Course Name / Code : Design of Electrical Machines/ EE8002

Degree/Branch : B.E/ EEE

Semester / Section : VI

UNIT – II – DESIGN OF TRANSFORMERS

Construction - KVA output for single and three phase transformers – Overall dimensions – design of yoke,
core and winding for core and shell type transformers – Estimation of No load current – Temperature rise in
Transformers – Design of Tank and cooling tubes of Transformers. Computer program: Complete Design of
single phase core transformer.
PART – A

1. Why the area of yoke of a transformer is usually kept 15-20% more than that of core?
[M/J 2016]
The area of yoke is taken as 15% to 25% larger than that of core for transformers using hot rolled
silicon steel. This reduces the value of flux density obtaining in the yoke, there is reduction in the
iron losses and the magnetizing current.

2. Why the efficiency of transformer is so high? [M/J 2016]

As Transformer is a static device, it does not have any rotating parts hence the mechanical losses
are absent and iron losses are comparatively less which increases the efficiency.

3. What is window space factor? [N/D 2016], [M/J 2017], [A/M 2019]
The window space factor is defined as the ratio of copper area in window to total area of window.

4. How heat is dissipated in a transformer? [N/D 2016]

The heat dissipation in a transformer occurs by conduction, convection and radiation.

5. How the magnetic curves are used for calculating the no-load current of a transformer?
[M/J 2017]
The B-H curve can be used to find the mmf per metre for the flux densities in yoke and core. The
loss curve can be used to estimate the iron loss per kg for the flux densities in yoke and core.

6. Why stepped cores are used in transformers? [N/D 2017], [M/J 2018] OR What are the
advantages of stepped core in transformers? [N/D 2018]
When stepped cores are used the diameter of the circumscribing circle is minimum for a given area
of the core. This helps in reducing the length of mean turn of the winding with consequent reduction
in both cost of copper and copper loss.

7. How is iron loss reduced in transformers? [N/D 2018]

By laminating magnetic cores and yokes.

8. How does a distribution transformer differ from a power transformer in design aspects?
[N/D 2017]
 The distribution transformers are designed to have low iron loss and high copper loss, whereas
in power transformers the copper loss will be less than iron loss.
  The distribution transformers are designed to have the maximum efficiency at a load much
lesser than full load, whereas the power transformers are designed to have maximum efficiency at
or near full load.
 In distribution transformer the leakage reactance is kept low to have better regulation, whereas
in power transformers the leakage reactance is kept high to limit the short circuit current.

9. The voltage per turn of a 500KVA, 11KV, Delta/Star three phase transformer is 8.7V.
Calculate the number of turns per phase of LV and HV endings. [M/J 2018]
415
Phase voltage of LV winding V ph   239.6V
3
Phase voltage of HV winding Vph=11000 V
239.6
Number of turns in LV winding N1   27.54  28turn
8 .7
11000
Number of turns in HV winding N 2  28   1285.5  1286turn
239.6
10. What are the methods of cooling of Transformer? [A/M 2019]
 Air Natural (AN)
 Air Blast (AB)
 Oil Natural (ON)
 Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
 Oil Natural Water Forced (ONWF)
 Oil Forced Air Natural (OFAN)
 Oil Forced Water Forced (OFAF)

PART – B & C

Output Equations – Main Dimensions - KVA output for single and three phase transformers –
Window space factor:
1. Derive the output equation of three phase transformer. [M/J 2016], [N/D 2018] (8)
2. Estimate the main dimensions including winding conductor area of a 3-phase delta-star core type
transformer rated at 300KVA, 6600/440V, 50Hz. A suitable core with 3 steps having a
circumscribing circle of 0.25m diameter and leg spacing of 0.4m is available. Emf per turn 8.5V.
Current density=2.5A/mm2, Kw=0.28, stacking factor Sf=0.9 (16) [N/D 2016], [M/J 2017],
[N/D2017], [M/J 2018]

3. Differentiate the Design features of power and distribution type transformers. (6) [M/J 2017]

Design of core and winding-Overall dimensions:

4. Determine the dimensions of core and yoke for a 200KVA, 50Hz, single phase core type
transformer. A cruciform core is used with distance between adjacent limbs equal to 1.6 times the
width of core laminations. Assume voltage per turn 14V, maximum flux density 1.1Wb/m 2, window
space factor is 0.32, current density 3 A/mm2, stacking factor=0.9. The net iron area is 0.56d2 in a
cruciform core where d is the diameter of circumscribing circle. Also the width of largest stamping
is 0.85d. (16)
5. Determine the main dimensions of the core, the number of turns and the cross-section of the
conductor for a %KVA, 1100/400 V, 50Hz, single phase core type distribution transformer. The net
conductor area in the window is 0.6 times the net cross-section of iron in the core. Assume a square
cross-section for the core, a flux density 1Wb/m 2, a current density 1.4A/mm2 and a window space
factor 0.2. The height of window is 3 times its width. (16)

Operating characteristics – No load current:

6. How will you estimate no-load current in single and three phase transformer? (8)

7. A single phase, 400 V, 50Hz, transformer is built from stampings having a relative permeability
of 1000. The length of the flux path is 2.5m; the area of cross section of the core is 2.5×10 -3m2 and
the primary winding has 800 turns. Estimate the maximum flux and no load current of the
transformer. The iron loss at the working flux density is 2.6W/Kg. Iron weight 7.8×10 3 Kg/m3,
stacking factor is 0.9. (13) [A/M 2019]

Temperature rise in Transformers – Design of Tank - Methods of cooling of Transformers:

8. State and explain the different methods of cooling the transformer. (13) [M/J 2016]/ [M/J 2017],
[M/J2018], [A/M 2019]

9. A 250 KVA, 6600/400 V, 3 phase core type transformer has a total loss of 4800 Watts on full
load. The transformer tank is 1.25m in height and 1mХ0.5m in plan. Design a suitable scheme for
cooling tubes if the average temperature rise is to be limited to 35 0C. The diameter of the tube is
50mm and are spaced 75mm from each other. The average height of the tube is 1.05m. The specific
heat dissipation through radiation and convection are 6 W/m 2-0C and 6.5 W/m2-0C. Assume that the
convection is improved by 35% due to the provision to tubes. [M/J 2016], [N/D 2018] (16)

10. The tank of 1250 KVA natural oil cooled transformer has the dimensions length, width and
height as 1.55 Х 0.65 Х 1.85 m respectively. The load loss=13.1 KW, loss dissipation due to
radiations 6W/m2 0C, loss dissipation due to convection=6.5W/m 2 0C, improvement in convection due
to provision of tubes=40%, temperature rise is 400C, length of each tube is 1 m, diameter of each
tube is 50mm. Find the number of tubes for this transformer. Neglect the top and bottom surface of
the tank as regards the cooling. (16) [N/D 2016], [M/J 2018]

11. The tank of a 500 KVA, 1ф, 50Hz, 6600/400 V transformer is 110 cm Х 65 cm Х 155 cm. if
the load loss is 6.2 KW, find and show the suitable arrangements for the cooling tubes to limit the
temperature rise to 350C. Take the diameter of the cooling tubes as 5cm and average length of the
tubes as 110 cm. (10) [M/J 2017]
12. A 1000KVA, 6600/440 V,50 Hz, 3 phase delta star core type oil immersed natural cooled
(ON ) transformer has the following design data: Distance between centres of adjacent limbs=0.47m;
Outer diameter of HV winding=0.44m; Height of frame=1.24 m; Core loss=3.7 KW and I 2R
loss=10.5KW. Design a suitable tank for the transformer. The average temperature rise of the oil
should not exceed 350C. The specific heat dissipation for the tank walls is 6 W/m 2-0C and 6.5 W/m2-
0
C due to radiation and convection respectively. Assume that the convection is improved by 35%
due to the provision to tubes. (16) [N/D 2017]