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This document compares and analyzes Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) and Syncronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). PDH networks allow data streams to run at nominally the same rate but with small variations, requiring bit stuffing. It has different hierarchies in the US/Japan and Europe. SDH was developed to address problems with PDH, establishing international SONET/SDH standards with synchronous transmission and rates of 1.5/2/6/34/45/140 Mbps within 155.52 Mbps. SDH provides improved services, bandwidth, monitoring and network flexibility over PDH.
This document compares and analyzes Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) and Syncronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). PDH networks allow data streams to run at nominally the same rate but with small variations, requiring bit stuffing. It has different hierarchies in the US/Japan and Europe. SDH was developed to address problems with PDH, establishing international SONET/SDH standards with synchronous transmission and rates of 1.5/2/6/34/45/140 Mbps within 155.52 Mbps. SDH provides improved services, bandwidth, monitoring and network flexibility over PDH.
This document compares and analyzes Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) and Syncronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). PDH networks allow data streams to run at nominally the same rate but with small variations, requiring bit stuffing. It has different hierarchies in the US/Japan and Europe. SDH was developed to address problems with PDH, establishing international SONET/SDH standards with synchronous transmission and rates of 1.5/2/6/34/45/140 Mbps within 155.52 Mbps. SDH provides improved services, bandwidth, monitoring and network flexibility over PDH.
Department of Management Information Systems Department of Management Information Systems Cyprus International University Cyprus International University Lefkosa, North Cyprus. Lefkosa, North Cyprus. wushi09@live.com segunogundiya@gmail.com
Abstract SONET/SDH standards, which eliminated many problems that
The collection of terminal nodes, links, and any intermediate are associated with PDH [1]. nodes that are connected in order to enable telecommunication II PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY among the terminals is known as Telecommunications Network. (PDH) The transmission link binds the nodes together with the nodes The term „Plesiochronous‟ is derived from the Greek words reaching the right destination terminal by using circuit switching, message switching, or packet switching. There exists different plesio which means near, and chronous, time. This simply types of telecommunication networks; these include computer means that PDH networks run in a state where various parts of networks, the telephone network, the Internet, the global telex the network are almost, but not quite perfectly synchronized network, the aeronautical ACARS network. The transportation [2]. It involves the transmission of a large quantity of data on of large quantity of data over digital transport equipment such as fibre optic transmission system. Both the transmission and microwave radio wave systems and fibre optic requires a reception are synchronized but the timing is not. Different technology in the telecommunication network. There are master clocks make up the channel clocks with its range different ways to synchronize data stream between the specified to lie within certain limits. The multiplexed signal is transmitter of the data stream and the receiver. This refers to called a „plesiochronous‟ signal. PDH allows sending of data how data stream is clocked, which varies from synchronous, plesiochronous, isochronous, and asynchronous. This paper aims streams which are nominally running at the same rate, but at analyzing and comparing the first two (synchronous and allowance of variation on the speed around a nominal rate. For plesiochronous) digital hierarchy in telecommunication network. example, any two watches are nominally running at the same Keywords- PDH; SDH; SONET; multiplexing; data stream; bit rate, clocking up 60 seconds every minute, but there is no rate; MUX – multiplexer; DEMUX – de-multiplexer. connection between watches to ensure that they run at exactly I. INTRODUCTION the same rate; there is high likelihood that one is running Prior to SONET and SDH, there existed an infrastructure slightly faster than the other. based on the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), which There are two totally different hierarchies in PDH can be dated back to the mid-1960s. As at then, the primary multiplexing; the United States and Japan, and another for aim was on multiplexing digital voice circuits. An analog Europe and the rest of the world. It is noticed that the different voice circuit having a bandwidth of 4 kHz could be sampled at multiplexing levels are not multiples of each other; this is as a 8 kHz and quantized at 8 bits per sample, resulting to a bit rate result of PDH not exactly synchronous and every multiplexing of 64 kbps for a digital voice circuit. This became the widely level needs an extra bandwidth to execute Bit Stuffing. Hence, accepted standard. Data streams of higher speed were defined plesiochronous hierarchy needs “Bit Stuffing” at all levels to as multiples of this basic 64 kbps stream. Different parts of the take care of the differences in clocks. world were using different set of standards for these higher- speed streams. In North America, the 64 kbps is called DS0 The PDH network has different levels of multiplexers. These (Digital Signal-0), the 1.544 Mbps signal is DS1, and so on. In include (i) 2 Mbps to 8 Mbps, (ii) 8 Mbps to 34 Mbps and (iii) Europe, the hierarchy is labeled E0, E1, E2, E3, and so on 34 Mbps to 140 Mbps. Hence, to transmit a 2 Mbps data with the E0 having the same rate with the DS0. These rates are stream across the 140 Mbps trunk needs it to be multiplexed widespread today in carrier networks and are given as leased up through the higher order multiplexers into the 140 Mbps line services by carriers to customers, mostly to carry data trunk and then multiplexed down through the lower order rather than voice traffic. multiplexers. Because Plesiochronous is not quite PDH suffered a lot of problems, which prompted carriers and Synchronous, each of the multiplexers require a little bit of vendors to aim for a new transmission and multiplexing overhead on their high speed trunks to cater for the little standard in the late 1980s. This brought about the differences in the data rates of the streams on the low speed ports. The low speed ports having some data (running too fast) large scale integrated circuit made complex standard more can be carried in the trunk overhead, and this can occur at all possible [3]. Demands for improved and sophisticated services multiplexing levels. This is termed Justification or Bit that required large amount of bandwidth, high performance Stuffing. monitoring facilities, and greater network flexibility were made. A. SLIP, JUSTIFICATION, AND JITTER SLIP occurs when an incoming bit rate does not A. SDH STANDARDS match with the divided multiplexer/de-multiplexer Bellcore drafted the new standard as SONET in the clock rate. In this case, either same bit may be read United States, and then went through extensive twice or loss of bits will occur. revision before it emerged in a form compatible with JITTER is the displacement of a pulse from its the international SDH. SONET and SDH emerged in normal significant instant. 1992 and 1988 respectively [3]. SONET carries JUSTIFICATION can be defined as the process of payload as the North American PDH hierarchy of bit adding additional bits to solve the problem of SLIP. rates, and has an ANSI standard: 1.5/6/45 Mbps, plus There are three types of JUSTIFICATION; 2 Mbps known as E-1 in the United States. SDH POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION – It is a adopts SONET and international standard but it‟s situation whereby the MUX clock rate is often regarded as European standard because its higher than tributary rate. suppliers- with one or two exceptions operate on the ETSI (defined European PDH bit rate of 2/34/140 NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION – If the MUX Mbps), the 8Mbps is omitted in SDH. Genuine SDH clock rate is lower than the tributary rate, it standard defines the transport of 1.5/2/6/34/45/140 is known as negative justification. Mbps within a transmission rate of 155.52 Mbps, and POSITIVE-NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION – has the capability of carrying other traffics, such as If averagely, the MUX clock rate and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), and IP tributary bit rate are equal, it is termed (Internet Protocol) within certain rates of multiple positive-negative justification. integer of 155.52 Mbps. Radio systems in SDH exist B. PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN HIGHER ORDER at rates compatible with both SDH and SONET [3]. MULTIPLEXING AND SOLUTIONS FOR THEM B. SDH FEATURES AND MANAGEMENT Tributary bit rate and MUX clock (divided) 1. Traffic Interfaces- SDH defines traffic that do should be the same. Solution: This can be not depend on vendors. At the rate of 155Mbps, solved by adding additional bit (bit stuffing they are defined for both optical and copper or justification) interfaces, but at higher rates more than 155 MUX clock speed should be same at both Mbps, they are defined for optical only [3]. the ends. Solution: It is solved by using a Higher rates are defined as integer multiples of PLL circuit at terminal „B‟ to recover the 155.52 Mbps in an n x 4 sequence, for example clock. 622.08 Mbps (622Mbps) and 2488.32 Mbps Synchronization. Solution: It is solved by (2.5Gbps). Multiplexing to higher rates such as Frame Alignment Word (FAW). 10 GB continues in this form in order to support C. DISADVANTAGES OF PDH SYSTEM growth of network and demand for broadband PDH is not ideally modeled for efficient services. Every interface rate contains overheads delivery and management of high bandwidth for supporting facilities and payload capacity for connections. traffic [3]. The demands placed on it are not being met, 2. SDH Layers- During the process of multiplexing, hence, it is no longer efficient payloads are divided into lower-order and The whole system is de-multiplexed in order higher-order virtual containers; each of these to access the lower order tributary layers has a function of management and error There is bandwidth limitation – maximum monitoring. This layering function in SDH, for capacity is 566 Mbps only. traffic and management, satisfies the concept of There are no common standards among layering in service based network better than vendors. transmission oriented PDH standards. Tolerance is allowed in bit rates. 3. Management Functions- For SDH to support a Only point-to-point configuration (linear range of operations, it has a layer responsible for working) is possible. management, whose communications are It does not support hub. transmitted via a dedicated communication path. However there is no accord regarding the III SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORK (SONET) definition of message sets to be carried [3]. OR SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH) Therefore, interworking of management channels SDH (Synchronized Digital Hierarchy) or SONET- Is a group between carriers at the SDH interface does not of fibre-optic transmission rates that transport digital signals exist. On the other hand, there has been more with different capacities. The emergence of optical-fibre and accord at the network-management interface to each other node, which is over a local-area 5. Hub Multiplexers: It provide flexibility for network. SDH vendors are migrating their interconnecting traffic between bearers, mostly fibre software to be compatible with Q3em interface optics.(1) It is usually connected as a star and traffic [3]. can be service managed, while hubs in between C. NETWORK GENERIC APPLICATIONS standby bearers provide alternate routing for Evolutionary Pressure- The main reason behind the restoration to occur. Several rings in ADMs have the deployment of the SDH is to reduce network ability to converge on a single hub, providing operating costs and increase in revenue. In order to interconnection of traffic. ADM can also be used as achieve the former, improving the management of hub multiplexers, or combined to optimize network networks and introducing more reliable equipment topology between ring and star. has to be considered, in that case SDH scores high on F. CROSS-CONNECT both [3]. The latter can come from satisfying the Cross-Connects are known as digitally cross-connect growing demand for improved services, such as, switches (DCSs) in the United States and DXCs broadband and improved response, flexibility of elsewhere. They can be classified as DSC p/q and network as well as reliability. SDH has better DXC p/q, where p is the hierarchical order of the port transmission quality, enormous routing flexibility and bit rate and q is the hierarchical order of traffic supports path self-healing. component that is switched within the port bit rate D. OPERATIONS (1). Some cross-connect design allows interfaces in Capacity management in the network involves operations as PDH in order to be compatible with the existing. follows: G. NETWORK DESIGN a. Protection, for circuit recovery occurs in Network Topology- By the introduction of new milliseconds. topology, SDH flexibility can be used to best of b. Restoration, for circuit recovery occurs in seconds or advantage. Unlike traditional networks using mesh minutes. and hub configuration (i.e. star), with the help of c. Provisioning, for the allocation of capacity to the DXCs and hub multiplexers, SDH allows the usage preferred routes. of these in much more compressive way (1). SDH d. Consolidation, of unfilled bearers onto fewer bearers, also allows the combination of rings and chains in in order to eliminate traffic capacity waste. ADMs in order to enhance flexibility and reliability e. Sorting, from different types of traffic from mixed across networks. Ring could offer improved services payloads into different destination for each type of to a high populated business areas, such as parks or traffic. conference centres. H. FUTURE OF SDH All these functionalities were found in switched network Almost all fibre-optic transmission installed in public through using flexible switches for both private and public places use SDH. It is expected to dominate telephony-based circuits. transmission for decades to come just like its predecessor PDH, which has been there for more than E. NETWORK GENERIC APPLICATIONS: 20 years. EQUIPMENT AND USES IV CONCLUSION SDH was designed to allow flexibility in the creation of SDH has catered for the weaknesses or setbacks of PDH. telecommunication traffic routing products electronically, Transmission of data is done in Virtual Containers and the use Products involved are: of pointers in locating a low speed channel in a high speed 1. Optical-line systems: This provides the transmission trunk. Carriers prefer SDH because of its provision of robust bearer backbone for the SDH network. ring architecture with self-healing capabilities, its good 2. Radio relay systems: To the lesser extent work in the provision and management attributes, and its strong same way as Optical-line systems. international standards. 3. Terminal Multiplexers: This gives access to SDH REFERENCES networks, using certain interfaces such as 2 Mbps [1] Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N. Sivarajan, Galen H. Sasaki – G.703 or fibre distributed data interfaces (FDDI) in Optical Networks, a Practical Perspective (Third Edition) oriented forms via router or bridge.(1) [2] Akshay Vaishnav Palle „International Journal for Scientific 4. Add-Drop Multiplexers (ADM): ADM can offer Research and Development, vol.1, issue 7, 2013‟ – same functionalities as terminal multiplexers, and can Synchronous Digital Hierarchy and its Architecture. also provide low-cost access to traffic passing along a [3] IEE Electronics and Communication Engineering Journal, bearer (1). ADM designs are suitable for the International Engineering Consortium. incorporations configured in rings in order to provide http://www.iec.org flexibility in services for both urban and rural areas. In ADM ring designs, routing alternative is employed to overcome fibre cuts and equipment failures.