and Order of Operations (PEMDAS)

Prepared by:
Prof. Dr Bahaman Abu Samah
Department of Professional Development and Continuing Education
Faculty of Educational Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Serdang
1 Basic Concepts

2 7 Basic Summations

3 Basic Applications

4 Extended Applications

• Building blocks or ABC for statistical calculations
• Basic symbols:
Σ (summation) = total
X and Y = variables
Data set 1:
n = number of cases X Y
4 3
• For a given DATA set: 6 5
7 3
X = independent variable 5 5 
Y = dependent variable 8 4
n = number of cases 6 6
3 2
Given values of X and Y, you should be able
to solve for:

ΣX ΣY
X ΣX2 Y ΣY2
(ΣX)2 (ΣY)2


ΣXY
Basic Applications

X
ΣX X
n
ΣX2
( X ) 2
SSX
X 2   SSX  s2 s2  s
(ΣX)2
n n 1
( X ) ( Y )
XY   SXY
n
Y
ΣY Y
n
ΣY2
(  Y ) 2
SSY
Y 2   SSY  s2 s2  s
(ΣY)2
n n 1 
 Extended Applications

• t value
Y1  Y2
t
s12 s 22
 • Correlation coefficient
n1 n2
SXY
r
( SSX ) ( SSY )
( X ) ( Y )
XY 
 n
 2 (  X ) 2   2 ( Y ) 2 
 X    Y  
 n  n 


• Make the right decision on the sequence of operations
• PEMDAS can be phrased as Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

Parentheses ( )
Exponents X2
Multiplication *
Division  BODMAS
Brackets
Addition + Orders
Division
Subtraction - Multiplication
Addition
Subtraction
Ex. 1:
5  3* 4 Ex. 2:
 5  12
 17 20 / 5 * 2 Ex. 3:
 4*2
5  2  3
2
8
 55 2

 5  25
 30
 Example 1

Solving:

ΣX = 4+6+7+5+8+6+3 Data set 1: n=7

= 39 X Y ΣX = 39
ΣX2 = 42+62+72+52+82+62+32 4 3 ΣX2 = 235
= 235 6 5 (ΣX)2 = 1,521
7 3 ΣY = 28
(ΣX)2 = 392
5 5 ΣY2 = 124
= 1,521
8 4 (ΣY)2 = 784
ΣY = 3+5+3+5+4+6+2 6 6 ΣXY = 162
= 28 3 2
ΣY2 = 32+52+32+52+42+62+22
= 124
(ΣY)2 = 282
= 784 
ΣXY = 4*3 + 6*5 + 7*3 + 5*5 + 8*4 +6*6 + 3*2
= 162
 Example 2

Based on the given summary statistics for data set 1, n=7

Calculate: 1) mean of X ΣX = 39
2) sum squares (SSX) ΣX2 = 235
3) variance of X (ΣX)2 = 1,521
4) standard deviation of X ΣY = 28
ΣY2 = 124
X ( X )
2
SSX (ΣY)2 = 784
1) X  2) SSX  X 2  3) s 
2

n n x
n 1 ΣXY = 162
39 2
  235 
(39)

17.7143
7 7 7 1
 5.571 1,521
 235  17.7143

7 6
 17.7143  2.9524
4) s x  s x2
 2.952 
 1.718
 Example 3

Based on the given summary statistics for data set 1, n=7

calculate: 1. mean of Y ΣX = 39
2. sum of squares of Y (SSY) ΣX2 = 235
3. variance of Y (ΣX)2 = 1,521
4. standard deviation of Y ΣY = 28
ΣY2 = 124
( Y ) (ΣY)2 = 784
Y
2
SSY
1) Y  2) SSY  Y 2  3) sY2  ΣXY = 162
n n n 1
2
28 (28) 12
  124  
7 7 7 1
4  124  112 12

3) sY  sY2  12 6
2
 2 
 1.414
 Example 4

Based on the given summary statistics of data set 1, n=7

calculate: ΣX = 39
1. Cross-product sum of squares (SXY) ΣX2 = 235
2. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) (ΣX)2 = 1,521
ΣY = 28
( X ) ( Y ) SXY ΣY2 = 124
1) SXY  XY  2) r  (ΣY)2 = 784
n ( SSX ) ( SSY )
ΣXY = 162
(39) (28) 6
 162  
7 (17.7143) (12) SSX  17.7143
1,092
 162  
6 SSY  12
7 212.5716
 162  156 6
6 
14.5798
 .412
Basic Statistics
Pearson P-M Correlations
 Example 5

Given the following data set 2, ΣX = 7+5+9+7+8+6+5+7+5

solve for the seven basic = 59 n=9
summations. ΣX = 59
ΣX2 = 72+52+92+72+82+62+52+72+52 ΣX2 = 403
= 403 (ΣX)2 = 3,481
Data set 2: ΣY = 49
(ΣX)2 = 592
X Y ΣY2 = 289
= 3,481
7 4 (ΣY)2 = 2,401
5 6 ΣY = 4+6+8+5+7+5+4+3+7 ΣXY = 327
9 8 = 49
7 5
ΣY2 = 42+62+82+52+72+52+42+32+72
8 7
= 289
6 5
5 4 (ΣY)2 = 492
7 3 = 2,401
5 7 
ΣXY = 7*4 + 5*6 + 9*8 + 7*5 + 8*7 +
6*5 + 5*4 + 7*3 + 5*7
= 327
 Exercise 1

Based on the given summary statistics of data set 2,

calculate:
1. Mean of X n=9
2. Sum squares of X (SSX) ΣX = 59
3. Variance of X ΣX2 = 403
4. Standard deviation of X (ΣX)2 = 3,481
5. Mean of Y ΣY = 49
ΣY2 = 289
6. Sum squares of Y (SSY) (ΣY)2 = 2,401
7. Variance of Y ΣXY = 327
8. Standard deviation of Y
9. Cross-product sum of squares (SXY)
10. Pearson correlation coefficient


 Example 6

Given the following summary statistics, calculate t

Y1  Y2
t
s 2p s 2p

n1 n2
16.778  22.000

3.9444 6.5714

9 8
Summary stat:
 5.222
 Group
1.122 1 2
n 9 8
 4.654 Ẏ 16.7778 22.000
s2 3.9444 6.5714
s 1.98606 2.56348