ Simplest and cheapest

bus bar scheme
➢ Maintenance and
extensions of busbars are
not possible without
shutdown of the
substation.
➢ Operation & maintenance
of bus bar is easy.

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 SINGLE BUS WITH SECTIONALISER

➢ Similar to the single bus scheme

except the sectionalising breaker
or isolator.
➢ By keeping the sectionaliser open
one section can be in service and
the other can be taken for
maintenance or extension.
➢ If a bus section breaker is
provided busbar protection can
detect fault on any section and
trip the breakers connected to that
section and isolate it.

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 SINGLE MAIN AND TRANSFER SCHEME

➢ Individual CB can be taken out for

maintenance on-load at a time.
➢ The transfer bus coupler acts as the
breaker for the circuit under by
pass.
➢ Individual circuits have a bypass
isolator to connect to the transfer
bus and this isolator will be closed
during bypass operation of that
particular circuit.

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 DOUBLE BUS SCHEME

➢ Load will be distributed on both the buses

and the bus coupler shall be normally
closed.
➢ For maintenance & extension of any one of
the buses the entire load will be transferred
to the other bus.
➢ On load transfer of a circuit from one bus to
the other bus is possible through bus
isolators provided the bus coupler is closed
and thereby two buses are at the same
potential.
➢ On load bypassing of any circuit for breaker
maintenance is not possible.

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DOUBLE BUS WITH BY-PASS SCHEME

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 DOUBLE BUS WITH BY-PASS SCHEME

➢ This bus arrangement provides the facilities of a

double bus arrangement & a main and transfer bus
arrangement.
➢ The bus to which the transfer bus isolator is connected
can be used as a transfer bus also.
➢ During the time a circuit is under bypass, the bus
coupler will act as the breaker for the bypassed circuit.

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 DOUBLE MAIN AND TRANSFER SCHEME

➢ In this bus scheme, in addition to

the two main buses there will be a
separate transfer bus also.
➢ Since separate transfer bus is
available there will be no need of
transferring the load from one bus
to the other bus unlike in a double
main cum transfer bus
arrangement.
➢ Other features are similar to the
one described in double bus with
by pass arrangement.
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 BREAKER AND HALF SCHEME

➢ In this scheme, two circuit have three

breakers, the middle breaker ties the
two circuits and hence is called the tie
breaker.
➢ Breaker or bus maintenance is
possible without any shut down of the
feeder
➢ Even if both the buses are out of
service, power can be transferred from
one feeder to another feeder through
tie breaker

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 DOUBLE BUS TWO BREAKER SCHEME

➢ Each feeder is controlled by two

breakers.
➢ This arrangement is
comparatively costlier than other
scheme and hence followed in
very important circuit only.
➢ In this arrangement breaker
maintenance for any feeder
circuit is easily possible without
any shutdown.

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 RING BUS SCHEME

➢ As long as the ring is closed load

has two sources of supply and
any circuit breaker can be taken
out of service without affecting
the supply.
➢ Extension of ring scheme is
difficult.
➢ No bus bar protection required.

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❖ Reliability
❖ Operation Flexibility
❖ Ease of Maintenance
❖ Short Circuit Level Limitation
❖ Simplicity of Protection Arrangement
❖ Ease of Future expansion
❖ Land availability
❖ Cost

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