LORIEGA, MA. LUZ BELLA R.
BSP 1B
BOTANY PRE-TASK #11
1. Terms used:
Cohesive - Able to stick together.
Cytoplasm - The living substance inside a cell
(not including the nucleus).
Potassium Ion - is a positively charged
electrolyte, cation, which is present throughout
the body in both intracellular and extracellular
fluids
Osmosis - The movement of water molecules
across a selectively permeable membrane from
a region of higher water concentration to a
region of lower water concentration.
Phloem - The tissue in plants that transports
the products of photosynthesis, including
sugars and amino acids.
Photosynthesis - A chemical process used by
plants to make glucose and oxygen from carbon
dioxide and water, using light energy. Oxygen is
produced as a by-product of photosynthesis.
Algae subsumed within plants and some
bacteria are also photosynthetic.
Potential - Water potential is a measure of the
tendency of water molecules to move from one
place to another. During osmosis, water moves
through a partially permeable membrane from
high water potential (low solute concentration)
to low water potential (high solute
concentration).
Root hair cell - A specialised cell that increases
the surface area of the root epidermis to
improve the uptake of water and minerals.
Stomata - Tiny holes in the epidermis (skin) of
a leaf. They control gas exchange by opening
and closing and are involved in loss of water
from leaves. Singular is stoma.
Translocation - The transport of dissolved
material within a plant.
Transpiration - The loss of water from leaves
by evaporation through the stomata.
Turgid - Enlarged and swollen with water.
Having turgor. Description of a plant cell in
which the vacuole has swollen due to water
gain by osmosis.
Vascular bundles - Groups of xylem and
phloem tissue in a plant.
Xylem vessels - Narrow, hollow, dead tubes
with lignin, responsible for the transport of
water and minerals in plants.
Adhesion - tendency of dissimilar particles or
surfaces to cling to one another.
Cohesion - sticking together of particles of the
same substance.
Symporter - an integral membrane protein that highly organized tissue that transports organic
compounds made during photosynthesis. Sieve
is involved in the transport of many differing
elements are the major conducting cells in
types of molecules across the cell membrane
phloem
Aquaporins - also called water channels, are
Apoplastic Pathway - Space outside the
integral membrane proteins from a larger
plasma membrane within which material can
family of major intrinsic proteins that form
diffuse freely. It is interrupted by the Casparian
pores in the membrane of biological cells,
mainly facilitating transport of water between strip in roots, by air spaces between plant cells
and by the plant cuticle.
cells.

Sieve tube members - specialized cells that are Parenchyma cells - Alive at maturity. They
function in storage, photosynthesis, and as the
important for the function of phloem, which is
bulk of ground and vascular tissue

2. Xylem and phloem facilitates transport of substances

Xylem is made out of vessels which are continuous tubes formed from dead hollow cylindrical cells arranged
end-to-end and tracheid which are dead cells that taper as the ends overlap. This arrangement and the polar
nature of water molecules allow water to pass in an unbroken stream through the xylem from the roots up
through the shoot and into the leaves. The adhesion is the attraction of water molecules to a surface such as
the wall of the xylem. Cohesion is hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Together, adhesion and
cohesion allow water to move through the xylem in a continuous stream from the roots up through the stem
to replace water lost from the leaves through the stomata. Water enters the plant through the epidermal
cells of the roots and travels into the xylem. Water potential in the cells of the roots increases when
symporter pumps in the plasma membrane allow protons to pass into the cell traveling down their
concentration gradient. These pumps couple the transport of protons with the transport of minerals and
others solutes into the cell. Water follows into the cell driven by osmosis. The presence of aquaporin
channels in the membrane enhances osmosis allowing bulk flow of water from the soil into the roots. The
other main vascular tissue is phloem. Phloem transports sugars and amino acids that are created in the
leaves to cells in the roots and stems where they are utilized and put away. Conduction in phloem is carried
out through two kinds of elongated cells: sieve cells and sieve tube members. Most angiosperms contains
sieve tube members, both types of cells have clusters of pores known as sieve areas that are abundant on the
overlapping ends of cells. These structures help in the development of sugars, similar to sucrose that are
fabricated in the leaves and conveyed in the phloem all through the plant a procedure called translocation.
Turgor pressure increments in the strainer tube individuals as sucrose from encompassing cells is brought
into phloem through dynamic vehicle. Water at that point enters phloem from xylem as a natural by-product,
which drives the vehicle of sugars in the phloem. Water development in vessels is one way while transport in
sifter tube individuals can go in the two bearings. Water potential is a significant driver in both xylem and
phloem transport, however just phloem transport uses both dynamic and aloof transport.