I

MonicaNEGOESCII
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ELECTRICAL STUDEI{TS t

gffiifi[ftflrfiilfifuiiiilifuffi
BrBLrorEcn CENTRALa I ---'. -
th,l

,' U.T. PRESS

 Editura U.T.PRESS
SH. Observatonrlui nr. 34
C}. 42,O.P. 2, 40077 5 Cluj-NaPoca
TeL:026*401.999
e-mail upress@biblio.utcluj.ro
http:/biblioteca.utcluj. ro/editura

Director: Tng. CilinD. Cfimpean

Recenzia:, Conf.dr. Ruxanda Literat

Lector dr. Cecilia Policsek

Coperta: Ing. CIlin D. Cf;mPean

CIP a Bibliotecii Nafionale a Romflniei

MONICA
Energy: English for electrical students / MonicaNegocscll - Clt+i-
: Editura U.T. Press,2018
Conline bibliografie
ISBN 978-606-737-3 15-8

11.lll

Coovripht @ 2018 Editura U.T.PRESS

n"iioA:""r"a integral[ sau par[ial6 a textului sau ilustrafilor din aceastE carte este posibill numai cu
acordul prealabil scris al editurii U.,T.PRESS. 't

Tiparul executat la Tipografia IJ"[CN.

rsRN 978-606-737-31S8
Bun de tipar: 07.08.1018 i
Tiraj: 100 exemplare 1J
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The present practical coursebmh Enug. English far trical S ntd en ts,is' designed
El.ec
for intermediate to advanced level shdents of Technical University, funrre electrical
engineers, who need to get familiarired with &e elecn'ical vocabulary within tfieir
domain of specialization.

ln such a dynamic domain as the technical one, whete changes happen so quickly and
comnrunication and information exchangewith worldwjde specialists is a necessitg
English, this lingta franca,is a mus! tlierefore, the materials used in this coursebook
- irnages included - have been chosen from the Iatest researches presented by technical
on-line magazines and specialized sites for English teaching purposes only.
l-

The coursebook is structured in four parts, following the logical sequence of

processes, starting with energy production and ending with energy recovety- It also
includes the following:

- 8 reading units, each one structured around a theme illustrated by the opeuing
text that is preceded by an intoductory discussion;

- 4 English in.Use parts which provide grarnmar exercises

- Answer Key

- English - Romanian dictionary

Although designed for class, the coursebook can also be successftilly used for self-
study by both students and engineers interested in the electrical domain.

So, let's get started! Good luck!

The author
 CONTENT

ENERGY PRODUCTION
rt
UNIT 1. RENEWABLE ENERGY
UNM 2. TIIE ITYDROPO\VER RESOURCE

UNIT 3. A NEW TYPE OF SIJPERCONDUCTTVTTY

UNTT 4. LONG DISTANCE WIRELESS POWERTRANSMISSION

IJNIT 5. BATTERIES :

UNIT 6. VTABLE ALTERNATTVES TO TOS$L FI]ELS

I

ENERGY RECOVERY
T'NIT 7. TI]RNING TRASH INTO LOW-CARBON TREASTIRE
UNIT 8. THE MAGIC OF TESLA ROAI}STERREGEI{ERATTVE BRAKING

lr
 ENERGY PRODUCTIOI'{

SHORT IIISTORY

The very fust enelgy source was the sun pricviding heat and light during the-day.
Later fire was discovered by a lighfiring sffike, producing another soulte of heat
and light.

Thousancls of yezus later we discovered that the wfurd could be harnessed, and we
began to use sails on our boats for transportation. Later we began {o use windmills
to tum wateiwheels for grinding grain.

Throughout history, we have made lots of discoveries using energy. Before 1850,
wood irur our rruio source of fuel for heating, cooking and producing steam for
powering steam engines for the raih-oads. Other sources of energy were water,
wind, coal and some manufactured natural gas-

Natural gas was used as early as 500 BC by the Chinese. They would find natural
gas leaking frorn the ground and use bpmboo to pipe the gas for use in boiling sea
water to remgve the salt.

Around 1816 manufacfured nahu'al gas, rnade frorn coal, was first used for street
Maryland.
lig'hts in Baltimore,
,

Froq about 1850 to L945, coal was the main fuel soutce. Wood was still an
impoitant energy source for heating as well as natural gas for lighting, but water
and wind were used less.

For most of the 1900s, oil and natural gas were our main fuel sources. Electricity
was used more in the late 1900s. Frorn about 1945 to the present, nuclear and
solar energy atong with water and wind have played a larger role in the production
of energy. Other alternative energy sources being used today are geothermal and
biomass. (https://cO3.apogee.net/contentplayer)
 IIMT 1

RENEWABLE ENERGY

a'
,{
1. Wlrat do you knorv about renervable euergy? Name a ferv types of it and tliscuss
which of them are non-pollutant, taking into account the following aspects:
- their sourcel
,1
- the way they are produced;
- their usage.
;,-,
i

2. Read the article and answer the following questions:

a. Which is one of the main air pollutants?

b- What is the short-term soh*ion to the world's energy needs?

c- Which would be the benefits of the renewable energy?

Power generation is a leading cause of air pollution and the single largest source ofU.S. global
warming emissions. Coal is the worst offender, a dirty energy source that produces less than
half of the world's electricity but nearly 80 percent of all power plant carbon emissions.
The good news is that coal is on the decline. Maoy old and inefficient coal plants are closing
down and essentially ro new coal plants are beingbuilt in the U.S., a trend that is driving thi
largest transformatiou of the U-S. elecricitysystem in half a certury

The energy choices made dtuing this pivotal moment will have huge consequences for our
health, climate, and our economy for decades to come.

Right uow, the world is moving toward a natural gas-dominated electricity system, but an over-
reliance on natural gas has significant risks and is not a long-term solution to our energy needs.
Like coal, it is a fossil fuel that generates substantial global warming emissions, and has other
health, environmental, and economic risks.

There's a better, cleaner way to meet our energyneeds. Renewable energy resources like wind
and solar power generate electricity with little or no pollution and global wanning emissions-
and could reliably and affordably provide up to 40 % ofU-S. electricity by 2030, and 80 % by
2050:"
.t
To create a cleaner, safer, and healthier energy future, ifs time to choose renewable5 first.

We need smart energy solutions that provide reliable and affordabte electricity, conhibute to a
strong ecotromy, and do not comproririse our health or oqr glimate. No singfe energy

I
r: .o
,o
 oftrs the greatest potential to move
The answer lies ilstead in a dinerse ffi€5r strategy&at
the couutqr toward a clean, sustainable enagr funre

Renewable enefgy is reliable, affordablq andbeneficiat

for lrealth; econo!1ly, and climate'
and lower bariers to its
Practical, cost-effective policies tbat promote renewable'enerry
electricity-st1nd1.ds, financial
adoptionare being zuppoited- These include strong renewable
incentives like clean tax credits, and invesnnent in a smarter electrical grid'
"o".gy
place' Improving the efficiency
If we use energy mofe efficiently, we need less of it in the first
p"i.;"ierr"r"tio*ulong with increased effrciency in buildings, appliances, and
"'t ""r jeri"I"r-tuo create siguificant energy savings that would allow us tb safely and
;h;#
reliably shut down dld, dirtypower plants. (httpl/www.ucstsa-org)

3. Match the terms (a-f) from the text with their definitions
(r.6):

'15 a.Ca,al' l. pollution (inclucling noise, heat, and radigtion) dischargecl inO the atmosphere

2. nanual fiiel formed in the geological past from the remains

of living
$ b. Natuat
gas organisms
{

c. Fossil fuel 3. gradual increase in the overall temperature

of tfue earth's atmosphene
t
,1 d- Emissions 4. elergy collected frorn resources naturally replenished on a human timescale
lastly into
5 e. global 5. foshil fuel formed when dead plant matter is converted
wafintng ,rtfrto.it"
L1f.reuewabIe6.fossi1frre1composeclalmostentirelyofmethane

i-
't

4. Complete the fotlowi4g text using ttre terms in exercise

3:

The United States currentlv relies heavily on '$t",.oil, and ";2ol

f:t iT order to
to
T:ql.,In
b1:iSruflr9a1tly reduced'
address .S:...,1fr".umount of heat-rfapping -..4... has
"ff..tiu"fy that will eventually dwindle'
..5.-. are oor-r"rr"*uble, that is, they draw on finite resources
In contrast, the many
t.""*i"g roo e*pensive or too environmentally damlglg to retrieve' constautly
as wind asd;lar energy-are replenished
t,rp.Ji"""*rbt;"r'gy..*urr"r-uoch
and will
never nm out.
comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or sotar
energy, can
M;J .,.;.lD..
;i.g.rly for heating and lighting homes and othgr buildings, for generating electricity,
;;;;
and for hot water r,"uti"g,IoUr and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
"itio[
5. Fut the following paragraphs in the logical order:

energy is the.fastest growilrg lource of electricity in the world - In20l2,

5

nearly 45,000
,. Wirra
r (i,iw) of new capacity were'initalled worldwide- This stauds as a l0 percent
"i"ga*^t
;;;J; i*ri additions'co-parea wfth 2011' { t

,*
t
b. Hamessing the wind is one of the cleanest, nrost sustainable u,ays to generate electricity.
Wind porvei prbduces no toxic emissions and none of the heat-trapping emissions tlrat
contribute to global.warming. This, and the fact that wind polver is one of the most abundant
and increasiugly cost-competitive energy resources, makes it a viable alternative fo the fossil
fuels that hann ou health ancl threaten the enviroruneni.

c. Thanks to its many benefits and sigrrificantly reducecl bosts, wind power is poised to play a
major role as we move toward a sustainable energy fllhrre.

d. The United States installed a record 13,351 MW of wind power in 2012, capable of
producing enougih electricity to power more than 3 million typical hornes. W{rile wind energy
accounted for jirst under four percent of US electricity geteration in 2012,it alreacly generates
more than 10 percent of the electricity in nine US states.

1. , 3. 4.
l^r) q) d'\ CJ

6. Match a line in the first column (a-e) with a line in the second column (1-5) so that the
sentences make sense:

a. Dealing with the variability ofwind on 1. as well as power plant and transrnission line
outaqes.
b. Grid operatorc must already adjust to 2. across a broad geographic area helps smooth
constant chanqes in electrjcitv dernand. out the variability of the resource.
c. They always need to keep power plants 3. need to respond to changes in wind ou ut at
in reserve to meet unexpected slrrges or each wind facility.
drops in demand,

d. As a restrlt, operators do not4. a large scale is by no means insurmountable

i
for electric utiliti es.
e. In addition, the wind is always 5. nrrning power plants on and off and varying
blowing somewhere, so distributing their output secoud-by-second as power use rises
wind turbines and falls.

7. In pairs, read a short history of the wind polver in the USA and give a title to each
paragraph.
Wind power is both old. and new. From the sailing ships of the ancient Greeks, to the grain
mills of pre-industrial Holland, to the latest high+ech wind trubines rising over the Miruresota
prairie, humans have rised the power of tlre wind for miilennia
l.

hr the United States, the original heyday of wind was berween 1870 and 1 930, when thousancls
of farmers across the c.ountry used wihd to pump water. Small electric wiud turbines were used
in rural afeas as far back as the I920s, and prototlpes of targer machines were built in the
I940s. When the New Deal brought grid-connected electricity to the countrysidE, hdlever,
windniills lost out.

10
 i.*\rr*huq;:= ffi.."rfuSk
' Interest in wind power was reborn drring *.gycrises of the 1970s. Research by the US
P.
Department of Energy (DOE) in fu tros--focyed on larg.. t rrbine designs,
wiU, runU;ng going
to major aerospace manufrcureru. While these 2- una :-VrW ,u".rrln.r pr*ed mostly
unsuccessful at the tirne, thqr did provide basic research on blacte design
orA .ogiri"ffi
principles. r

, The modern yin{ era began in Califomia in the 1980s. Betrveen lggl and 19g6, small
companies and entrepreneurs installed 15,000 medium-sizect turbines, proui,ling
power
for every resident of San Francisco. Pushed by the high cost of fossii fu"[,-;:;;.; ir-
"nough
o,,
nuclear powel, and concern aboutenvirortmenial degr;dation,
the ,tut. prori,l..f
to promote wind power. These, combined with federal tax inceutives,
tr*i*"rii"o
helped ,t *i"a inOurtry
take off. Afrer the ax credits exgir{,ii. 1985, wind po*., *niinu;'il;;;;:;irtiougt
"
slowly. Perhaps moie irnportant in slowing wind porier's growth *or tri"?..iine
,o.*
io-ross1 n er
prices that ocjgqred in the mid-1980s.

I l, rl, *r
ryk,fr
lower costs of production
ffi.-.",S,*, "r,,\--s, "rry#*,.J[, ffi ,.]]tP,l$ ., o
provided another boost for wiol oeuelop*.rirr,
about global riarming and tlre first Gulf war lead conj=r. io pur, "Joirl"n
.;;;;
,rr" Er;.-dffi;;;;;
l9?2.: comprehensi.ve e-nergy legislation that includeJ u ,r"* production mitr"ait for wind
and biomass electricity. However, shortly thereafter, the electric utility "u.g*'i"
rro"rtv
:lr:try]: l.T,u*iy.
than protected
restrucftrri,g, where.po*"r
rnonopolies. hrvestrnent in
r.,ppii"o*ou[t;;;;;;6;;1.* rather
new power plants of all kinds fell drastically,
especially for capital-intensive reuewable energrtechnoiogies like
wind. America,s Iargest
wind company, Kenetech, declared bankruptcyln 1995, a nI"ti^ of the
sudden stowaow,r. lt
wasn't until I99B thet rhe wind incrushy began to .*p.ri"n."
inln" urit"a
states, thanks in large part to federal tax incintives, siate-lev.t""*lrrrrrg;;;;i;
and incentives, and -_ beginning in 200 r
,rnu*ubi.
- - il.gy
-----or ;q;irements
^-'r-
rising fossil nrei prices.

While the wind industry grew substantially froni the early 2000's on, it
suffered from a bout of
P-:y1;?11'_:I_"t.r.dye-t9
a
thg on-again, off-again natirre of rederar
penod of unintemrpted federal support for wind began, which
r*
irar,i""* rn zooo,
growth.
led to severui y"u* ot.";;;
In other parts of the worlcl, particularly.in Europe, wind has hacl
more consistelt, long-tem
support' As a result, European countries are iurrently capable
of rneeting inore of their
electricity demands wind power with much rrr. runa area and resource pote,tial
4*:t*
compared with the United States. Denmark,,for example,
already meets about 30 percent of its
electricitv demand from wincr power. wind generatioo at.o ;;;".*"
the national power needs in Portugal, I3 p".""ot in keland,
f;;;;;; iifi""o, or
and I I percent in cennanly. Serious
commihnents to reducing global wanning emissions, lo"uf
d"rreloprnent, and the detennination
to avoid tuel imports havJbeen the priniary a.ir".rlr*irG;J;;;;ffi;;;;.*" -

8. Based on the previous text, choose the righ{ answer(s):

I
l. ln its heyday, the wind was used to pump
q.. oil
p water .l
'c. ore

t'

r----ir'- :- 1-
 started to be used in nual areas
2. Small electric wind turbines
a. in 1870s

6 in tgzot '
V:
3.InthelgS0s,thestateofCaliforniaprovidedtaxincentivestopromotewindpowerbecause
of
, il u ..oP"*ion of nuclear Power use
)6i;;;;" about environmeut ''
@ r*,
cost of fossil ftiels
of 1990s was
4. one of the consequences of
technology developnnent in the beginning
a. the lower cost of iossil fuel 1 '

i(ti il ir".".t" "r*rbine reiiabilitv

c. the iack ofincentives

5-oneoftheirnpulsesofwirrdpowerdevelopmentinEuropehasbeen
a. the EnergY,foticY Act of
1992 !

b. the concern for environment

fil the"o*mit*ent to reducing global warming emissioDs
\J
A .. ---^-.:.!^r
provided h.,
by the ahnrt
*ha hi
short history of wind powe{ (exercise 7) and
d-g). nasea on the infornaation
the situation of the wind power developrnent
,\ 1.\,
vwitrip.o* til'li-r1ffi':Lffil;;1;;
inthe{JsAandErrrope.Wherewasthisdevelopmentmoresustainableandwhy?

is trr Nordais wind famr

Pr" you know that the largest vertical axis wind lrrbine
of 3 I Mw
in capchat, eu"ur",tffiffiffi;; ;;;;;;f t ,, m and an installed capacitv

tl

:::,1:l i:::il:=
 ,English in Use

tr"' Provide the (regularfirreguter) comperathr or

snperlative forms of the adjectives in
italics:

l. Power generation tm$e sour.*of u-s. global warming emissions.

is the singre
2' Coal is the bad offender, a dirty enerBy source that produce s little than half
of the world,s
electriciry but nearly 80 percent of all power plant carbon emissions-
3. There's a good, clean way to meet our energy needs.
4. To create a safe and healthyenergy future, it's time to choose renewables
first.
5' We need smart energy solutions that provide rcliable and affirdable electnciry, and
contributsta asrrong economy. :
6' The answer lies instead in a diverseenergy strategy that offers the greatpoteltial
to mofe

7. It already generates ttuch than l0 percent of the electriciry in nine US states.

8. wind has had consisrertt, long-terin suppoft in Europe than in
USA.

t
2. Choose the correct answer:

l. The .. ...the material, the ..... insulation it provides.

a. tough - good b- tougher - gooder c. tough - best d. tougher - better

2. The .' .- the energy, the .. .. the influence over the bnvironment.
a. drry - high , b. dirtier - highesr c. dirtier - higher a. airry"i- rnore high

3' The ' . . land area and resource potential, the . . .. of their electricity
demands
-*- through
power do the European countries meet. :---- wind
a. lesser - much b. Iess - more c. liure most d. least
- - most

4' The " operated tlre project, the -. .. the difference in its_degree
- r..v*r'v'u'r rv!
' of environmental footprint.
a. better - bigger b. besr - biggest c. good - big
d. gooa _ [ige";

5.
Tlu ... the speed of the turbine, the .... is tfie cunentproduced by the genemtor.
a- high - quick b. higher - quicker c. high:st- q*.t ot -;.
ilfi;;i:il;'-'"^'
a. sooner -better b- soon-gooa c. soonest-best ;.;;o-t"tr.,

.:,.. .1 :: ..a:. -,:. :l

';:,|,
^--11..-,:"_ _.-_ - -i_--,-
I.INIT 2
THE HYDRqPowER RESOURCE

Consider the
1. In pairs, discuss the ailvantages and disadvantages of hydroPower.
following:
- the costs of dam construction, '
i

- the use of lakes;

- trafiral environment.

2. Read the following article {nd see if

you were right' '*

f9r thousands of year;,I:,13'

Humans have been capturing the energy of
moving
ryt9r known as hydroelectric power' .
harnessing the power oi*on-iog umter to
generate.electr.icity:
,"#;;;"ri;-i;;,";;rewable eLectricity in the Unitecl States and
is the largest
worldwide.

onEarth,waterisconstantlymovedaroundinvariousstates,lptgt":t,Fo11l::j1:
W*.i.nupJ*r"s t'om the oceans, f:qhq into clouds, falling movement
out as rarn
ir*Ii"iit "r.* All this
and sno*, eatheringl;to tdn-5 and rivers, and flowing baqk to the sea'
ffifi ;#;;;;;pportunitv to hamess usetul'energv-

gasses or other air pollutants' the

While hydropower generation {9es -got eooit global warminq-have
eryironmental and societal
construction and o"po"rio" of hydropower"proibcts
"ffi;q"";r th"t ;ili-.p*Jt, *n"r" tr,e p-ject is locatedandhow"it is operated-
'ry
cau emit- methaT, u p:Y"tful global
Dams that have flooded areas with live vegetation
example, the Tucurui daq1 in Brazil
warming gas, as *"i"ig*i" materialdecomios"s.$or
the trees--As the plants and trees began to
created a ."se*oiril #;;irf"*st before cle'aring
;ilil;;;;rd th;;-ys* of the *ut"t]kiliog offthe plants and fish in the water'
ifu
and released large quantities of methane'

Hydropower proJeots can reduce th9 flows in rivers downstream

if the upstream flows are
tapped behind i"."*"it ai't into c.anats that take tle water off stream to a
" "oJlot "tt"d temperahrres and degrade habitat
generation u*t. rowering the flows in a river can alter u/ater
for plants *a *i"iuir:lK;"* i" tlt river can also reduee oxygen levels which damage
water qualitY
to reach spawning grounds' In
Dams can also block the migration of fish that swim ryttt:q
ciiifornia, large dams nave tto*eA the migratioqo{ coho, chinook,
the pacific Nortfr*ot
""a grounds. ilhe uurnber ofsalmon
, Ha ,"ri# .;;;; fr;*the o.cea119 thJir upstream spawning
g0t/. ti"at the constuition of four dams on the lower
makiug the journef;p*"*, n"t fallen I
'sr"r.rijo.i. :' r

:.t
 c{ee reservuirs crn also eliminate areas where people Iive or grow
The floodiug of land to
crops" The Balbina damh Rre;|, for exmple, flooded 2,360 square kilomJters, an area the
size of Delaware. Population deosity is tlpically higher along rivers, leadi.ng to mass
, dislocation of urban ceoters Th Three C*rges Oam in China diilocatednearly i.Z *ittioo
people.

Wildtife habitats-destropd by reservoirs can be espdcially valgable. In South America, g0

percent of the hydroelectric potential is located in rain foresis, one of the most rich and diverse
ecosystems on Earth. The Rosana dam in Brazit destroyed one of the few remaining habitats
of the black-lion tanrarin, a rare and beautiful species oilong-haired monkey.

While hydropbwer operations can cause negative environmental impacts, th. *ry a project is
operated cad make a big difference in its-degre" of 'environm.*.ii'i"lrpiior. 'r.;".r,
ruanage flow releases from dams to enslue ttrere ls euough water in the river to support native "*
species. Flows can also be scheduled to mimic oatu.ai flow patterns, which hip ransport
sediment and mirnic biological cues that would have been pro',rid.d Uv in" ,u*rui fio* .iJ.
Retrofitting darns with fish passage equipment apd even rernoving dams in some key river
reaches can greatly improve access to upsfream h&itat.

Advances in 'fish-friendly' turbines and improved data collection tecfuiiqges to incr-ease the
effectiveness of fish passage technologies cre'ate excitin! n"*Lpporhmiti;;'i;tt iyaropo*",
lndustry- If constructed and operated in a manner that mininri2ss " and cultural
environmental
impacts, hydropower projects can provide low-cost, clean sources of electricity to-urUao urrO
rural areas throughout the world. (http://www.ucsusa.org)

3- Based on the information provided by the text, answer the following questions:

a. What is hydrologic cycle?

b. How do hydropower projects influence the plants' and anirnals, habitat?
c What inrpact does the flooding of land havJon people? i

d. what species of morkey was (estroyed by the Rosana Dam? How? ,

e. How can,the negLtive environmentai impict be reduced? :

4. Decide whether the next sentences are true (T) or false (F):

a. The largest source of emissious-free, renewable electricity worldwicle is solar power.

r-"-
b. Rain provides an_engrmous opportunity to harness usefuienergy.
c" Dams that have flooded areas with live vegetation can emit *Jtir*..
d. Decreasing the river flow can alter water tempemtures.
e" Reservoirs cannot destroy wildlife habiats.

5. Match each of the follorving paragraphs with the right picture:

a. In order to generate blectricity from the lrinetic energy jn movilg *"t"r,
the water has to
move with sufficient speed and volume ro so-in a prope[Ir-like deviJe cail#
u *.Uirq *hl;;
.in hrrl loLltes a generaror to generate abtriciry-'R":"*ly.p;rkid,;;;;il, p*
second falling onq hufldred feet can generate one nowitt of eiectrici"ty.. To i,irr*.."ri".r.,
ifr. volun:e
of moving water, iinpoundruents or dams are ud to collirt the watJr'. a" ope"i"g,l, tn. Oup

15
 uses gravityto dtop water down a pipe catled a perrstock. The moving water- causes the turbine
to spin, which causes magpets inside a geuerator to rotate and create electricity.

with a runner (the tuming part of a turbine)

b- The Kaplan turbine is similar to a boat propeller,
that has three to six blades and can provide up tb 400 MW of power. The Kaplan turbine is
differentiatecl from other kinds of hydropower hrrbines because its performance can be
inrproved by changing the pitch of the blades.

c. The Francis nubine bas a rumrer with nine or mote fixed vanes. ln this turbine design, wliich
can bd up to 800 MW in size, the runner blades direct the water bo that it moves in an axial
flow.
I,

d. The Pelton turbine consists of a set of specially shaped buckets that are mountecl on the
outside of a circqlar disc, making it look sin'lilar to a water wheel. Peltonturbines are typically
used in trigh hydraulic head sites aud can be as large a.s 200 MW.

e. Hydropower can also be generated without dam, through a process known_as run-of-the-
I
river. In this case, the volume and speed of water is not augmented by a dam. Instead, a run-
of-river project spins the turbine blades by capturing the kinetic energy of the moving water in
the rivei- itydropower projects that have Oa*r control when electriciry is generated
"oo
because the damsian coot ot the timing and flow of the water reachilrg the turbines. Thercfore,
these projects can choose to genemte power when it is most needed and most valuable to tbe
grid. Because run-of-river projects do not store water behind dams, they have much less ability
t control the amount and timing of when electricity is generated.

f. Another tlpe of hydrorpower technology is called pumped storage. In a pumped storage plant,
water is pumped fiom a lower reservoir to a higher reservoir during off-peak times when
electricity is relatively cheap, using electricity generated from other types of energy sources.
Pumping the water uphill creates the potential.to generate hydropower later on. When the
into the lower reservoir through turbines. Inevitably,
^po*"r is needed^, it is released back
hvdropoier
ro." is [ost, but pumped storage systems can be up to 80 percent efficient. There is
more than 9O CW 6f pumped storage capacity worldwide,.with about 20 percent of
"u11"otly
that in the United States. The need to create storage resources to captue and store for later use
the generation from high penetrations of variable renewable energy (e.g. wind and solar) could
increase interest in building new pumped storage projects.

1. 2.
faaafii$hrt lnar "
sdrd.{.cddv,
uuild.{ytohonl{
0d isrhdrr
Orm!t{s vda(
.

P6tsl(.cul6
stu to 0rr llilinE

bT $16 tuilindrlo
'glnsrlG d.ddoly

Tatino! -rmadby
lhe lfre d lh. rtt.,
flt lh.i' bltd6

L6

tI
 4.

lnmfireil

@
Nozzr'
iiir
----s--^:.-'>'-'-L---::-:-_-
_-i _-=_-i_-_:
=-- -s_-_-
=i=i;_+Ei=ii huioffil
F{ow lt Works

6"

the gaps of the following definitions with the

9.T:lll"energ), turbtne,
rttt'teitc
terrns in irarics:
geilctalor, penstock, propeller,infitner,
vale, hydraulic heads

1" " ' " ' provicle an indicition of' the direction of groturdwater flow. and is used to
,determire hydraulicgradieuts. (i

-r,+:; ,li " -.: '.''.

. .:
:
f ,,;. - _._ -_.-l,.: :" . :,:,, .=::

' r
,;,,':,
"':.:.':'.s."i. -
:
j I

. ..,.'::...:-===:ijr:.fi i!,{
 -F

b. ...... is the energy of motiou, observable as the movemert of an objec! particle, or set of
particles.
c. ....--. is a channel or.pipe for conveying water to a hydroelectric stationu watenvheel"
d. ........is a machine for producilg continuous Bower in which a wheel or rot{n, typically fitted
with va[es, is made to revolve by a fast-moving flow of water, steam, gas, qtr, or other fluid.
e. .. -.. -is ]a broad blade attached to a rotating axis or wheel which pushes or h pushed by wind
or water and fonns part of a machine or device such as a windmill, propeller, or turbine.
f- ---.-. is a device that.converts motive power (mechauical energy) into elctrical power for
use in an external circuit.
g. In hydraulic turbines, the blades are also called
the casing and comes in contact with it.
h. .-..-..ishmechanical devibe forpropelling a boatoraircraft, consistingofa revolving'shaft

7. In pairs, choose one of the hydropower technology type and presentit in front of the
ctasi

8. Read fhe following text. Some sentences have been taken out and listedbclow. Put them
back in the right place.

In 2011, hydropowerprovided 16 percent of the world's electricity, second ody to fossil fuels.
Worldwide capacity in 2011 was 950 gigawatts (GW), witb?4o/o in China,:87o in the United
States, andDYo'inBrazit. Globally,hydroelectriccapacity...l.... tr

IntheUnitedStates,..-2....,from56GWofinstalledcapacityin1970tomdrethan78GlUin
2}ll. However, as a percentage of total U.S. electricity generation, it has fallen from 127o in
1980 to 7Yo in 2Ol2,largely. . .3 . . .
Since hydropower depends on rivers and streams for generation,....4... across the country. For
example, the Pacific Northwest (Oregon and Washingtron) generates more than 1q,re.1foirds of
itselectricityfromhydroelecticdams....-5....ofthelargestdamsintheworld, witha capacity
of more tban 6,750 megawatts (MW).

a. the potential to use hydropower as a source of electricity varies l

b. The Grand Coulee dam on the Columbia River in Washington is one

c. as a result of the rapid growth in natural gas power plants and other renewable energy
teehnologies such as wind and solar

d. hydropower has grorvn steadily

e. has more than doubled since 1970.

.i_a
9. Match the symbols in cotrumn A with the operators in column B:

A B
a. + 1. oorver/exuonent/index
b. 2- uarentheses
 * 3. multiplication
d. I 4. subtraction
e. 5. division
f. o 6. addition

10. Using most of the previeudy idetrdEed operators eonvert anl the per"cerits mentio*erl
irr exercise 8 to fractions, describing dI three steps of the process.

d5
c-- Do you know that fre largest hydroel6ctric plant in the world is rhe Tlrree Gorles
Dam in C hina? It has a generating capacrty of 22,500 rnegawatts (MW)"

19.
 ENERGY TRANSMISSION

SHORT HISTORY
hr the earlydays ofelectric powerusage, widespread h'ansrnission ofeiectricpower haj
fwo obstacles. First, devices requiring different voltages required specialired generators
with theil own separate lines. Steet lightq, electric motols in factories, power for
sfieetcars and lights in homes arc examples of the diversity of devices with voltages
requiring separate systems. Secondly, generators had to be relatively near their loads (a
rnile or less for low voltage devices). It was kmown that long distance transmission was
possible the higtrer the voltage was raised, so both problems could be solved if
transforming voltages could be cheaply performed fi-om a single universal power liue.
Muchrof early electricity was diiect cuffent, which could not easily be increased or
decrcased in voltage either for long-distance transmission or for sharing a common line
to be used with rnultiple tyires of elech'ic devices. Companies sirnply ran different lines
for the different classes of loads their inventions recluired, for example, Charles Brush's
New York arrc lamp systems required up to l0 kV for many larnps in a series
circuit, Edison's incandescentliglie used I l0V, streetcars built by Siemens or Sprague rcquiretl
large motors in the 500 voltrange.
High voltage was of interest to early researchers working on the problem of
transmission over {istance. They knew from elementary elecficity principle that the
same amount of power could be transfer:rd on a cable by doubling the voltage and ,

halving the cument. Due to Joule's Law, they also knerv that the capacity of a wire is
proportional to the square of the curent traveling on it, regardless the voltage, and so
by doubling the voltage, the same cable would be capable of transmitting the same
amorurt ofpower four times the distance.
Availability of large amounts of power fi'oni diverse locations would become possible
after Charles Parcons'production of tui'bogenerators beginning 1889- Turbogenerator
output quicklyjurnped frorn 100 kW to 25 megawaffs in two decades. Priorto effrcient
turbogenerators, hydroelect'ic projects were a significant source of large amounts of
power requiring transmission infrastrucfuire.
The concept that is the basis of modern transmission using inexpensive step up and step
down transformers was first irnplernented by Westinghouse, Wiltiam Stauley,
Jr. and Franklin Leonard Pope in 1886 in Great Ban'ington, Massachusetts, resofiing
also to
Eutopean technology. In
1888 Westinghouse also licensed Nikola
Tesla's induction motor patent giving AC a rnuch needed usable motor.
The rapid indushialization in the 20th ceutury nnade electrical &ansmission lines and
grids a critical part of *re economic infi'astructure in most industrialized nations.
. Interconnectiou of local generation plants and small di5tribution networks was greatly
ipured by the rcquirernents of Woild War I, where large electrical generating planis
were built by governments to prrivide power to rnuuitions factories; iater thesi plants

"
were conndcfed to
supply civil
load through long-distance transmission.
Qrtps://euwikipedia. org/)
 ll.

T]NIT 3

A NE,W TYPE OF SUPERCONDUCTTVITY

1. In pairs, answer aO. r*o.r*qrestions'

*. In how many ways ern cnergr be transmitted?
you know?
b. What is conduci'vity? How many types of conductivity do
, c. What is suPercordnctivitY?
I d. Which materials can be conductors? d

2. Read the afticle and m*ke a list of the main ideas from each paragrdph:

One of the ultimate goals of ruodem physics is to untock the

of superconductivity, where
power
has been slow' bgt
etectricity flows with zero resistance at room temperature.. Progress
a superconductor
pt yri"istr have jgst made an unexpected breakthrough. They've discovered
it door to a whole world of
iUut *o.t in a way no one's b""o before - and opens the
"r"i

In other words, they've identified a brand-new type of supercondu-ctivity' W[ry does that
the way it
matter? Well, whenilectricity normally flows through a material - for-example,
;;; wires in the wall when we switch on a light - it's fast but surprisingly
ft.b"'gh
ineffective.

the way, losing

Electricity is carried by electrons, which bump into atoms_iu the material along
resistance, it's ttre
**" .irir"lr energy each time they have one of these cpllisions. Known assome materials are
,ruuool*ly .tectlaty g{ds lose ip totNof their electricity. But when
- pair up, and
ilii"d i#Jf""f"rlrfv *fa ternperaaues, something else happeus the electrons
begin to flow orderly withotrt resistance.
ifi. t known as sr.ri"rconductivity" and it has incredible potential to revolutionize our world,
making our electronics unimaginably more efficient'

The good news is we've f,ound the phenomenon in many materials :9 fut'. In fact'
stperloncl.,ctivity is already used to the strong magnetic Frelds inJvIRI machines and
"r.ut. to
origt"u trains. TLe bad news is that it cunently reqUirgs expensive an{ bulky. equipment
k 6 th" snperconductors cold enough to achieve this phenomenon - so it rernains impractical
for broader use.

Now researchers led by ttre University of Maryland have observed a -n:w type of
Not only does
superco.nductivity when probing an exoticmaterial at super cool temperatures-
actually
tnis rype of superconOuctivity'appear in an unexpected material, the phengmenon
pairings weVe seen
;;;; io r.ty o" elecrron interactitns that are profoundly different &om the
have. 'l I
to date. gnj Urat meahs\pe have no idea what kind of potential it might t

bv a
To pnclerstand the difference, you need toknrcwthatthewav "tiT:"^::1t]1t-::-1'*:1tef
to as
quantum property calle<l'spill.-[n regular supercondtctors, electrons'carry a spin leferied
l/2. B;ut in this particular rr,raterial, known as YPtBi. the team found &at something else was
going on - the electrons appear to have a spin of 3/2.

"No oue had really thouglrt that this was possible in sbUd materials," explains physicist aud
senior author Johnpierre Paglione. "High-spin states in individual atoms are possible but once
you put the atoms together in a solid, these states usually break apart and you end up with spin
one-half.rr '

YPtBi was first discovered to be a superconductor a couple of years ago, and that in itself was
a surprise, because the material doesnt actually fit one of the main criteria - being a relatively
good conductor, with a lot of mobile elecfious, at normal temperatures. According to
conventional theory, YPtBi would ueed about a thousand times more mobile electrons in order
to become superconducting at temperatures below 0.8 Kelvin. But when researchers cooled the
material down, they saw superconductivity happening anyway. To figure out what was going
on, the latest study lookqd at the way the material interacted with maguetic fields to &et a sense
of exactly whatwas goingon inside.
{ -

What they found was odd - as the material wdrmecl up from absolute zero, the amount that a
magnetic field could penetrate the nraterial increased linearly instead of exponentially, which
is what is nonnally seen with strperconductors. After running a series of measurements and
calculations, the researchers concluded that the best explanation for what was going on was
that the electrons must have been disguised as particles with higher spin - something that wasn't
even considered as a possibility for a superconductor before.

While tlris new tlpe of superconductivity still requires incred.ibly cold tempemfires for now,
*We
the discovery gives the eutire field a whole new direition. used to be confined to pairing
with spin onJlraH particles," says Iead author Hyunsoo Kim. "But if we start .oorid.rirg
higher spin, then the landscape of this superconducting research expands and just gets more
interesting.'

This is incredibly early days, and there's still a lot we have to tearn about exactly what's going
on here. . t

But the fact that we have a brand new type of superconductivity to test and measure, adding a
cool new breakthrough to the 100 years of ttris tlpe of research, is pretty exciting. "When you
have this high'spin pairing, what's the glue thrt holds these pairs together?" says
Paglione."There are some ideas of what might be happening, but fundarnental questions
remain-which makes it even more fascinating.' (www-sciencealert.com)

3. Answer the following qrrestions, having in mind the information provided by the text:

L Howis the newly-discovered type of superconductivity different from the traditional one?
2. Where is superconductivity aheady used?
3. What does YPtBi stand for?
4. What happeus to the elecfions when the material is chilled close to extremely low
temperatures?
5. Why does this new type of supeiconductivity remain.impractical for broader use?

't

23

|., : . r, i:r :t::i'i i.,- l_ii::

 .'t

, 4. Find in the text yo|[ t'Erc..tft &et nean the foilowing:

a.aquantumpropertyulhictffifrcrhewaytteelectrons.intemct;
electic current'tfuough a conductor;
u *.uror" of the aim*rty tD pass an
* ". eleetricity, found in all atoms and acting
d. astable s*batomicp"td.fidfoachrgeofnegative
;; il;timary carrierof defihitv in'solids;
smallestconstihrentmitofordinarymatter thathas the properties of a chemical elemrcnt'
e. the

5. FilI in the gaps witt e suit*ble word:

wperconductors, eleclrons, cottiding resislance' kinetic ":"-O.

exactly zero elecfricql ";1'' and expulgion of rnagnetic
-Superconductivity is a phenomenon gf
flux fields occurringi in certain matlirials, ',, called'--2'.. , when cooted below
L

c#a"tetittic critical temperature'

a fluid of ,"3-" ' moving across
In a normal conductor, an electric current may be visualized-as
a heavy ionic laffice- The elecrons are **t*tfy
.. .4 . . '.w!th the io-ns in the llttice' and during

each collision some oifu canied by the cu*ent is.absorbed by the lattice and converted
, "o.rg1, lattice ions. As a result, the energy
into heat, which is-"ssentiaUy in" uiUtatioral....5-..of the
by the curent is constantly being dissipated'
"".ti"d

6.Readthefollowingfragmurtsandarrangetheminalogicalorderwhereaisthefrrst
one:

resistance of a sample of soge material is to

a. The simplest methodto mdasurq the electrical
source land measure the
place it in "r.i"r"ia"i- "lt*it i" series Yith a current salde gtvet bv0hm's
I"r"r,irgr"lr"g" l;;;;; th"'t*qpr.. The resistancg of the is zero'is
il;li : Y /i.If th6 vottage is zeio, this means that the resistance

as a fluid of electrons moving

b. In a normal conductor, an electric current may be visualized
;;;;;&;"i":rutti"". The electrons are constantly colliding with the ions in ihe lattice,
some of the energy canied Ui tn: gurref is absort:ed by
the lattice
;;JdrG *Uiri* lattice ions'
uoa
"u"n
a into neat, which is essential[i the vibrational kinetic eneJsq of th9
-energy
being dissipated' This is the
ar-u"oo"Jn
,"r"f,, the carried by the ctirrent is constantly
il";;;d of electri-cal resistanci and Jotrle heating'
-
c. The sinration'is different in a supercondtrctor' In a conventional suPerconductor' the
Tnstead, it.. consists of
;i.;;;'-fl;id- camrot be resolved into individual is causedbyau attractive
electrons.
force
boundpair.s of electrons known as cooper n-airs Thi3airing
between electrons fi'onf the e*change^ofihonoos' Due
toquantunl mlharuys' th,.energy
e;"p"r'p.i. n"ia.fossesses dnenerg) gap, meaning therg is a miui,rum
;#;;irhtr order to excite the fluid.
tni-ust be supplie.d f .
"lrr"i, "r"r"rgy
d. Superconductolslariialso abll to maintain a current witF
no aPPlied voltage whatsoever' a
. sgperconducting electromagngq such as those foud in
I rnachines-
li,,q: nrlsvvr:rv
;r"d;-pf"*J* I

24

.t
 Experiments have demonstrated that currents in superconducting coils can persist for years
without any measurable degradation. Experimental evidence points to a curent lifetime of at
least 100,000 years. Theoretical esrimates for the lifetime of a persistent crrn'ent can exceed the
estimated lifetime of the universe, depending on the wire geometry and the temperature. In
practice, curenfs injected in superconducting coils have persistei for more than 22 years in
supercmducting gravimeters. In such instrurnents, the nreasurement principle is based on.the
monitofing of the leviation of a superconductiu! niobium sphere of mass 4 grams.

e. In a class of superconductors known as tlpe II superconductors, including all kuown high-

temperahue superconductors, an extremely low but nonzero resistivity appears at temperafures
not too far below the nominal superconducting transition when an electric current is applied in
conjunction with a strong inagnetic field, which may be caused by the electric current.'This is
due to the motion of magnetic vortices in the electronic superfluid, which dissipates some of
tbe energy carried by the current. lf the current is sufficiently small, the vortices are stationary,
and the resistivity vanishes. The resistancp due to this effect is tiny compared with that of non-
superconducting materials but must be taken into aqcount in sensitive experirnents. However,
as the temperature decreases far enough below the nominal superconducting transition, these
vortices can become frozen into a disordered but stationary phase known as a "vortex glass".
Below this vortex glass transition teurperature, the resistance of the material becomes truly
zeto.

I 2 3 4 5
A

{l

7. Based on the information provided by the text in exercise 6 and internet, in pairs
prepare a short presentation about superconductors taking into account their types,
usage and history

8. Create groups' choose two paragraphs of the following text each, and translate them
into English:

In cazul racirii [a temperanrri extrem de scazute, temperaturi apropiate de zero absolut

(aproxirnativ -273"C),rezistenta conductorilor electrici scade la zero. Trebuie inteles faptul ca
supraconductibilitatea nu este o extensie a tendintei conductorilor de pierdere a rezistentei cg
descresterea temperaflirii, ci reprezinta o modificare cuantica brusca a rezistivitatii de la o
valoare finita la zero. Un material supraconductor prezinta o rezistenta electrica de exact 0 f),
nu doar o valoare foarte mica.

Nu este inca inteles exact motivul pentru care materialele supraconductoare se comporta in
acest fel. Una diuhe teorii sustine ca elechonii se deplase aza ingrupuri (gfupuri Cooper) prin .
,
conductor si nu individual cum este cazul deplasarii nornrale i. rt.rt5ol"iltr; acest lu ii *
avea o lega'fura directa cu deplasarea lor fara fr".*". Este interesant de'mentionat faptuica si
in cazul fluidelor exista un fenomen simi!61, denurriit suprafluiditate, re4rltand intr-o crugere
fara frecare a moleculelor, in special in cazui heliului lichid. , .

l.*:S=*::. :
 r
:;Tff:,'X#'.:"*a?I*:'*" t 'ffiil,compl.er '" *,T::"il::i:t:i::::*:i':i,"i:.fi:
-.t- i0'&;- c"'p""**
[:,i:::i,1"?':HHi"J#ff#;;;";;"''"1';ry:r::t:::1"::?,"":1il:'1ii"'"T:::
ina, ate
sau bobina,' ale caror
*" ffi'J;'"#"# ry:.1"1 ^:::1".::*",*
::'XJ["'fu [""ffi ,"H#ILH;;;"'.""?;conductorilor1':-::i""::]lilI3i'"1;,li
;1,',::'?"J::i"%';:"#tr".;*r:1:t"*:*tg"i"i'i.iXiil1,X',ff;,tifJ#i::
scazura datorita problemelor irrtarnpinate
cu mentmerea
XdH ffi;;#;.;i.-Ja"
de scazute'
tempetaturilor exfiem

pragul de temperatura la care materialul trece din faza

de conductibilitate normala la
critica.
supraconductiuir,tat", po,,ta-n.om'le
a" t"-p"'un* 9: tranzitie, sau temperatu.a de
t'utoitit se situeaza *.,^-r,,li":*i zero
Fenhu supracouduptorii,,clasici", tt*p"*tiIu'a" camerei' sau cel putin
ar tebui sa fiinctioneze la temperatura
absohrt. Ideal, *n ,*prulo"a*oor
io.lir;;;; rnentinuta ou echipamente de racire
la o ternper"n ru ,rr6.iJo, a. -ri6.utu"
relativ ieftine' . '

gDid you.know that superconductiviry was discovered by Duteh.seientist Heike

Kamerlinghonnesatl,eidenUniversity?Around4p.m'onAprit8,t9l1'hecooledmercury resistivity' He
instruments suddenly measured zero
to 4,19 degrces Kelvin and found his
the Nobel prize in
plysics for this accomplishment two years later'
received

26
--

English in Use

Horv shoukl one assemble the parts of a solar panel? Rewrite the following seltences as
instructions using needl't, shonkl and must:
r

a. Make sure to buy extras. These cells are extretnely fragile.

b. Cells can most easilybe bought ouline through websites.
c. It rnay be necessary to clean wax off of the cells, if the mauufacturer ships them in wax. To
do this, dip them in hot, but not boiling, water.

2 Measure and cut a backing board.

a. You witl need a thin board made out of a non-conductive material, such as glass, plastic, or
wood, to attach the cells to. ,
b. Iay out the cells in the imangement you will use, then measure the dimensions and cut a
board to that size. ,
c. lrave an extra inth or two at both ends of the board. This space will be used'for the wires
ttat connect the rows together.
d. Wood is a nrore backing material to choose because it's easier to drill through.
"o*on
You'll need to drill holes in it for the cell wires to pass tlu'ough
t

3. Measure and cut all of your tabbing wire.

When yog look at your polycrystaltine cells, you'Il see a large number of small lines going in
one direction (the lcng diEtance) and two larger lines golng in the other direction (thp short
distance). a. You will need to connrcct tabbing wiie to run down the fwo larger lines and connect
to the back of the next cell in the array-
b. Measure the length of that larger line, double the length, and then cut two pieces for each
cell.

4. Flux the work area. 1 :

.. u5ing" n".;;,;2-3 lines of flux down tlie length of each cell strip, or group of three
squates.
b. Make sure to do this on the back of the cells. This will keep the heat of the soldering from
causing oxidation

5. Solder the tabbing

a.Useasolderingirontomeltathincoatofso1derontothebackofthecelIsrips.
b" This step is ooLr""o*ary if you purchase pre-soldered tabbing, which is often a better option
because it cuts time in hal! heats up the cells only once, and Wastes less solder.

6. Bond the wire to the cells.

a. Heat the first half of a piece of tabbing wire with'4 soldering iron.
b. Then bond the wire's en4 to a ce[[, Repeat this bonding process for each cell.

r{tr

'27
 r
TiNIT 4

LONG DISTANCE.WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION ,

':
most because your
1. Has ever happened toyou to remain phoneless when you needed
it
mobile died on you and yo,, fido't have the charger on?
wouldn't you have triked to be
able to wirelessly charge your phone? In pairs, ttrinl of a
way to solve the problem'

2. r. pairs, read the following article and answer tti. qo"rtioo.,

a.WlratgxperimentdidtheJapanAerospaceExplorationAgencyworkon?
b- Who was their Partner?
c. What is rectenna technologY? {
a. Wn"t applications can this tdchnology have?

grail for gadgets, devices and

Long-distance wiieless charging rnay be somethilrg of a holy
making it reality, making '
electric vehicles, Uuiiopuo"J" .lseai"hers ut" a tt"p closer toward
*ir$rr po**, iec"ptioo anteunas that draw power &om space-based solar anays'
energy for electrical power' For
Man-made satqllites have long since been able to harness solar
instance, thelnternationat S[ace Stationhas four solar zu'TYs to.power-its systems' But
redirecting stored .oiu. down to Earth, with its trnpredictable weather, is technically
daunting.
"oo!y

According.totheJapanAerospaceExplorationAgency({{lll,rnicrowaveswouldw.orkgygl
MiSubishi
if the weather is bad, and the agetrcy last year Y;tk:q with Japanese conglomerate
"with pinpoint accuracl/'to a
oI1uo experiment that successftilly transmitted 1.8 kilowatts
-receiving irntenna (rectenna) 55 meters awaJ. using carefully directed
microwaves, reported IEEE Spec lrum.
near
ei ,n comiinea Exhibition of Advauced rechnologies (cEATEc) show held recently
technology' These
iokyo, Japan Space iystems (J Space Systems) showed off its "rectenna"
"flat, which has
are wireless po*", reception antinnas tuned to the 5.8GHz frequency,
50 meters' It successfully
successfrrlly managed to transmit power over a distance of about
delivered 1.g kilowatts into an anteina that measured l 2 meters
_square
ancl managed to harvest
meters by 2.3 meters, according to a report
340 watts out from a receiver anteilm that was 2.6
kom CIO.
power trausrnission(WPT)
The rectenna arrays showr at CEATEC are part of ground wireless
Spice Systeml for an annbitious project called Space
laboratory testingbeing conducted by J
the past fewyears, has been developing
Solar Poier Syqtem (fSpS). J Space Sysiems, ov-er
S$ta ;r an aliernative future euergy resource with the support of the Japanese.govetnment's
fofgff (The Ministry ofEcono-y, i*d", andlndus(y) and JAXA. JVl"n built,.the
SSPS solar
by
o*u,, i.e desigljto consist of 'u lrrg. power generation/transmission panel suspended
of the
mrrtii-tettr., *]r., fro* " bus systbm above the panel- Th9 lnner surface mounts
generatio,/transrnission panel is covered with solar celb, and the lowe-r suttace
' il.;ilg pfrur"a u*ay antenna elements and solar cells," according to J Space Systems'
Japanese scientists continue to develop more efficient arrays q/ith minimal transmission losses.
Orbiting solar arrays, like the SSPS spacecraft, could be many years down the line due to
several teclnical and financial hudles. "It will take significant time and effiort to overcome the
many hurclles on the pathway to the realization of the solar space power systen," says Japan's

But even the incremental teclurologies - such as "rectennas" - supporting that grand vision,
could prove usefirl sooner.

These microwave antennas or similar advanced technology could be ttsecl "at short range to
deld power around factories, enabling machines, sensorc,'and workstations to be easily
reconfigured without having to run new power catles," writes CIO's Martyn Williams.
,'Another potential application sees balloons being used to send power down to areas hit by
natural disasters where electric power is ont,,while the technolory could also be used to send
power up frorn the ground to a drone or sirnilar object to keep it
in the air."
(www.rfglobalnet.com) ',

3. Match the terms in italics with the explanations:

Solar cell, array, reclenna, lelher, system bus, microwave

a. a special type of antenna used to convert electromagnetic energy into DC electricity

b- a rope or chain usEd to tie, especially an animal, to a post or other fixed place, so that it
-d',r" fieely within a srnall aiea
"un
c. a linked collection of solar modules
d. a single computer bus connecting the major components of a compiler system and
combiningthe functions of a data transmission, address and control
e. a device converting solar radiation into electricity
f. an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength in the range 0.001-{.3 m

4. Identify the elements of the Space Solar Power System in the following image using the
terms in exercise 3:
 -F

4. What do you rtink ifu Jepa.nesc words in the picfuire could rnean? Match the terms irt
italics to the numbers and e4rtrain the process.

powet'grids, solm pxvr sotellite, rectenna, microwave beam, pilot signal

2
3
4
5
5. Combine the words in column A (a-d with one word of column B (1-7):

A B
a. lons-distance wireless 1. antennas
b. power receDtion 2. arravs
c. soace-baseil solar 3- nanel
d- man+nade 4. svstenr
e. wireless power 5. transmission
f. eeneration/transmi ssion 6. satellites
s- solar sDace Dower 7. chareine

6. Match the English terms (a-f) with their Romanian correspondents (1.6):

a. Solarcell l. retea de energie electricE

b. arrav 2- nanou de transrnisie
c. power grid 3. fascicul de microunde
d, transmission panel 4. retea
e. svstem bus 5. celuld solarE
f. microwave beam 6. sistem de maeishale de date

7. The previous text rnentions technicatr and financial hurdles. trn groups discrss about
the possible technicatr hurdtres that could appear and find solutions. Present them to the
class.

8. Put the parngraphs of the following article in the logicatr order:

a. Other, longer-range power frinsrrrission ideas also rely on rectennae. David Criswell of the
Utiversity of f,Ior$ton has proposed the use of microwaves to transruit electqicity to Earth from
solar power stqtiorrs on the moon. Tens of thousands of receivers on Eartli would.capture this
energy, and recteilrae u,ould cotrr,e* it to electricit/.

30
b. Rectifoing atrtennae are cenh'al to many wireless power ftansmission theories. They zue
usually rnade of an array of dipole antennae, which have positive and negative poles. These
autennae comect to semiconductor diodes. Here's what happens:

b. The secretto the SHARP's long flight tirne was a large, groturd-based microwave ffansmitter.
The SHAM's circular flight path kept it in range of this fiansnritter. A large, disc-
shaped rectifuing anteirna, or rectenna, just behind the plane's wings changed the microwave
energy from the transmitter into direct-curent (DC) electricity. Because of the microwaves'
intemction with the recterura, the SHARP had a constant power suppty as long as it was in
rauge of a functioning microwave array.

d..1. Microwaves, which are part of theelectrouaagnetic spectrurn, reach the dipole
antennae.
2. The antennae collect the microwave energy and transmit it to the diodes.
3. The diodes act like switches that pre op"n or closed as well as turnstiles that let electrons
flo#in only one direction. They direct the electrous to the rectenira's circuitry.
4. The circuitry routes the electrons to the parts and systems that need theru.

e. In the 1980s, Canada's Communications Research Centre created a small airplane that could
run offpower beamed frorn the Earth. The unmannedplane, called the Stationary lligh-Altitude
Relay Platforrn (SH{RP), was designed as a comruunications relay. Rather flying from point
to point, the SIIARP could fly in circles two kilometers in diarneter at an altitude of about 13
miles (21 kilorneters). Most importantly, the aircraft could fly for months at a time.

f. Microwaves pass'through the atmosphere easily, and rectennae rectifu microwaves

into electricity very efficiently. In addition, Earth-based rectennae could be constructed with a
mesh-like framework, allowing the sun and rain to reach the ground underueaJh and
minimizing the environmental impact. Such a setup could provide a clean source of
power. (https:#electronics.howstufftvorks.com/everyday-tech/wireless-power3.htm)

9. Based on the information in the previous text draw the diagram of a rectenna.

G5
F- Did you know that Nikola Tesla was the first to demonstrate the wireless
hansmission of power and high frequency energy? He did it at Columbia College, New York
in 1891.

ftttps :(wwwiiser. orgl)

,

{r
 EI\TERGTSTORAGE

SHORT HISTORY '

rt
i'

The energy present at the initiat formation of the universe is stored in stars such as
the Sun, and is used by hunrans directty e.g. through solar heating or sur tanning, or
indirectly e.g. by growing crqlsr burning coal or wood, consuuring photosynthesized ,

plants or conversion into elecuipity in solar cells. r

In 1800 an Italian named Alessandro Volta developed the first battery that produced a
reliable, steady cur:rent of electricity. He used alternating discs of zinc, copper, aud
pieces of cardboard soaked in brine. It is from Alessandro Volta that the electrical term
ivolt" wa,s derived.

Before batteries, it was known that electricity could be stored statically. Experimenters
learned that an electrical charge could be stored between two sheets of metal that wete
positioned close to each other. This sort of device has taken many forms over the years
and has had several names. It was first invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist in 1745 and
was lnown as a Leyden Jar. This.and other forms of the device later'became known as
condensers because.electricity was incorrcctly imagined by some experimenters to be a
type of liquid thqt oould be condensed, as water sr alcohol can be condensed with a still.
The device later became known as the capacitor, a term that is used today.

The historical problem with using a capacitor as a soutce for electrical energy has been
that the static electricity in the capacitor could only be used all at once in one short
powerful shock. There was no way to release electrons from a capacitor very slowly
and gradually as a battery releases thetn, tmtil recently.

Today's technology might soon make practical other means to store and release
electrons. Electrical storage technology and nanotechnology seem to be on merging
paths. Nanotechnology is a catch-all description of activities that deal with exfiemely
small structures and objects with dimensions generally in the range of 0-l nanometers
to 100 nanometers. One nanometer (rrn) is one billionth of a meter. A hydrogen atom
has a diameter of aboutlll} nrn. A human hair is about 75,000 nm in diameter-

Otrgrid electricaluse was a niche markef in the twentieth centuiy, but in the twenty
first cenfliry it has expanded. Portable devices are in use all over the world. Solar panels
are now a common sight in the rurai settings worldwide. Access to electricity is uow a
question of economics, not location. Powering transportation without buming ftiel,
however, remains in development. Gttr/iwww.cahecple.ca.gov/) :
 IIMT 5

BATTERIES
::.
1.Why do you thinh we need batteries?
What kind-of batteries do you usually buy?
How do You choose them?
{

2.rnpairs,readthefollowingtext-ana:"u.:"marn]|eas'":*n*euoot1:
They Plovide polable' convenient sources of
. Batteries have been with us for a long timp'
-----
energy for powerin-g rs without wires or *UfL. Battery setection
devict- stioutd be based upon

factors such as application, cost' conventence'

re'
charse abilitv and tavailability'
-
battery?
Wn-rt it a primary battery? What is a secondary
-
st likelv found in a drugstore, whereas secondar5t batteries
are not
if want to t:-:r?JffiI;t#l'?";
g.o"t'uttv f"""d lnere rrlt up the hood of vour car vou
s"""JiJ"ylatt";; ; d"r6;l;9"
cn"ig"d and discharged repeatedlv manv times' (For
y-our car') Pri11ry 9utt"tii1 are designed to be used
instance, every time you stai and drive
oofy ffiy a" -yU"i"J"rl"" OoiJf po*"r so quickty in poaable devices?'
oio
{ w-eieht Those who design}:t^"-*':::;T:"T:l
thJse devices are faced
b. Summed rlp in one word, the answer 1s
witn'diffrcu1t^decisions.H;;;;.makethJdevicehave[ongoperatingtime,yetkeepthe
more energy to makJit-last longer' but will the
weight down? A bigger b;,t*;iia=t* 'what If the competition
has
rnarket stand for the uacJ-*ligntz p.:* comp-etition {oing?
rinio--io"Lr Nickel'metal Hvdride, then thev are
,*i ;f;i;;;;;;.;ilil;;il;;,y, batteries, which may not be easily :

forcing the customer to usehore expenslvlleplacement

' 'rced. A specialy
repla *orra tur. io be inctuded-with the product for these
d"d;J;l-Jo
specialty batteries, T9 dttr* ,i -*"
dt flice of tlre product even more' And these
;;
;Gually i"trr"n*e"aute witl uoy ih*gtts the customer may already have'
=1lin*
"h.r;;J
br***T'i-^lL'"fff'T::Hil'i,ilir',
the batteries to your digital czunera, your
MP3 p-layer,lor your radio,
c' rhe Poy?r slrnli,ed
wan-hours. Are you
mud;fi"d iy dJ ii*"
the,power flows, equ:ls a certain numbel
"r
r

or apartment thatregisters the number of

familiar.with the elecffic oririrv *o"rooig* house
Kilowatt-hours you and y"* or"r ru" utility tt et, uittt you for the quantity of energy
i;tlt
don't ,tot. po*"t, they store ercrgy' When you buy
a
Gil*att-hours) that you use. BattJries colt{ns,ind at a premium price if the technologv
t""i.y V" *" p"rt"g f#"-;;;;tit
ffi;# il;;6i""Iw ana therefoie it is lighter than expected.

depends not only upon its weight and volume'

d. The amount of energy stored in a given.battery
ofihe iattery. For instance, you can count on any
b,t also upon the -ut"ri#uil;#,*"ir"
*ituiiitauout + times the energy of the old-fashioned carbon-
brand of alkaline batt".v to'ilJ"
+ t ,i""[;r"rl. ino*" uun"ri"r are stiil areund iq packages tabeled "heavy autv" lI
"ur[oo-ri*

,. e. I' high-drain applications such as toyd, cameras, aud"CD players, carbon-zine batteries will ' t

.a
yield ouly a little rnore then a qBilEr of fut quarter, or rouglrly 10% of the alkaliue erergy-
tnir figro" is frequently quoted rrbem coryarisons are made in battery coruuercials on TV-
.This riew improved battery lasts I0 times longer thm ordinary batteries." Guess what kind
of ordinary butt"ry they are comparingit b! (htps//en-wikipedia.org/wiki/Etectric-battery)

3. Ansrver the following questions

a battery?
a. Which are the factors that should be aken into consideration when choosing

b. What are primary and secondarybatteries? Where can each of thern be used?

c. What does the amount of energy stored in a batterydepend upon?

t

4. Give each paragraph of the previous text a title.

5. lVlatch the ternns in itatics with the parts of'the baftery's diagrann.

Zinc cdt, positive eleclrode, electrolyte, carbon rod

6. Describe how the battery in the picture works.

7.What are the differences and similarities between the two types of batteries developed
by Edison and Jungner and Berg? Read and complete the table below. ,

Thomas Edison developed an alkaline cell with iron as the anode material O and nickel oxide
as the cathode rnaterial (+)- The electrotyte used was potassium h.Vdro.xl{e, the same as in
modern nickel-cadmiurn and alkaline batteries. The cells were well suited to industrial and
,railroad use. They survivedbeingovercharged slls6aininguncharged for longperiods oftime.
their voltage (1 io 1.35 volts) was aT indication oftheir state'of charge.

Independently.of Edisou's work, Jung.ner and Berg in Sweden developed the nickel-cadmiun
,cell. Insteaa lf *re iron used in the Edison ce!, they used'cadmirun, with the resuit that it
operated better at low temperatur$, self{ischarged itse$t9 a.lesser degree than the Eclison
 I

at..a much;r,edr$ raE' In a different

format
cell, and eould be trickle-char-ged, 1-- "Fl*"a sold-
;il;;g -h. ,"*" y, ii"la-oadmiim cells are still made and
"n"*irt
' Alkaline cell NiCa cetl
i
Anode

Cathode

Electrolyte

Advantages

g. Read the following text and put the missing sentences bnct
in the right place' !

HowbigabatteryisrequiredtgblPsup.ply"]"'*,Il"iwattsroreighthours(orSmillion to
Redox Battery system 1""""'According
wans for I hour)? riJlit.or a va*diloti liters
information strpptied by VRB Power-Systeis,
V;;.9Y1'.* ni, fquid
storage of
-space
400'0O0
is required to hold the
of electrolyte i, ,"qoilJa. in"i
.r
"aafuo"Ji,
io rsgz. area of

batterycellstacksand-thepowercolve5sionsystem.,..2.....ThesystemisbasedoneDprgy
storage in two aifrr"It ,f"il"lyt" *f*tio"t,
*ii.t *" *ua" up ti ditott sutphuric acid and

emulsified vanaaiuml#;;.'iil
p".titi* *" stored P ryg tants' one for the positive

elecuolyte,....3.....f-["ttoliquidsit pu-ptat"opposi.tesidesofhalf-cellsseparatedbya
membrane. In large irr"U"ii"ti, tn" are 'Atsased on the direction of
iatef' t
""if"ttitf.t
to recharge the electrclytes-
current flow, -..5. . --ot use applied power

a. to convert ftom DC power to AC power

c. at 50,kW each

d. the cells eitherProduce Power,

and on" for the negative electrolyte

".

9. Translate the text from exercise 7 into

Romanian'
10. Match a sentence in cotrmr A (l-O with s sentence in column B (a-e) so that they
make sense:

A B
l. Recalls of devices usng Lithium-ion a. that this t51pe uses "liquid electrolytes to
batteries tanspgrt lithiurn ions between the anode and
the cathode
2" This is in response to b. reported accidents and failures,
occasionallv i snition or explosion.
3. An expert summary of the problem c. it can cause a sholt circuit, leading to
indicates \
explosions and fires".

4. If a battery cell is charged too quickly, d. not only upon its weigtrrt and volume, bult
also upon the materials and construction of
the batterv.
5. The amount of energy stored in a given e., have become more cornmon in recent
battery deuends vears.

11. In no more than 100 words describe a battery you would Iike to design.

ffi
e Dia you know that white consrmcting a railyay in 1936 near Baghdacl, workers
uncovered what appeared to be a preirisioric battery, also known as the Parthian Battery? The
object dates back to the Parthian ernpire and is betieved to be 2,000 years old, The battery
consisted of a clay jar that was filled with a vinegar solution into which an iron rod surrounded
by a copper cyliuder was inserted. This device produced 1.1 to 2.0 volts of elecnicity.

37

'a q
 -F

English in Use

I,FilIinthegapsofthefoIlorvingtextwrt[onIyoneword:
i

A battery explosion is generallycaused ...1 ...*-uisuse or malfunction, such ..2..auernpting to

recharge a primary (non-rechargeable) battery, .. .3...a short circuit.
When a battery is rechar-ged ...4:.. an excessive rate, an explosive gas
mixture..-5...hydrogenandoxygenmay be produced faster ...6...it can escape from
.."7...the battery (e.g. through a built-in vent), leading to presstre build-up and evenmal
bursting ...8...the battery case. ...9...exfteme'cases, battery chetnicals may spray violently
from the casing and cause inj"ry. Overcharging - that is, attempting to charge a battery beyond
its electrical capacity - can also lead...l0...a battery explosion, in addition to leakage
. . . I 1. - -irreversible damage. It rnay also cause d4rnage to the charger or device jn which the

overcharged battery is latir used.

Car batteries are most likely to explode when a short-circuit generates very large cuments. Such
batteries produce hydrogen, which is very explosive, wben they are overcharged (because
...12..-electrolysisof the water in the electrolyte). -..l3...normal use, the amount of
overcharging is usually very small and generates little hydrogen, which dissipates quickly.
Howwer, when "jrrmp starting" a car, the high current can cause the rapid retease of large
volumes of hydrogen, which can be igtrited explosively -..14...a nearby spark, e.g. when
disconnecting a jumper cable.
Disposingofabatteryviainciuerationmaycausganexplosion...15...steambuildsupwithin
the sealed case.

2. Change the following sentences so that they express c&use and purpose, adding
can/could where necessary:

a.
,,
Utilities have started gathering larger-format batteries in fanns to draw energy frorn the grid.
b. The pressurized air isieleased----often with a small amount of natural g*-ti po*r, turbines
or generators, producing electricity.
c. Advanced Rail Energy Storage has devised a system that draws energy froni the grid to push
a train of weighted cars uphill
'When
d. demand spikes, the cars are sent downhill, sending power back to the grid by using
the huning power of the wheels on each car to generate electricity
e. Flywheels are discs or cylinders that spin on an axis in a frictionless enclosure to store power
in the form of kinetic energy.
f. The spinning can be slowed to release energy to the grid.
g. A 32-megawatt-hou lithium-ion battery facility in Tehachapi is treated as a "demonstration
project" to evaluate its potential for integrating renewable energy from wind and solar into the
grid.
h. They draw energy from the gridwhen supply outpaces demand.
i. Lithium-ion batteries wgre introduced more than trnro decades ago to power consumer
products- ,
^

38

:.- :; : ,- i' _'r,

 UNM6

.VIABLE ALTERIYATTVES TO FOSSIL FTIBLS

I
I

l.What meairs of electrfoit5r storege do you knory? fn pairs, discuss about 2 of them taking
into account their environmental impacL

2. Read the next article about 4'ways of storing energ:y and choose the one you like best- I
. . l.
I

Grid-scale storage may be revolutionizing the market for clean energy. For years, dreams of
a bright green future fueled by clean sources of renewable energy have been tempered by the
inconvenient reality of their intermittency- The sun doesn't always shine, of course, and the
wind doesn't ahVays blow, making it hard for rhem to consistently feed the lriA Ulaialt of us
count oq to reliably deliver energy at the flip of a switch-
,'
a. Cornpressed-Air Energy Storage

Wind energy is used to power compressors that inject air at high pressure into large
underground'chambers. When demand peaks and the wind flags, th6 presstuized air is
released--often with a small amourt of natural gas-to power turbines or generators,
producing electricity. The first such plant opened in Gmrauy in 1978.

But that may at last b6 changing. From a set of enormous caveflls in a salt fonnation southwest
of Satt Lake Ciry to Califomia's Tehachapi Mountains, experiments in mass-scale energy
storage holdthe promise to fundamentally restrape tbe way energy is produced and consumdd.

b. Advanced Rail Energy Storage

Based in Santa Barbara, California, Advanced Rail Energy Storage has devised a system that
draws energy from the grid to push a train of weighted cars,uptrill. When demand spikbs, the
cars zue sent downhill, sending power back to the grid by using the turning power of the wheels
oneachcartogenerateetectri"city--_J------9-_----._..or
The storage movement appears to be gathering momentum. The consulting firm Navigant
reported last year that 9I grid-scale energy storage systems, with a collective capacity of
nearly 363 megawatts, were launched or announced befween January l,z}l3,and Siptember
30,2014. Like many efforts to slow the pace of climate change, the shift toward storage is
being driven by California, where Govemor Jerry Brown signed a law in 2011 mandating-that
the state generate 33 percent of its electricity from renewabies by2020.The Catifornia p-uUlic
Utilities Commission followed that in 2013 by ordering its investor-owned utilities to install
[,32*5 ruegawatts of storage, also by2O20.

t'
Flywheels are discs or cylinders that spin on an axis in a frictionless enclosure to store power
in the forrn of kinepic energy. When demand for power'rGes, the spinning can.be slowed to
release energy to the grid. The advantaires of flyrheel storage include long life and low
mamtenaxce.
.' , 4

39 ., ' t l-.
A
e ., 1
l
l

. - 'a :-_:l
 lf,1 +.
i.

Eclison, the state's secondlargest trtiliry

made
That explains why Southeru Califorlia It signecl
headlines in 2014 wirh a pair of bold
*o""r,no, uoo .ip to u carculated bet on siorage'
iutgt oid"t relative to its sbare of the l'325-
contracts for 264 megarvatts of storrg.-u
megawatr mandate-ioJii ,rou"it"d-o
li-^"Ei*^ot,]r lithitrm-ion bauery facilitvfori,
in.pait to eval*ate its potential
Tehachapi that it is treated as a "dentonstratio."project," grid'
;;;g#; r",i"*rurt from wind and solar i,to the :
"oergv

d. Lithium-Ion Battery Storage

than two decades ago to power sotlsllmer prodgcts'
Lithiglr-ion batteries were introduced morc in faflns'to draw
started gutl"tins.lorger-fJrmat batteries
More recently, though, utilities have
E.*ut ain",lispatch'it back m the systern whe,
energy from the gria wllen supply ourpu"".
it is ileded rnost-
of renewables'
*we thiDk energy storage will be abig part of the solution" to tlie inteflnittency
uiliry' "'We're at the fofefront of it because our
says Ddvid Song, u'liot"rrroo foiine we can meet those
oustorners a'd our h*X;k"rt;;ffi.a-i,
orri and we want to make sure

U"*onO. and meet those chaltenges'"

5

dispatched to the grid during periods of

peak
If energy from renewables can be stored and more cost-effective and simpler to scale'
J.**i, solar and wind wotrld become
(https://www -dwel1-conn)

3.Ma(chtlrefollorvingpictureswithtlrefourrneansofenergys$orage.
2.

3.
 4. Find rvords/expressions fu fu ted rhet mean the sarne as the follorving:
a. to begin to be more popular and effecrir-e;
b. a sharp i,crease in &e maguinde ot conce.ntration of sornething;
c' a collection of methods used to store electrical energy on a large scale within an electrical
power
gnd; -
d. an enterprise concemed wift the provision to the public of essentials, such as electricity,
water
and nahrral gas;
e. operational and functional checks, servicir& repafing or replacing
of devices, equiprrent,
machinery etc.
f" a rnachine used to supply air or other gas at increased pressure

5' Loolt at the pichrres in exercise 3 and describe hory each of the
four energy storage
technologies work
't"

,^
5' Take a Iook at the following picfure wllich can also be a nreans
of electrieity sterage.
Say what it is and explain howit works naming its parts.
,

7. Read the follorvingtext some sentences have been taken out and listed below. Fut
them back in the right place.

To the nofth, fou companies-Pathfinder Renewable Wi,d Energy,

Magnum Energy,
Dresser-Rand' and the Duke-American Transmission
co.-have teamed up on ...1...by way of
four cavemous stomge chau:bers, each aboutlhe s,zeoftle
r*pir" stut* n*ifaiog, iiit *orfa
be carved into underground salt formations about 130
mites soittrwest of Salt ra"te city. rerr
Meyer,...z.".,describestheproject-ararge-scareversion"f*h;;;;L;*;'rrTffir;r;;;-
qo
'r vvut
air energy plant-as a Hoover Dam for the-ztst centuqr.
"We had sorne California utilities s,avinc,- 'Yor can really'help solve the
big problem of
intenniffency,"' he says, "and they /oirtJA us in the dire"tion
of the salt domes in Millard
County, Utal\aud they just happened.to be next to the southern
Transmissibn systern line.
You plrt all tliese pieces togetlier ...3..'.to deliver consistgnt po*".
to a very large *rarket.!,
 behind
For Lin, of the Global Energy Storage Altiance, these projects, and the investments
planners use to maintain,
them, are sigus that storage "is going to .. .4. " .that utitities and grid
plan, expand, and optimize thegrid."

,,It,s not the only toOl," She says, "but it's a very valuable Dew one. They're always jOing to
-
nu* *rg'y thpy'ti always do demand response-prograrus " ' 5 ' ' 'of peak
"ffri"o.y,
denaird. iut tt is is oow a ieally neiiUte asset that can rnake all of the above
operate in
greater harntonY."

a" nranaging partner at Pathfincle r

to dre Los
b. an $8 billion plan to move energy from a pioposed wind faml.in Wyorning
A:rgeles atea
c. become a standard part of the tool kit
use dtlring
d. tlat offer financialincentives to large energy consuuers to cut electricity
'periods , ' ' i

i. ana you have a verry cheap way, if you think about it,

.8. Ansrven the following questions to the prevlous text: ,

a. Why did tbe four companies team up? ,

b. What was the $8 billion plan about?

c. What was the Uigg"ti pJlrlem to be solved?
d. where was the compressed-air energy plant meant to be built?
e. How does Lin chatacterize the whole project?
f" Why is the Project so imPortant? '

9. According to what you lcnow about Romania which of the four means of eaergy storage
would yo, i*pt"*ent and where? trn pairs, irnagine you set up a utility plant using the
,.rp".tio* pieie of technology and describe how you worrld do it.

d)
E-po you know that the state of Califomia offers the highest numter of subsidies in
storage is
the USA for tUe implemen6tion of energy storage? For instance, since 2009 energy
being considered fior Self-Generation Incentive Program (SGIP) subsidies. 2412, henerry
,tor"g" accounted for 84Yo of applications for sGIP subsidies.

42

r. r:=,aq
4-rir--1
 EITERGT RECOVERY

SIIORT TISTORY
Energy recovery from the comhrstim of municipal solid waste is a key part of the loh-
hazardous waste management hierarrchy, which ranks various rnanagement shategies
fi'om most to least environmtally preferred. Energy recovery ra.nks below .oul.."
reduction and recycling/reuse brut above teatmenf and disposal. Confiled and
contlolled'buming, kno*o ur combustion, can not orly J..r*;ih" fime of solid
waste deStined for landfills, but can also recover energy hom the liaste burning process.
This generates a renewable energy source and reduces carbon emissions by oifsetting
the need for energy from fossil sources and reduces methane generation fi.orn landfills.
At an MSVy' combustion facility, MSW is unloaded from coflection trucks and placed
in a trash storage bunker. An overhead crane sorts the waste and then lifts it into a
combustion chamber to be bur:red. The heat released florn burning converts water to
steam, which is then sent to a turbine generator to produce electricity. {

The remaining ash is collected and taken to a laildfill where a high-efficiency baghouse
filtering system capturcs particulates. As the gas stream tavels through these filters,
more than 99.percent of particulate matter is removed. Captured fly ash particles frll
into hoppers (funne[-shaped receptacles) and are nansported by an enclosid conveyor
system. to the ash discharger. They are then wetted to prevent dust and mixed rldth the
bottom ash fi'om the grate. The facility transports the ash residue to an enclosed building
wherc it is loaded ioto .or"r"d leak-prooi t u.k, ancl taken ;"; il;ll a-.rig.a to
protect against groundwater contamination. Ash residue from the fiunace can be
processed for removal of recyclable scr-ap metals.

The-first incinerator in the United States was built in 1885 ofi Govemors Island in New
Io$,.\Y. nv the mid-20th century hundreds ori*i""**.-;;; in the
United States, but little was known about the environmental impacti "n.r.*i""
of the water
discharges and air emissions frorn these incinerators until the 1960s. When the Clean
Air Act (CAA) came into effect in 1970, existing incineration facilities faced new
standards that banned the uncontrolled buming of MSW and placed restrictions on
particulate emissions. The facilities that did noiinstall the techn^ology needed to meet

Combustion of MSW grew in the 1980s. By the early 1990s, the United States
combusted more than 15 percent of all MSU/. The majority of non-hazardous waste
incineratorc wete recoveting energy by this time and had installed polfurtion control
ggliprnent. With the newlyrecognized threats posed by mercury and dioxiir emissions,
EFA enacted the Maximum Achievable Cmhol Technology (MACT) regutrations in the
i990s. As a result, most existing facilities had tobe r"t ofiiied *ittr uf pittutiorlooo.ot .
systerys or shqt down. @ftps://www.epa.gov) - .

'
t _. o ., .
 UNIT 7

TURITING TRASH INTO LOW-CARBON TREASURE

t,

L. Imagine there are nd other energy resources on Earth but garbage (remember the
.movie Woll-e?). Horv would you obtain electricity from it? Work in pairs and come up
witlr,at least one solution. Present it to the class.
tl

2. Im pnirs, read the follorving article and write the main ideas of eaeh paragraph in your

What happens to garbage when you thr oy it away? In the United States, two-thirds of our trash
end up in landfills-over 150 noillion totrs every year. About half of that waste comes fiom
food scraps and other organic rnaterials, producing methane and other greenhogse gases as it
decomposes. The pollution adds up: recent data suggest that waste management is the third
Iargest contributor of U.S. methane emissioqs, following the energy and agricultural sectors.

But methane isn't just a greenhouse gas-it's also an energy-dense fuel tlat, as a resource,
we're wasting. With the right investments, the organic waste could be isolated before it enters
landfills, then capflue the resulting methane. Sewage and wastewater treatrnent can also be
optimized for methane production. Once recor&red, this clean, low-carbon "biomethane" can
be readity used for electricity, heating, and transportation. U.S. waste-derived biomethane
could produce nearly 4.5 billion gasoline equivalent gallons of fuel annually-enough energy
for 10.4 million cars or 13.7 million homes.
.

Though regions and resources differ, the United States currently only captures and uses about
18 percent of.its total,biomethane potential. Increasing.that percentagi will reqgire smart,
forward-looking policies that recognize the valuable potential of our waste streams-isolating
organic waste, generating energy, and composting wfiat's left or turning it into fertilizer.

EV
Our perception of transportation fuel is changing. There are nearly 300,000 electric vehicles
(EV$ on the road today, and when the electricity used to power these vehicles comes from
clean resources, EVs can operate nearlyemissions-free. Using waste-derivedbiogas to generate
electricity is a win-win: by helping to displace fossil-based natural gas, it makes the electricity
grid cleaner, and as more EVs and plug-in hybrid vehicles become available, a cleaner grid wiil
offer a cleaner transportation sector as well.
In July 2014 the EPA acknowledged these benefits when it finatized, its Pathways tr rule
rnaking, designating biogas derived electricity ag both a renewable and cellulosic biofirel. This
determination will allow biogas-derived electricity used in the transportation sector to receive
bioftel cqdits called renewable identification numbers (RIN$ ,od", the Renewabl'e'Fuet
' Standatd; one RIN is equivalent to one ethanol gallon eciuivalenf of filel, based on energy
cotrtent.' These RlNs essentially represent'the envfuonLrental attibutes' of biogas-dedved

t'
 electricity' Estimates indicaEihryftygomiltionRINs could
be generared annuallyfrom
waste-derived biogas-abor tub fu anxmot generared frorn
biigas-a"ri*o CNG and
LNG-based on cumulativE Ev salcs ad areragavMT (vehicle mile"s
travel.ii autu i, tt,
United States.
I

since RINs are only generatd for biogas&ived elecricity

used in fhe tuansportation sector,
the valud of RINs can benefit ttu biogas idusry *a pro*ot";"-.il#;i*#cture; it
may also be trauslated into a financial inceffi\re for prospective
EV buyers. The specific
regulatory Box 2- The Potential for Powuing Electric Carswith
rrastr ta-"*o* La uun
work so far to finalize these"
apportiomnent approach has not yet been fully established, u.,iin"
details shows that the EPA istaking i4portant steps to include
"ro."
Fuel staudard. CurrentlY_, more than 9o percent orn *".t -o..ir"d
tiot .il;ffi;ewable
is used to generate electricrty(EPA 2015d). Although" fhe
biogas a-#i].i
"o1".t electricity
amount of biogas-derived
is currently greater than demand for electricity by tn" trrirpo;;r#-;;;;;,
,h" EFA,s
determinatign would support expanded ,erecrricirr demand
(hnps://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicre#beuer-biofuelsAiomethu,o.-"o"rgyj
ii ;;;r;;;tfn sector.

3. Answer the following questions:

a. How iruch trash reaches the landfills and where does it co,ne fro*'?
b. what can be done with methane so that it becomes useful?
c. How much of its biomethane potential does the USA
use?
t *
d. What can the clean, low-carbon biomethane be used
for?
e. What can the waste-derived biogas be used for?

f' What is RIN and how much could be annually generated from waste-derived
biogas?

.:
4. Look the following words up in the dictionary and write
their definitions:

45
 T
Sewage

- in
5. Based on the inforrnation in the previonns article explain the whole process presented
the following diagram-
t

Follutlon Control SYrrm

ooooo
i{ttrooGo Mcrcury Add6cs Frrdculrm Pgfudolt
t-iiriil- dDbdi Ecrtrov&l Ranovtl Control
nrtovlt nrmovrl sfrt m Srs.m Tlrt
SysBn Syrcm

14til€grwrtt
ElGdrtdy/

o1
Fhe
Gm:r J
Tlpplng llrll Stonge
r.-r Bunl(er
tutr ConveyorPlcft
Landfill

-{

-t

.tr
 6. Fill in the gaps with tre fcnmirgrords
vaporizes, municipal, startt4t, edfiw, elatda,fiiel, emission-fi.ee, s)rygas, conveyer,
matler

There is value in trasFif

you cen dnlock iL That's what this facility in noftheru Oregon is
desigued to do. Run by a -..1..-called 54 Energy Solutions, it's the first commgrcial pi"ant in
the US to use plasrira gasification to cdnvert -..2..-household garbage into gas products like
hydrogen and carton monoxidg which cm in turB be bumed as ...3...or sold to indusky for
other applications. (Hydrogea for example, is used to make arimronia and fertilizers.)

-Here's how it works: The household waste delivered into this hangar will get sluedded, then
, travel via .-.4.". to the top of a large ranlc kom there it hlls intoa frunace that's heaied to
1,500 degrees Fahrenheit and mixes with oxygfl and steam. Tbe resulting chemical reaction
-..5...75 to 85 percent ofthe waste, transforming it into a blend of gases known as ...6... (so
called because they can be used to create synthetic nahral gas). The syngds ispiped out of the
system and segregated. The remaining substances, still chemically intact, descend into a second
vessel that's roughly the size of a Volkswagen Beetle

This ...7... mhkes the one above sound lukewarm by comparison. Inside, two ...8... aimed
toward the middle of the vessel createan electric *"ihut, ut ig,ooo d"grr.r, is almost as hot
as ligtrtning. This intense, sustained enbrgy becomes so hot that it transforms materials into
iheir constituent atomic elements. The reactions ake ptace ar more than2,700 degrees, which
meatrs this isn't incineration-this is ...9... mole"rl;r;;;;;.,,.tioo.
1in" .;;i;"unt of
waste material that survives falls to the bottom of the charnber, where it's- trapped
' -'rr - - in
glass that later hardens into inert blocks.)
- molten

The seemjngly sci-fi transformation occurs because the trash is blasted apart by plasrna-the
forgotten-stepsister state of ...10.... Plasma is like gas in that you orio* it. But
becatse. "*'igrip
heat ionizes some atoms (adding o, ,ubt u"ting
:*tt:T.
conductivity, it behaves in ways that are distinct from gas.
e-leltroos;, causing

. 1,

7. Explain how high-powered plasma turns garbage into gas.

8. Some words have been faken out from the following definitions. Put them back What
parts ofdefinition do they belong to: a. term b. category c. characteristics?
slarlup, cauldron, conduclor, mechonical appararus, waste 4)pe, gas mixlure, mass

a. Municipal waste isa...-........consistingofeverydayitemsthatare discardedbythepublic.

yer a fire.
c. Matldr is any substaace that has ..... -- and takes up space by havin! vohme.
,

d. A ... . is an entrepreneurial venture ttat aims to meet a marketplace need.

e. An electrode is a ....... through which eleclicity etrters or leaves an object, substance, or

regloP.
,
 f. Syngas is a firel . consisting primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and very often
some carton dioxide.

g. Aconveyerisa..-.......... formovingarticlesorbulkmaterialfromplace toplaceasbyan

receptacles.
l

I
endless movingbeit or a chain'of : '
aa
I
;,

i'
9. To burn or to bury? Give your opinion in writing (= 150 rvords) taking into account

. the environmental impact

(t

r\4-
tci i
E- Do you know that plastics have numbers on the bottom of them to help
recyclers identit, which t5rpe of ptastic the item is made out ofl This helps them use
the plastic for the right purpose.
 English in Use

1.' Finish the sentences m ttat ecy rryress a condition:

The o,ganic waste could be isolated before entering landfrlls if ... -. -... ...
1. t-

b. The low-carbon "biomelhane- ould harrc been used foi electriciry, heating, and
transportation on the condition that---....... :

c. Had they isolated the organic wasE, . ..;. .. ....

'd.IftlreetectricityusedtopowerthesevehiclescomesfrorncIeanresoutces,
e. The electricity grid would be cleaner if.

f. 90 million RINs could be generated annually if... -. ..

$. The seemingly sci-fi transfonnation of materials into their constituent atomic elements

2.Put the followimg sentences in the passive voice:

a. Elech'ic cars used rpgenerative braking since the earliest experiments.

$. The driver had to flip switches between various operational modes. The Baker Electric
Runabout and the Owen Magnetic used many switches and modes controlled by an expensive

"black box" or "drum switch" as part of their elechical system.

c. In England, John S. Raworth's Traction Patents 1903-1908 intmduced the ,'automatic
regenerative control" to tramway operators offering them economic andpperational
benefits.
d. The Baku-Tbilisi-Batumi railway (Trans Caucasus or Georgian railway) started utilizing
regenerative braking in the early 1930s.

e. Many modem hybrid and elechic vehicles use this technique to extend the range
of the
battery pack, especially those using an AC drive train (most earlier designs used DC power).

f. Tn t$g6 the Sprague Electrie Raitway & Motor Company, fouuded by Frank J. Sprague,
introduced two important inventions: a constaut-sped non-sparkingmotor with fixed
brushes,
and regenerative braking.

g. These fwo locomotives ran the steam water over the resistor packs,
as opposed to air cooling
 TJNIT 8

TI{E MAGIC OF TESLA ROADSTER REGENERATIYE BRAKtr.{G

1. In four groups, discuss the followiug topics:

a. qpes of recovery energy and the way they work

b. the waythq haditional braking systen works

l

c. automatic'braking sYstems
d. the type ofbraking Starman would need to safely land on Mars

2. Read the article looking for answers to the following qrtestions:

a. What is regen and why is lt called that way?

b. why should kinetic energy be recovered and how ryruch is indeed recovered?

c. How efficient is this sYstem?

d. How does the regenerative brakingwork?

e. Which would be tfie goals and restrictions of the regenerative

braking usage?

f- What future do you think this system has?

a. In a battery-powered electric vehicle, fegenerative braking (al1 c{ed regen) is the

convetsion of ihi venicle's kinetic energy into chemical euergy stored
in th9 battery, where it
to slow the vehicle. It
can be used later to drive the vehicle. It is brakingbecause it also
serves

is regenerative because the energy is recaptured in the battery where

it can be used again.

the vehicle
The kinetic energy stored in a moving vehicle is related to the mass and speed 9f
by the equation i: yzmvz.:Nl else being equal, if your oar is twice as heavy it has twice the
kinetic energy and if it is moving twice as ftst it has four times the kinetic energy. Any time
go somewhere' kt's-take
your car sloivs down the kinetic energy stored in the vehicle has to
consumed by the rolling
a toot at where this energy goes. There is always some kinetic energy
resistance, mechanical ftittiot , and aerodynamics of your car' These
bits of enerry into
9o
heating the road, the surrounding air, and various spinning parts in
your car' But the vast
majori-ty of the kingtie energy is converted into heat by your brake
pads wheu ypu- stomr
91
tl" UrJf..r. In the tesh Roadster, regenerative braking r€covers some enelgy that would
otherwise have been wasted in the brakes-
a

The.amount of
b. Unfortunately, tlie adage nrileage mayvart''
'!our
"ppii.,
to regen
1 we[,
;,og; yoo rogra, J.p.iar on low and where yiru drive. Flof th9 poryer,train point of
"rr
Ju,iit"foo*s pretry gooa. The .anergy conversion efficienciep from to electical
, :l:mical
{l

-*
 (battery), DC current to AC cuureu(nrcrer) electrical to
mechanical (motor), and torque to
force (transmission and u&eels) ae a[ quie high and workjusr as
efficiently,;;;;g energy
into the battery. The bigger prohbs is aerod5mamic losies and highe*p;;;;:;T;;ut
friction of the tires. These borhu b slov rte car, but the ;
airriput"J *nnot be
recovered' we must also rersnber thg eraen though rn" "r"rg:y iun.?-ilffi;;ersion
efiiciency is pretsr good (up b sr,.hor s), the energy turi;l;.;#;;";.
-;k.";
and it gets converted twice for a m e,ffciency of at most goyo * go%:
uri""
e+io.-

c' Due to the simplicity of the AC induction motor's single moving part,
the Tesla Roadster
does not experience braking of a r-aditionat iuternal combustiou engine
f" "os,.r"."omp1ession
(ICE). lnstead, the afv-ay.ed algoriih-s in the mot]or controller gi;"1;;;;r""
motor torque fotbbth driving and regenerative braking. A torque ""ri.r of the
command is derived from the
position of the throttle pedal. The motor oontretler
this torque comrnand il ;;
appropriate 3-phase voltage and cu*ent waveformg to"oou"rt produce the in trr.
motor in the most efftcient way. The torque command can be positive "on:mani"Juqu"
or negative. ivh"o th"
torque serves to slow the vehicre then energy is rehr,ed r"
regenerative braking!
trr.u"i.rylfi;r*- ffi;; -
I

one sbould also note that the motor and controller can deliver the
torque corrmand at any
operati,gspeed, ihcluding 0 mph. This means ,h"; *. r..;tb" to a complete stop. But
";;
as a practical matter, the kinetic energy of a slowly movinglar "u,
is Iow enough itur rroy tint"
is put back into the battery as the car coones to
lnergy a stop,In fac! the last dle ;it of slowing
the vehicle down genbrates such a small amount of energlrthat
it aoes.oi e"", ."r", L a*"a
losses in the inverter and motor.

rLgre are a number of goals and restrictions when using regenerative

!' braking. Tesla Motors
i:_:nl,
puttiug the finat roucrres on rhe regen rorque profire
coflstramts-
to ;i.;"
ilgiurr-#tuo tl"

I ' safety: Negative torque applied to the rear ivheels can

cause a car to become unstable. since
regen braking is a source of negative torque, the Tesla
to limit regen if the rear wheels start to slip.
Roadster uso ,il;"*";;;;;rr*,
2- Perforanance: Regenerative braking .uo .irrrr*the drivir -
with a traditionaiintemar
"o-uur"i*
ensrne gcr). ,";,#;frtfifi:;;,}rfff ;::1[,1ll;
^ lg.qu.
command right at your toes r"uuyt*" you r""i in contror.
3' Limitations: Regenerative braking is necessarily limited
when tlre batteries arefully charged.
Because the additional crrarge frlm rgeo"r.ril;r"kl"g
wouta of a full
battery to rise above a safe tevel, ou, *Jto, ""ort;;;;ttage
*itilimit regen torque in this case.
"oorou..
e' There are a uumber of subjective decisions we have
to make conceming the regen profile.
sorne people like tegen to work all way fo 0 mph, bringrng the car t-o a cornplete
lhe stop.
others like to coast that last 2 to 3 mph- Almost rr"ry* r&es the to ."ge, *rrrif-vl, ,.[.-
your foot offof the throttle peclal but there *-J who would pr.r..rn-.?
"u,
to coast when
vou do this. They wourd prefer th" r"s* ; b. d.d;;;nil;;;;i-*
"."
everyone likes the more aggressivb regen irrailable to &e^driver, ffiflff;
but a few p""plr;;;;
cornfortable. with a traditional ICE-like 'coirpiession
\ braking uod profiie.
"ouJt-,lowu
5t
 Ultimately, the TeslaRoadster is a sports car and the regenprofile nill be fine-tuned for sports
car driving.

One day everyone will drive electric carc.and regen will be a bigpart of what will make them
fun to drive, efficient, and safe. The recent research and developnrent to integrate the
powertrain dnd brake systems to provide better traction aud stability contiol can onlyle made
easier by the use of electric drive systems. Traction control is a much simpler problem to solve
when you have precise and instant control oftorque through the AC inductior motor controller.
Further integration of autilock braking systems with the motor controller would allow tbe motor
to take over more of the vehic{e braking. ftttps://www.tesla.com/blog/magic-tesla-roadster-

3. Match the following srrbtitles in italics with the paragraphs (a-e):

The funtre for rcgenerutive braking; How does it work?; When does it wor*?; How much
energl iloes it recover?; Kinetic energ) ' d

.i

i
4. Find in dhe text you have read words that mean the following:

a. electric current which periodically reverses direction;

b. current whiph flows only in one direction; !

c. a force that tends to cause rotation;

d. the mechanism that transmits the drive from the engine of a vehicle to its axle;
.

e. an apparatus which converts direct current into alternating current;

f. device or group of devices that. serves to govern in some predeterurined manner the
performance of an electric motor.

5.FindtheRomaniantermsforthetechnicalonesinexercise4.

6.In February 2018, EIon Muslc launched into space his first-generation Tesla Roadster,
an all-electric sports car he had used for commuting. The .ed car was installed in the
Falcon Heavy rocket at an inclined position above the payload adapter in order to account
for the mass distribution; it was driven by "Starman", a full-scale huroao manuequin
named after the David Bowie song "Starnian" and cha in SpaceXts pressure spacesrrit.
In no more than I00 words write your opinion on whether you think Tesla regenerative
hraking could D elp Starman ..".1i Mo"rind give reasons.
T
I
:

I
 "Starman" seated in the Itoadster

7" Fill in the gaps of the following text with the

words in itatrics:
R.esislot's,nsleam, voltage, reganetaliie, railu,alts,
infraslrucntre, accelerate,
Irac I i otr, diese l-el ec tt ic locomolives frequenclt,
'!

what are described as dynamic brakes ("rheostatic

brakes" in the uK) on electric tractio'
svstems, unlike - -. r...brakes, dissipate etectric
the current through Iarge banks oi - .
gl";t;;G, .*i;; til ##j, il; ;;.*;
-2.. ". vehicles-triui ,r" avramic brakes include
trucks' '"'3"', andtrams. This heat cante ur"a forklift
externally by large radiator-like cowls to house
io;,i"il,; *-^-
vehicle interior
'u!v'vr or
ur dissipated
,
,h. ;;;;b'r"rk
GeneralElectric's-experimental I936 steam
turbine locos featured true regeneration. These
locomotives ran the . . . 4 . . warer over rhe resistor nvo
;;;;;;;
pack.,
"*iil; ;*
.

dynamic brakes' This energy displaclJthe ;; ;i. in mosr

thercby recovered energy tnat couta be
;d;iry
oil uiril"a to keep the water ho! and
used to ...5...
"jli".--
The main disadvantage of regenerative brakes.ylr:,
compared with dynamic brakes is the
need to closely match 'the gJnerated cunent
y.rm m!,rupiry and increased
maintenance cost of the lines. with DC "rr*octeristics
supplies, this-ffiresJhat the ...6..-
controlled' The AC power supply.and frequency be closely
power erectronics rrave also
c;il. pi;;;"r Miro zond, andhis firsr AC
thisio bepossibre*iit ac s*pplies. Trre
"riut"aapplies t"
must also be matched (this mainly suppry ..-7 -.-
DC motors).
r"i""r"ii*;;;; an AC supply is rectified for

ln areas whele there is a co:*antneed for power

unrelated to moving the vehicle,.such
electric train heat or air conclitig"ing, fiir as
i"; ;il;;il;;
recovered enersvvia rrrodern AC ...8':.. ;yrr"-r.
be utlized as a sink for trre
iil;;;il;fi;sbecomepopurarwith Nortrr
American passenger railroads where head end po*;i;;f,rpicatty
year-round' usi,c }IEf^loads in this wayhas in the area of 500 kw
prompted recent electric locomotive
designs snch
as rhe ALp-46 adACS-64to eriminaie td *r.orl) ;;;;;k;;.tr;Jr'f iro urr"
eliminates any need for any external power
-;.9.-. to accommoJate
--- power recovery allowing
self-powered vehicles to employ regenerative braH"g ; ;ell-
A smalr number of steep grade ...r0... bave *il-p1*rpower
suppries ahd.induction
ilJ,ill;.lT:ililr':,-rl;;;mm"-f to'"trtr'i*:;#-#'il.iffi il["'#fi;;;
trI

',.: r,"-'' r. l:':

::-:,:;'d;l
8. Write about the similarities ancl differences between the d1'namic and regenerafive
brakes.

9. Look at the following diagram and describe the way the regenerative braking worlc:

{ iour:r ?iom }.rtrirrr { rourcr irruioro ro lirrril:,

tc-)
t--- p;4 you know that the first car to employ regenerative braking was an electric
concept one called the Amilron unveiled rn 1967 Uy e*"ri"^n Motors? Shorter than a Smart
ForTu,o minicar, it was zufficiently wide for three passengers to sit side by side.

(https ://www.favcars.com/),
.

I
 *-"
G:
I

A}ISWER KEY

I
Unit I
I
I
'3: a5 b6 c2 dl e3 t4
I
!r
I
i
4: lcoal 2taaralgas 3gtobalwdrmiry 4emissions.Sfossilfuels 6renewableenergy
l
j
5:lb 2a 3d 4c
6:a4 b5 el d3 e2

English in Use '

1: llargest 2worst,less 3better, cleaner 4safer, healftier Ssmarter,

more reliable and
i^T^r*:f',
loDg-term
stronger 6morg diverse, greatest, more sustainabre ; il";" ;;r;."*irlrr,
Z:ld 2c 3b 4a 5b 6a ,

l, I

4: FFTTF
5:a2 bl c4 dI e5 f6
6: a. hydraulic heads .b. kinetic energy c. penstock d.
turbine e. vane f. generator g.
runer h- propeller

8: le, 2d, 3c, 4a, 5b

9:a6,b4, c3, d5, el, f2

I
4: a. spifr b. superconductor c. resistance d. electron e. atom
5: kesistance 2superconductors 3electrons 4colliding Skinetic
energy
6: 4d,b,c,e
English in Use
Suggested answers:

I; a" You must bly extras- b- You should buy cells online through
websites. c. you must ciean
the wax off of the celts. In order to do ttar, you mustn't dip th;;;;;il; ;";;;t in hor

take a,thinboard made ortof anon-conductive material.

1' "' Y."i $'-*ld b. you mrist lay out
the cells inthe arraugemen! measre Se dimeusions aod cut board
to that ,i*. ;;;;should
leave an extra inch or two at both ends of6e boaril d
a
you.h"rH;;;;;;l:' '"''
3: a' You must connet hbbing wire to rmdo*u---.. - b- You must measult the leraith of that
.tlr

l5
 4" a. Using a flux peq )ou must run 2-3 liues of flux down the length of each cell
strip, or
goup of tlree squares. b- You must do this on the back of the cells-
5. a" You rnust use a soldering iron to melt a thin coat of solder onto the back
of the cell strips.
b. You needn't take this step if you purchase pre-sblderi,g tabbing.

6. a' You must heat the firsthalf of a piece of tabbing wire with a soldering iron. b. yog must
boncl tlre wire's eud to a cell.

Unit 4.
3:a.rectenrlab.tetherc.arrayd.systembuse.Solarce1l,fmicrowave

5: a.7 b.\ c;2 d.6 e.5 f.3 g.4

6: al,bL,cl d2, e6, f3

8: l.e 2.c 3.b 4.d 5.a 6.f

Unit,5
5: lCarbonrod, 2electolyte 3positive electrode 4Zinccan
8: lb, 2a 3e,4c,5d
9: le 2b 3a 4c 5d
10: le, 2b,3a,4e,5d,

56
 English iu Use
1: I' By 2.As 3- or 4- ar 5. of 6- Thm 7- within 8. of 9.In I0. ro il. or 12. of
l3 During 14. by 15, As

2' a'utilittes have started ptheringlargsr-fomatbateries in

farms so tliat ener.gy can be draryn
from the gri{.
b. The pressurized air is released so rlrat mrbines or generators
can be powered to produce
electricity.
c' Advanced Rail Energy storage has devised a systenr that
draws energy fiorn the grid so that

d' As demand spikes, the cars ari sent downhill,. sending power
turning power of the wheers on.each car so tua*uey
back to the gricl by '
-r usi,g the
!
e' Flywheels are discs or cv]iqderl that spin on un u*is in ";;"6;";L "r."tririty."---'
i frictionless euclosrue so that power
can be stored in the form of kinetic energy.
f. The spinning can be srowed in order tt ot is rereasecr to the grid.
g' A 32-megawatt-hour lithiurn-ion battery acirity
"nqrgy
iu rehachapi il;u1!6 as a ,,clernonsrratio,
project,!' so that to evaluare its potential for integratirg,"n"*u;lr"rr"rgrfr;;
into the lrid can be evaluated.
;ffi;rd*
draw energy frorn the grid because supply outpaces demaud.
Ii' Lithium-ion
Lh..y
batteries *"te inttoduced more than two decad;;;" in
order that cousumer
products could be powered. ,

Unit 6
3: lc,2a,3d" 4b
4: a. to gather the momentum b. to spike c. grid-scale energystorage d.Utility e.
maintenance f.compressor
5: l.b 2"a 3.e 4.c 5.d
7: lb,2a,3e, 4c, 5d
Unit 7
6: r. startup 2. municipar 3. firer 4. conveyer 5. vaporizes 6. syngas 7. caurdron g.
electrodes 9. emission-free I0. Matter
8: a' waste fSrpe b. cauldron c. mass d. startup e. conductor f. gas mixture g. mechanical
apparatus

English in Use
I: a' The organic waste could be isolated before entering landfills if the investments were
properly used.

electricity grid would be creaner if 6e fqssil+ai€d natural gas were

9- the
f. 90 million RINs could be.generated ainnatb,ifxe derived biogai from u
 g. The seemingly sci-fi transformation of rnaterials into their
constituent atonic elements
occurs if the aash is blasted apart byplasma.
h. Electricity canbe generatee if trastr is taken into account.

2: a. Regenerative braking was used in eleciric cars since the earliest

exoerimenh.
b. The switihes had to ul nippea berwee,
and
}ld:l controlled by au "rii""--"p"r;r-i.*i';;ffii?ri*,"rres
"brack box" or ..drum switch,, were used by The Baker
Electric Runabout and the"*prniirr"
Owen Magnetic as part of theirctrroi*t
J

c- rn Bagluod, the "automatic regenJratine co^nrrol" ;;il;;

$4stem.
John S' Raworth's Traction patents 1903
il **way operators by
- 1908 offering *"rr*i" and operati"oni beoefits.,
d. Regenerative braking started to u"
1930s. "s"a-oo
tffi-d-ilu.t-Batumi.railway t" rilHi;
T *loy
technique is used-
:' lHt modern hyblig and electric vehrcles to extend the range of
the battervpack, especially in thoie using an ic.
orive t.ain 6oc fi;;ioJs;r"-J
' il *-or,
----:----
designs). "u.ri..
f' In 1886 two important inventions were introduced by
the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor
-Corlputrv,
foundid b{ rr"qt J. Sprague:
' - u r -' -- ;;;Hl, il;;
brushes, and regeneraiive braking. "ooronr'-rp..d:;1r-"purting
*
g' The steam water was *,
ou"rIh. resistor packs in these two locomotives, as opposed to air
cooling used in most dlmamic brakes.
h. The oil ndnnatly buined r" r.*p til
water hot was d"ispraced by this
"*r*.
Unit 8
4: a- AC b' De c.'torque d. powertrain ' e- inverter f. motor controiler
*

7: l' Regenerative 2. resistors 3. diesel-electric locomotives 4. steam 5. accelerate

6.
voltage 7. frequency 8. raction 9. infrastructure fO. *if*uys
 Vocabulary
A
adage= iicald,proverb
alter:a modifica
appliance: aparat, dispozitiv :
apportionmeut : alocare, rcIlartizarc
approach: abordare
array = retea

B
61u6" : palh, paletd de elice
bold : indrE-are{
boost: crestere, incarcare a unei baterii
bout: tur, crizfl
breakthrough : descoperire, salt inainte
broad=larg ,

bucket o cupl
bulky: voluminos
bump:aseciocni
bus : rnagishald de transmisie

/1
t-
cauldron : cazan
charge
= a tnclrca electric
chill = a rEci
clear : a curdfa
coast: a llsa-magina sE ruleze din ine4ie
collision: coliziune
compost: p[mantul
a i:ngrdga
'compressed
air = aer comprimat
compressor: compresor
con-fine : a limita, a restrdnge
controller: controler
cost-effective : rentabil
conversion :
transformare
crops = recolte
:
cue reper, indiciu

D
dam = baraj
:
dalurting descurajant, difi cil
decompose: a se descompune
deliver - a livra
dispatch: a trimite.
diyert: a devia
' downstreanr : in aval
drive r.rp = a mEri preguri

59
 -T

F
flag : a iudica, a semnaliza
flood: a inunda
footprint: amprentA
fuel: combustibil
funding: finanlare

G
grid : refea
grid scale : rigld de rnisurat cu sbard reticular'I

H,.
hamess = a valorifica
:
harvest a recolta, a obgine,
heyday :
moment de prosperitate, apogee
hurdle: piedici
hydropower : energie hidroelec,tricl

I
impoundment indiguire :
incentive : stirnulaqt
incremental: in cregtere, in dezvoltare
insurmountable : insurmontabil

T
lJ
landfill: groapd ecologicl de gunoi
launch: a lansa
Iift up: a ridica

M
matntenance : rntrelmere
methaue: metan
microwave: microunde
nnimic = a imita
moratorium: amanare a pi6gii, a datoriilor
mount : aftxa

,o
offender : contravenient
outage : interupere, stagnare
outpace : a de$egi, a ur-frece
 P
pairup=aformapercchi
panel : panou
penstock conduct5,: teavE
:
phased fazat,in fazn
pit_9h :
iaclinare Iongitudinatn
pollutant : factor poluant
polse: a menrine echilibru[
a shbiliza
power plant :
centrald etectrica
prospective :
poteotia! posibil

R
raiuforest : p6dure tropicall
reliance = suport, sprijin
release-aelibera ,
renewable :
regenerabil
,

rehofit: a echipa un baraj existent

cu geuerato*hidroelectric
rot: a putrezi
ruoo",I paletE de acgionale
rutr out = a (se) termina ,

S
scraps = resturi
sewage: ape reziduale
shut down: a decupla,.a intrerupe,
a inchide
significant = semruncafiv
slip: u aluneca
slowdown :
incetinire, frdnare
:
smooth out a intindq a
spawning = ponti, inmulfire prin
oue
""t"j
sprke = a reduce,.a scddea
: spin
\J- l
/t
spur
state = stare
stomp=acElcaapEsat
stream : curent
superconductivity = rupmconductivitate
superconductor
= supraconductor
surge : supratensiune tranzistorialE

T
tax credit: datorie fiscal
lgther =pnpoq limitE, IegErurI
threaten = a ameninta
throttle: accelera;ie
torque : moment de torsiuna '
trap : a prinde in capcand
\
* '..
t
hlne = a.regla
Ia
 .l
U
upstream - in amonto .

utilities : utilit[$i (api, electricitate, gaz etc.)

rr
v
vane: pal6, paleta

w(
waste: deqeuri
weight: greutate

Y
yield: a da

\,