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Ad-Hoc Topology
Infrastructure Ad-Hoc
Handoff Algorithms
RSS
RSS with Threshold
RSS with Hysteresis
RSS with Threshold and Hysteresis
Bluetooth Technology
Bluetooth Technology
Wireless LAN technology
Connects devices such as telephones, notebooks,
computers, cameras, printers etc.
Ad-hoc network
Types of network : Piconet and Scatternet
Piconet
Scatternet
Bluetooth Stack
Radio Layer
Equivalent to physical layer
Bluetooth uses 2.4 GHz ISM band divided into 79 channels
of 1 MHz each
FHSS method in the physical layer to avoid interference
from other devices or other networks
GFSK (FSK with Gaussian bandwidth filtering)
modulation
Baseband Layer
Equivalent to MAC sub-layer in the LANs
Access method is TDD-TDMA
Single Secondary Communication
Multiple Secondary Communication
Two link types are supported
Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO)
Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL)
Frame format
Frame Format
Access code: 72-bit field contains synchronization bits and the
identifier of the primary to distinguish the frame of one piconet
from other
Header: 54-bit field is a repeated 18-bit pattern. Each pattern
has following subfields:
Address: 3-bit. Can define up to seven secondaries. If the address
is zero, it is used for broadcast communication from primary to
all secondaries.
Type: 4-bit. Defines the type of data coming from the upper
layers.
F: This 1 bit subfield is for flow control. When set(1), it indicates
that the device is unable to receive more frames. (Buffer is full).
A: 1 bit. Used for acknowledgement in Stop-and-Wait ARQ
S: 1 bit .Holds a sequence number in Stop-and-Wait ARQ
HEC: 8 bit. Header error correction subfield is a checksum to
detect errors in each 18-bit header section.
Payload: Can be 0 to 2740 bits long. Contains data or control
information coming from upper layers.
L2CAP
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) is
equivalent to the LLC sub-layer in LANs
Used for data exchange on a ACL link
L2CAP data packet format:
16-bit length field defines the size of the data, in bytes,
coming from the upper layers
Channel ID (CID) defines a unique identifier for the virtual
channel created at this level
Duties of L2CAP layer
Disadvantages
Range
Slower compared to other technologies
Limited no. of devices can be connected
Interference with wireless LANs
Infrared Technology
Wireless technology where data is conveyed through IR
radiations
IR is electromagnetic energy whose frequency is less than
red color of the visible light spectrum
IR wireless is used for short and medium range
communications and control
Line-of-sight required
IR wireless cannot pass through walls
IR is more private than RF. Hence more secure.
IR Technology Standards
IrDA-SIR (slow speed) infrared supporting data rates up
to 115 Kbps
IrDA-MIR (medium speed) infrared supporting data rates
up to 1.15 Mbps
IrDA-FIR (fast speed) infrared supporting data rates up to
4 Mbps
Advantages of IR Technology
Low power requirements. Ideal for laptops, telephones,
personal digital assistants
Low circuitry costs
Simple circuitry
Higher security
Portable
Few international regulatory constraints
High noise immunity
Disadvantages of IR
Technology
Line of sight
Blocked by common materials
Short range
Light, weather sensitive
Speed
Refrences
Kaveh Pahlavan, Prashant Krishnamurthy,
“Principles of Wireless Networks: A Unified
Approach” , Prentice Hall India
Behrouz A Forouzan, “Data Communications and
Networking”, Fourth Edition, Tata McGraw Hill