Method Graphite Oxidant Solvent Reaction C/O ratio Yield

Time of GO

Hummers 100g 300g 2300mL 2hr 2.1-2.9 40%

method KMnO4 + conc SA
50g
NaNO3
Chen 3g 9g KMnO4 70mL 2hr 2.36 40%
method conc SA
Kovtyukhova 10g 40g 500ml >8hr 1.98 92%
method KMnO4 conc SA
+10g
K2S2O8
+10g P2O5
Marcano 3g 18g 360mL >12hr - 77%
method KMnO4 conc +
40mL conc
PA
Huitao 10g 11g 100mL 5hr 2.12 84%
method KMnO4 + conc SA
4g K2FeO4
 List of Chemicals Required

1. Natural flake graphite (325 meshes)

2. K2FeO4
3. KMnO4
4. Boric acid
5. Deionized water
6. H2O2 (30%)
7. 1M HCl