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Abstract- There is now a significant world-wide interest to solve been introduced in India in construction, a decade ago, for
the environmental problems caused by industrial waste and other specific requirement namely footpaths, parking areas etc. but
materials by including such materials in the manufacture of now being adopted extensively in different uses where the
concrete.This technology has been introduced in India in conventional construction of pavement using bituminous mix or
construction, a decade ago, for specific requirement namely cement concrete technology is not feasible or desirable. Concrete
footpaths, parking areas etc. but now being adopted extensively paver blocks were first introduced in Holland in the fifties as
in different uses where the conventional construction of replacement of paver bricks which had become scarce due to the
pavement using bituminous mix or cement concrete technology post-war building construction boom. These blocks were
is not feasible or desirable. The characteristics of concrete rectangular in shape and had more or less the same size as the
containing fine crushed glass during its process, the best ratio of bricks. During the past five decades, the block shape has steadily
fine crushed glass which leads to higher strength of concrete in evolved from non-interlocking to partially interlocking to fully
order to produce concrete blocks, and the effect of waste glass interlocking to multiply interlocking shapes.
replacement on the expansion caused by Alkali-silica reaction The main challenge before the Indian concrete industry now
(ASR). This study looked at the feasibility of waste glass is to meet the demand of economical and efficient construction
inclusion as partial FA replacement systems. Properties of materials required by large infrastructure needs due to rapid
concrete incorporating waste glass as partial substitution for FA industrialization and urbanization. All these call for use of good
amounts of 15%, 30% and 45% were investigated. The waste quality concrete with use of minimum resources (eg. Limestone,
glass material used was obtained waste collectors. The results energy &money) and achieving maximization of strength,
obtained show clearly that glass enhances the compressive durability and other intended concrete properties. In recent years
strength properties of the final concrete product. The study there has been an increasing worldwide demand of concrete
indicated that waste glass can effectively be used as fine paving blocks for the footpaths, roads and airfields which has led
aggregate replacement (up to 45%) without substantial change in to a local depletion of aggregates. In some urban areas, the
strength. enormous quantities of aggregate that have already been used
means that local materials are no longer available and the deficit
Index Terms- Waste Glass, recycling,cement, concrete, has to be made up by importing materials from other locations.
construction field, fine aggregate. Most cities have areas of land covered by spoil heaps which are
unsightly and prevent large areas of land being used for anything
else.
I. INTRODUCTION Concrete paving block is a versatile, aesthetically attractive,
functional, and cost effective and requires little or no
C oncrete paving blocks has been extensively used in many
countries for quite some time as a specialized problem-
solving technique for providing pavement in areas where
maintenance if correctly manufactured and placed. Paver blocks
can be used for different traffic categories are as follows:
conventional types of construction are less durable due to many
operational and environmental constraints. This technology has
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Freeing up valuable land for other uses. finally they affect environment and human health and
also create storage proble
1.2.1 Solid type waste Paper:-
Solid Waste from our homes and Industries is generally Plantation timber, not native forests, is the source of
collected by our local authorities through regular waste most paper-making pulp. Stronger, better quality paper
collection, or by special collections for recycling. Within hot is made from hardwoods. Softwoods produce shorter
climates such as that of the Caribbean the waste should be fibres suitable for paper such as newsprint. Good quality
collected at least twice a week to control fly breeding, and the paper is in demand with recyclers to produce a variety
harboring of other pests in the community. Other factors to of recycled paper products such as printing and writing
consider when deciding on frequency of collection are the odors paper, office supplies such as envelopes, toilet paper
caused by decomposition and the accumulated quantities. The and tissues. Lower grade paper is usually used to make
following are the various waste materials used as ingredient in products such as cardboard and insulation. Demand for
concrete are;- old newspapers can fluctuate. The short fibres in
Fly ash- newsprint make it unsuitable for recycling uses other
The beneficial use of fly ash in concrete is the than packaging material, insulation material or being
preferable option for safe and economical utilization of recycled back into newsprint.
millions tons of fly ash. There is a critical need to find Glass waste:-
new methods for using fly ash for its highest and best Glass makes up a large component of household and
use. The major obstacle in use of bottom ash in a industrial waste due to its weight and density. The glass
concrete is that the chemical properties of coal bottom component in municipal waste is usually made up of
ash are different from place to place and are depends bottles, broken glassware, light bulbs and other items.
upon the origin of the raw material. Adding to this waste is the fact that many manual
Steel Aggregates and Rubber Pad- methods of creating glass objects have a defect rate of
Rubber products are everywhere to be found, though around forty percent. Glass recycling uses less energy
few people recognize rubber in all of its applications. than manufacturing glass from sand, lime and soda.
Rubber is used in radio and T.V sets and in telephones. Glass makes up a large component of household and
Electric wires are made safe by rubber insulation. industrial waste due to its weight and density. The glass
Rubber forms a part of many mechanical devices in the component in municipal waste is usually made up of
kitchen. It helps to exclude draughts and to insulate bottles, broken glassware, light bulbs and other items.
against noise. Sofas and chairs may be upholstered with In many cases it is not only easy to recycle, glass it can
foam rubber cushions, and beds may have natural be recycled indefinitely with no loss in quality or purity.
rubber pillows and mattresses. Making new glass from old glass saves energy because
Waste marble:- recycled glass is processed at a lower temperature than
Marble processing industry generates around 7 million glass made from raw materials.
tons of wastes mainly in the form of powder during In glass products all glass materials are not recyclable
sawing and polishing processes. These are dumped in some glass products such as light bulbs, window panes,
the open which pollute and damage the environment glassware and mirrors Ovenware (including Pyrex
Plastic Waste;- glass) Opaque white rum, black wine, and green beer
The distribution of plastic debris is highly variable as a bottles with ceramic tops , Pottery , Vases ,Crystal
result of certain factors such as wind and ocean currents, ,Dishes ,Drinking glasses etc. such type of glass waste
coastline geography, urban areas, and trade routes. Disposed in a landfill involves burying the waste and
Human population in certain areas also plays a large this remains a common practice in most countries.
role in this. Plastics are more likely to be found in Landfills were often established in abandoned or unused
enclosed regions such as the Caribbean. Plastic quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. A properly
pollution, more so in the forms of macro- and mega- designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic
plastics, potentially serves as a means of distribution of and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste
organisms to remote coasts that are not their native materials. Older, poorly designed or poorly managed
environments. landfills and open dumps can create a number of
E- waste:- adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown
E waste describes loosely discarded, surplus, obsolete, litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of liquid
broken, electrical or electronic devices. Rapid leachate.
technology change, low initial cost have resulted in a For avoiding this use of the recycled glass as aggregate
fast growing surplus of electronic waste around the in concrete has become popular in modern times, with
globe. Generation of e-waste is a very serious issue in large scale research being carried out at Columbia
world. In year 2014 produce near about 650000MT of e- University in New York as well as The use of waste
waste in India that includes all waste electronics and glass as a substitute for fine aggregates in mortar mix is
electrical equipment( TVs, computers, sound systems, one option that can alleviate waste glass disposal
refrigerators etc.) .This waste not dispose properly problem and has been studied widely in recent years.
Due to the limited landfill space available and stringent
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environmental regulations, many waste glasses are This table shows typical composition of ordinary
attempting to develop efficient, economic and Portland cement and table no.is 3.1 is given below
environmental sound alternatives for utilizing this waste
glass. Therefore, the civil engineers have been Table 3.1 Typical composition of ordinary Portland cement.
challenged to convert this waste glass, in general, to
useful building and construction materials. This greatly Name of compound Oxide Abbreviation Weight
enhances the aesthetic appeal of the concrete. Recent compassion
research findings have shown that concrete made with
recycled glass aggregates have shown better long term Tricalcium Silicate 3CaOSiO2 C3S 55%
strength and better thermal insulation due to its better
thermal properties of the glass aggregates.
Dicalcium Silicate 2CaO. SiO2 C2S 18%
Waste Glass in concrete offer several advantages:
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3.1.3 Admixture-
Superplasticisers recommended by IS-9103
3.1.4 WATER
The water used for mixing and curing of concrete should
be free from harmful materials and objectionable strain on
surface. A part of mixing water is utilized in the hydration of
cement and the remaining water serves as lubricant between the
fine and course aggregates and make concrete workable.
Generally minimum 0.3 to 0. 8 w/c ratios are required for
hydration. But for good workable concrete additional water is
required to lubricant the mix. The extra water results in
formation of bleeding effects of effective water in concrete are as
below. Figure 3.4 Crushed Glass
Less effective bond formation
Leakage through formwork
Honey comb formation
3.1.5 Glass-
For this project the non-recyclable glass is used. Basically
waste glass material that cannot be reused due to the high cost of
manufacturing. Therefore the manufacture will disposed in the
waste landfill. Due to environmental problem, researcher tries to
use the waste glass in to concrete, to create a new material to use
in construction field. Researcher found that, the main material
composition of glass is silica that also contain in cement
production and other compound that also similarly contain in Figure 3.5 Crushed Glass
cement production.
It is crushed by using los angles abrasion testing machine 3.1.5.1 Test carried on crushed Glass
up to 4.75 mm passing and 90 micron retaining glass taking for A.Specific Gravity
project work.
Apparatus
The following table no 3.3 shows Chemical
1.A balance of capacity not less than 3kg ,readable and
composition of clear glass is as follows: accurate to 0.5 gm and of such a type as to permit the
weighing of the vessel containing the aggregate and
water .
Table 3.3 Chemical Composition of Glass 2. A well ventilated oven to maintain a temperature of
Composition Clear Glass 100ºC to 110ºC
3 .Pycnometer of about 1 Littre capacity having a metal
Sio2 72.42 conical screw top with a 6mm hole at its apex. The
Al2O3 1.44 screw top shall be water tight.
Tio2 0..35 4. A means supplying a current warm air.
Cr2O3 0.002 5. A tray of area not less than 32cm².
Fe2O3 0.07 6. An air tight container large enough to take the
CaO 11.50 sample.
MgO 0.32 7. Filter papers and funnel.
Na2O 13.64 Procedure
K2O 0.35 (I) Take about 500g of sample and place it in the
SO3 0.21 pycnometer.
(II) Pour distilled water into it until it is full.
(III) Eliminate the entrapped air by rotating the
pycnometer on its side, the hole in the apex of
Following figure no 3.4 and 3.5 shows crushed
the cone being covered with a finger.
waste Glass material:-
(IV) Wipe out the outer surface of pycnometer and
weigh it (W)
(V) Transfer the contents of the pycnometer into a
tray, care being taken to ensure that all the
aggregate is transferred.
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3.1.9. Compacting-
Compacting of concrete was done after placing the mixed
concrete in the mould of 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm as well as
paving rubber mould. The compaction was carried out manually
with tamping steel rods and vibrating concrete externally. The
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Table 3.8 Compressive Testing Result For 15% Replacement Paving Block
Table 3.9 Compressive Testing Result For 30% Replacement Paving Blocks
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300
28 OVER 300 3000X103 71.99 71.99
D OVE 3000X10 71.99
3
A R
Y 300
S
Table 3.10 Compressive Testing Results For 45% Replacement Paving Blocks
Figure: 3.15 Compressions Testing On Paving Block Following figure 3.16 shows graph
compressive strength v/s method of
casting paving block :-
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Following Table no. 3.12,3.13 and 3.14 shows Compressive Testing for Result for 15%,30%
and 45% replacement of glass Concrete Block respectively :-
Following Table no. 3.12,3.13 and 3.14 shows Compressive Testing for Result for 15%,30%
and 45% replacement of glass Concrete Block respectively :-
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Followig figure 3.17 shows compressive strength v/s method of casting cube :-
Following Table no. 3.15 Shows Flexure Test Result for Ordinary Paving Block respectively :-
Following Table no. 3.16 Shows Flexure Test Result for 15% Replacement of Paving Block respectively :-
Table 3.16 Flexure Testing Result for 15% Replacement of Paving Block
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An analysis made on strenghth characteristic by replacing waste galss to fine aggregate in different percentage
conducting test on non-recyled glass concrete. The 7 days and 15%, 30%,and 45% casting is done. After curing of 7 days and
28 days compressive strength result of M30 grade concrete 28 days the compressive test and flexural test are conducted on
shown in table and analysis by graphically shown in chart. that. By observing results of waste glass blocks that is concrete
We replace waste glass as a fine aggregate in concrete with cube the srength of bolck is increases from 15% to 30%
different percentage such as 15%, 30%, and 45%. The tests repalcement of glass and after 45% waste glass replacement and
carried on the fine aggregate such as specific gravity,sieve onwards the srength is decreases. Strength reduce because of
analysis are also conducted on waste glass. internal voids of waste galss increases. We compairing strength
We casted overall 36 paving blocks and 12 cubes . In that of waste glass bolcks with normal blocks. Upto 15% and 30% is
we cast normal blocks (Ordinary paving block and cube) of M30 compaerly more than normal block but upto 45% srength is
grade concrete and compressive test conducted on paving block nearly same to normal block.So from above chart we got the
as well as concrete cube and the flexural test are conducted on optimized value as 30% repalcement of waste glass as well we
only the paving block that after curing of 7 days and 28 days. By
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found that 45% replacement of waste galss is suitable for casting REFERENCES
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repalcement of glass and after 45% waste glass
replacement onwards the srength is decreases.
Strength reduce because of internal voids of
waste galss increases. AUTHORS
Cost of paving blocks is decreases with First Author – Koli Nishikant, Department of Civil
increase in glass content. Engineeringt, Dr.J.J Magdum College of Engg, Jaysingpur
Crushed waste glass aggregate have irregular Second Author – Aiwale Nachiket, Department of Civil
shapes than river sand. Engineeringt, Dr.J.J Magdum College of Engg, Jaysingpur
Reduction in bleeding is observed by addition Third Author – Inamdar Avadhut, Department of Civil
of glass in the concrete mixes. Engineeringt, Dr.J.J Magdum College of Engg, Jaysingpur
Fluidity of the fresh concrete is inhibited. Fourth Author – Abhishek Sangar, Department of Civil
Engineeringt, Dr.J.J Magdum College of Engg, Jaysingpur
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would wish to acknowledge the many colleagues and
teachers at Dr.J.J Magdum College of Engineering, Jaysingpur.
who have contributed to the development of this paper.
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