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Overview of horizontal wells The 1940’s and 1950’s saw a significant number of horizontal
Horizontal wells were first drilled in Texas in the late 1920’s. wells being drilled but with a short length, usually less than
The objective was to offer improved production relative to that 100 ft 2. Over the years, the length of the horizontal section
achieved from a less deviated or conventional well profile has become longer and longer. Any inclination over 60 to 70
well. degrees precluded the use of conventional e-line perforating.
L e n g t h o f H o r iz o n ta l S e c tio n O v e r t h e Y e a r s
3 5 ,1 9 6
1 9 9 0 's
100
1 9 3 0 's
-1800
-2400
19
20 -3000
-3600
No. Of Runs
-4200 -5400
-3600 -4800
15 -3000 -4200
-2400 -3600
-1800 -3000
10 8 -1200 -2400
7 -600 -1800
No
rthi
ng 0 -120
5 0
ting
Eas
-600
600
0 0
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 120
600
Ye ar 3-D Line Plot Shadow TVD-Northing
0
Shadow Northing-Easting
180
Shadow TVD-Easting Selected Point
Figure 4 – Coiled Tubing Perforating Runs in the Asia- Figure 5 – 3D plot of well profile
Pacific
4 SPE 80456
Rerunning the model gave results indicating that the guns The graph of actual versus predicted surface weight gauge
could indeed reach firing depth with a significant margin by readings were compared after the job. See Figure 11 – Actual
including rollers. See Figure 9 – RIH with rollers (dynamic friction). versus predicted surface weight gauge during RIH with perforating guns.
This scenario was ideal as it was run using dynamic friction. It was calculated that the rollers were efficient in the
It has not taken into account inevitable “stop and go” horizontal section, as the push force required to get the guns at
situations or static friction. It is well understood that depth decreased by 36%.
continuing to run or pull coiled tubing in a well is easier than
to start running or pulling by a factor of 4/3. Repeating the Run 3, Breaking the isolation valve
simulation under these static friction conditions gave a margin Knock-off isolation valve (KOIV) was incorporated in the
somewhat lower but still acceptable. completion string to allow the safe pullout of the CT and
laying down of spent guns after perforation of the interval.
A few weeks prior the operation, it was discovered that an The well was gaslifted to flow and allowed to be cleaned up
inadequate number of rollers would be available to install one thereafter.
roller every 22ft joint of guns. Only 50 rollers we available out
of the ideal number of 130 or so. The rollers that were used in The KIOV was RIH to the well in the open position and
the job had 3” wheels. It was placed mainly at the end of the shifted closed by the tool attached at the end of the perforating
perforating gun approximately at 7479 ft-AHBDF and every BHA while POOH after detonation.
22 feet thereafter.
After laying down spent guns, a BHA with the impact
hammer was RIH. The isolation valve was tagged and broken
SPE 80456 5
by activating the hammer and laying off 500 lb weight. The References
isolation valve broke quickly and this was confirmed by 1. Howes, J.: “Horizontal and Extended-Reach Drilling
reciprocating the BHA across the valve depth a number of Come of Age”, The Oilman (April 1988) 15-39.
times. POOH to surface and rigged down the injector from the 2. Cooper, R.E. and George Birch: “Horizontal Well
well. Cementing”, in Well Cementing, Nelson, E.B.,
Elsevier Publishing, the Netherlands (1990) 15-1.
Conclusions 3. Perdue, J.M. and Silverman, S.A.: “2000 World
Eventhough there were less than an idea number of rollers to Records & Firsts”, Hart’s E&P Drilling & Production
complete this operation, the well was successfully perforated Yearbook, March 2002.
with the aid of a drag reducer. The target depth was missed by 4. Local, E. and T.L. Searight: “Wireline Tractor
only 54 ft demonstrating the reliability of the model, the Production Logging Experience in Australian
modeling technique and justifying the risks taken. Conveying Horizontal Wells”, SPE 51612 presented at the Asia
long and heavy guns with coiled tubing has once again proven Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Ehxibition, Perth,
both a viable option and an efficient technique. Most October 12-14, 1998.
importantly this case study has shown the crucial importance 5. Walton, I.C., Johnson, A.B., Behrmann, L.A. and
of accurate models, accurate modeling techniques and the Atwood, D.C.: “Laboratory Experiments Provide new
benefits of precise and cooperative planning. The function of Insights into Uderbalanced Perforating”, paper SPE
rollers is a little better understood but parameters affecting 71642 presented at the 2001 Annual Technical
their efficiency such as spacing, roller diameters, BHA Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, LA, 30
stiffness etc. are still not clearly defined. Sept. – 3 Oct., 2001.
Acknowledgments
The Authors wish to extend their gratitude to PETRONAS,
SHELL MALAYSIA E&P and BJ Services Company for their
permission to publish this paper.
Description Min ID
4 1/2” K BUG + BK -1
4 1/2” K BUG + BK -1
7 5/8 ” Liner
4594 – 7479 ft
Target Sand
4 1/2” Liner TD @
7523 FT
Gooseneck – guides CT
into the injector
Injector – guides CT
10' into the well
45”
SPE 80456 7
10000
5000
-5000
-10000
-20000
2600 3600 4600 5600 6600 7600 8600
Depht [ft]
15000
Weight Gauge Reading [lbf]
10000
5000
-5000
-10000
-20000
2600 3600 4600 5600 6600 7600 8600
Depht [ft]
50000
Weight Gauge Reading [lbf]
40000
30000
20000
10000
-10000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Depth [ft]
10000
5000
-5000
-10000
-15000
Perforation interval at 4594 ft to 7479 ft
-20000
2600 3600 4600 5600 6600 7600 8600
Depth [ft]