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Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

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Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering


journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/petrol

A state-of-the-art review of the application of nanotechnology in the oil and


gas industry with a focus on drilling engineering
Jagar A. Ali *, Abdullah M. Kalhury , Ayub N. Sabir , Rawezh N. Ahmed , Nali H. Ali ,
Abdullah D. Abdullah
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Soran University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Hydrocarbons have been the primary resource of the energy of civilizations for hundreds of years historically and
Nanotechnology still play a vital role in accomplishing the daily life occupations in every sector. With the upcoming dramatic rate
Oil and gas industry increase of the human population reaching 9.8 billion by 2030, the latter requires an uprising supply of goods
Nanofluids
and services that can be achieved through the increased rate production of gas and oil globally. Nanotechnology
Drilling
Exploration
is a General-Purpose Technology (GPT) that can fulfill the needs of humanity in every industry sector with its
EOR unique properties of a scale range between 1 and 100 nm and high surface area, adsorption potential and heat
conductivity. Therefore, nanoscale materials can impressively make major advancements in the upstream and
downstream sectors of the gas and oil industry.
In this study, the properties and mechanisms of modifying the different nanomaterials are manifested which
can be used in different segments of the petroleum industry, such as exploration, reservoir engineering, enhanced
oil recovery, drilling technology and refining processes. Our aim in this work is to provide a detailed elaboration
on the drilling technology including the application of nanomaterials as additives in drilling mud for manipu­
lating the rheological properties, pH and treat the fluid loss, such as iron oxide (Fe2O3), silica dioxide (SiO2),
multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and polymerized acrylamide monomer with the presence of TiO2.
Moreover, the application of these nanomaterials in cementing and drilling tools such as pipes and bits are
covered. Pipes are coated with MoS2 nanoparticles. Drill bits can be modified and kept safe in harsh conditions by
Al2O3-TiO2 nanoceramics powder. Consequently, nanotechnology is considered as a promising field that can
meet the demands with great potential and satisfying results.

1. Introduction was first proposed by a physicist, called Richard Feynman, in 1959


(Feynman, 1960). The term nanotechnology was first used by Norio
Amongst the numerous energy sources, crude oil remains or even can Taniguchi in 1974, who gave a speech elucidating the development of
be thought of, as one of the most treasured, valued and predominant dimensional accuracy with which things can be made easier over time
natural resources in present human societies on the planet of Earth (Taniguchi, 1974). Additionally, Allhoff and Lin (2006) reported that
(Rychlicki et al., 2006; Landa-Marba �n et al., 2017; Talukdar et al., nanotechnology is a new class of technology that encompasses the ac­
2018). According to the world energy reports, demand on crude oil is curate engineering and use of materials at the molecular level. This
increasing worldwide (Ali et al., 2019a,b). Discovering new oil reser­ innovative technology has been acknowledged as an unruly technology
voirs is difficult and 30–60% of oil remains trapped in the with a broad range of benefits in different applications (Leon, 2010;
currently-producing reservoirs. Thus, researchers and oil companies try El-Diasty and Ragab, 2013). According to the current research trends,
to extract the remained oil in the matured reservoirs using novel and nanotechnology has a promising role in different industries, such as
efficient technologies; nanotechnology as the current most attracted material and surface treatment (Abdelrahman, 2013), medicine (San­
valuable technology (Ali et al., 2019a-c). Nanotechnology was first tamaría-Aguirre et al., 2018), chemistry (Whitesides, 2005), environ­
introduced around half a century ago, and currently, it is the most active ment (Hannah and Thompson, 2008), heavy industry and food
research topic worldwide (Lu et al., 2012; El-Diasty and Ragab, 2013). It processing (Lu et al., 2012). Thus, nanotechnology’s contribution has

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jagar.pet@gmail.com (J.A. Ali).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107118
Received 20 August 2019; Received in revised form 21 February 2020; Accepted 22 February 2020
Available online 5 March 2020
0920-4105/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

made these fields advance into a whole new level, and nanomaterial is solid, or colloidal particles whose sizes range in between 1 and 100 nm
now regarded as a key material for a broad scope of applications in diameter (Rizvi and Saleh, 2018; Khan et al., 2017; Subbenaik, 2016;
(Esmaeili, 2011). Hendraningrat and Zhang, 2015; Abhilash, 2010; Fakoya and Shah,
Peng et al. (2017) and Baoliang et al. (2017) claimed that although 2017). Vollath (2013) and Khan et al. (2017) stated that considering the
the nanotechnology has not been put into use very much and often in oil overall shape, nanoparticles can be divided into zero-dimensional.,
and gas industry as in the other areas, fortunately, in the last 5 years, the which are the nanoparticles per se, one-dimensional., i.e., nanotubes
industry has successfully managed to get benefits from it in drilling or nanorods, two-dimensional., e.g., nanoplates (Vollath, 2013), or
process (Krishnamoorti, 2006), cementing, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) three-dimensional ones (Khan et al., 2017). Heiligtag and Niederberger
(Ali et al., 2018b), corrosion inhibition (Wang et al., 1997), well logging (2013) proclaimed that there are two types of naturally occurring
(Nikitin and Korjik, 2012), reduction of heavy oil viscosity, hydrocarbon nanoparticles: organic, such as viruses, proteins, polysaccharides and
detection, petroleum refining (Saleh, 2017) and drag reduction in many others; and inorganic compounds, i.e., metals, aluminosilicates,
porous media. As it is obvious, the oil and gas fields depend on the iron oxyhydroxides, etc., which are formed through wildfires, volcano
strength and stability of the materials, nanomaterials with high thermal eruptions, weathering or microbial processes. Researchers and scholars
conductivity (Mokhatab et al., 2006), improving downhole separation of recognized the important and significant role that nanoparticles play in
oil and gas, and greatly corrosive resistance could be used as a developed affecting and changing a substance’s physicochemical properties, i.e.,
geothermal resource (Wang et al., 1997). Additionally, nanotechnology the optical properties, owing to their nano-scale size (Abhilash, 2010;
can help in developing the drilling process equipment, so it can make Khan et al., 2017).
better resistance headed for water and corrosion, better durability, wear Nanoparticles exhibit distinctive, unique and exceptional properties
and shock-resistant, and enhanced thermal conductivity by coating and features, which are tremendously different from others, due to their
them with special types of nanoparticles (Krishnamoorti, 2006). minute size, larger surface area per unit volume and special higher
The drilling process, as the name suggests, is creating a hole in the chemical reactivity than that of other particles (Abhilash, 2010; Kamal
ground to reach the desired depth which is the formation that has been et al., 2017; Fakoya and Shah, 2017; Kazemzadeh et al., 2018). It is
considered to contain petroleum according to the geological and worth mentioning nanoparticles are not, indeed, as simple as one might
exploration data (Fagan, 1991). During this process, the mud circula­ have thought of; rather they are comprised of three layers: (i) the core
tion, as one of the most common systems of the rotary drilling, performs (the nanoparticle’s principal part), (ii) the shell layer (unlike the core, it
many functions such as cooling the drill bit, suppressing the reservoir is a different material chemically in all features), and (iii) the surface
fluids, cleaning the wellbore and controlling the stability of the wellbore layer (a layer which may have small molecules, surfactants, metal ions
(Van Dyke, 1998). Selecting a suitable type of circulation fluid to drill a and/or polymers stuck to them) (Khan et al., 2017). A large number of
well with the minimum cost, less environmental risk and lowest for­ methods have been devised by the scientists to synthesize a wide di­
mation damage is one of the main aspects of the drilling process in the versity of nanoparticles (nanoparticles of different shape, size and
oil and gas industry. This fluid, also called drilling mud or simply mud, is chemical and/or physical properties) (Abou El-Nour et al., 2010; Hei­
basically a combination of clays with water or oil. Conventionally, ligtag and Niederberger, 2013; Kango et al., 2013; Subbenaik, 2016).
chemical materials including acids, polyacrylamide, starch, xanthan, In the past years, several methods were used for preparation of
and fibers are added to the drilling mud in order to modify its properties nanoparticles, including solvent evaporation (Desgouilles et al., 2003),
and functions. The high cost of chemicals (Kasiralvalad, 2014), possible nanoprecipitation (Yadav et al., 2010), salting out (Galindo-Rodriguez
reservoir damage (Rad and Mansouri, 2018), high consumption (Paydar et al., 2004), emulsion and mini-emulsion polymerization (Landfester,
and Ahmadi, 2017), and chemical loss (Alizadeh et al., 2015) are the 2009), electrohydrodynamic atomization (Gomez-Estaca et al., 2012),
main challenges for this classic mud. Therefore, a new kind of mud with using supercritical fluid technology (Byrappa et al., 2008), and the
low cost, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness need to be generation of nanoparticles using the nano-emulsion template (Anton
developed. The main mechanisms of drilling nanofluid highlighted in et al., 2008). Solvent evaporation was the most common method for the
the literature are increasing the wellbore stability (Taraghijah et al., preparation of nanoparticles (Murakami et al., 1999; Desgouilles et al.,
2015), better wellbore cleaning (Samsuri and Hamzah, 2011), fluid loss 2003), and it is the first method which was used for preparing nano­
reduction (Zakaria et al., 2012) and improving the mud rheological particles (Murakami et al., 1999) (see Fig. 1). During this process,
properties (Jung et al., 2011). Abdo and Haneef (2010) studied the effect compound solutions were prepared in the emulsions, and volatile sol­
of drilling nanofluid to solve virtually all the usual and unusual prob­ vents (Salager et al., 2004) were advanced by the victimization of
lems that the drilling muds are likely to face in the wellbore. They stated chloride and chloroform. However, this has currently been replaced
that using nanoparticles can improve the rheological and filtration with the organic compound that provides a higher pharmacological
properties of the drilling mud in a way that the use of expensive medicine profile and urges particles to be within the 500 nm in size. The
chemicals can be eliminated. The study of this paper is to demonstrate prepared emulsion is born-again into a nanoparticle suspension on
the application of nanotechnology in the upstream oil and gas industry evaporation of the solvent, then the solution is allowed to diffuse
generally and particularly in drilling operations by presenting the pre­ through the continual a part of the emulsion to carry out customary
vious works of the researchers regarding this purpose. mode of ways i.e. single emulsions e.g., oil-in-water (Talele and Gud­
soorkar, 2016), and double emulsions (Salager et al., 2004; Mendoza-­
2. Types of nanomaterials used in petroleum applications Mu~ noz et al., 2016). Such sort of ways utilize high-speed
homogenizations or ultra-sonification, followed by evaporation of the
2.1. Nanoparticles solvent, either by continuous magnetic stirring at elevated temperatures
or below reduced pressure resulting in the formation of coagulated
In the view of literature, nanoparticles possess an astonishing nanosized particle collected by activity followed by laundry to urge
lengthy history (Heiligtag and Niederberger, 2013). Vollath (2013) obviate surfactants and eventually the merchandise is preserved (Talele
declared that nanoparticles had already been used a long time ago by the and Gudsoorkar, 2016). ShamsiJazeyi et al. (2014) enumerated some of
Sumerians before the recent desire for the development and use of these the significant and noteworthy applications of nanoparticles, including
tiny particles. In other words, after lots of years of intense and deep drug delivery (Khan et al., 2017), imaging, solar cells, drilling (Fakoya
research, work, struggle and efforts, it turned out that nanoparticles and Shah, 2017) and enhanced oil recovery (Gbadamosi et al., 2018a).
were not the sole invention of humans even though there are many Nanoparticles can help in reducing interfacial tension and surfactant
man-made and synthesized nanoparticles (Heiligtag and Niederberger, adsorption on the surface of reservoir rock, stabilizing foams and
2013). Nanoparticles which is a wide class of materials are substances, emulsion and altering wettability as well as reducing oil viscosity

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

Fig. 1. Solvent evaporation technique for the preparation of nanoparticles.

(ShamsiJazeyi et al., 2014; Kamal et al., 2017; Gbadamosi et al., 2018a). sensitivity enhancement can form a high surface-area-to-volume ratio of
nanomaterials with delivering unique physical properties of nano­
materials (Juzgado et al., 2017). According to Yonzon et al. (2005) and
2.2. Nanosensors Kim et al. (2009), nanosensors can be classified based on the following
bases as shown in Fig. 2: (i) classification based on nanosensors structure,
Generally speaking, nanosensors, as the most recent invention, are and (ii) classification based on the application of nanosensors. According
defined as those physical, chemical or biological sensors, which are to their structure, nanosensors are divided into optical and electro­
created at the nano-scale, in active elements and in nanomaterials sizes chemical nanosensors. And they are sub-classified into four different
(Lieber et al., 2006; Dahman, 2017). However, Scoville (2013) and types including chemical, electrometer, deployable and biosensor based
Rubel (2010) defined nanosensors as those devices that have the ability on their chemical composition. Each can have different features and
to sense and respond to physical stimuli, as well as to convey data and applications according to their structure and chemical composition.
information effectively with unique and astonishing physical properties As it is obvious, various imaging techniques have been developed for
on the nano-scale. Developing this kind of nanomaterials provides characterizing the oil and gas reservoirs, but obtaining a high-resolution
several benefits in sensitivity and specificity over traditional materials image is still incapable. Thus, Khalil et al. (2017) utilized a novel
(Lieber et al., 2006). Moreover, the composition of a nanosensor could technique of using nanosensors for investigating the characteristics of
include many additives, like accelerants, fillers, fibers, plasticizers, the deep formations by providing the complex fluid and rock contact and
nano-flakes and nano-platelets. The addition of these additives is designing suitable future plans. In this work of them, high quality of
dependent on the field of their application (Bhavsar, 2009). Nanosensors characterization was achieved by identifying the accurate temperature
can be operated at the same scale of natural biological processes to allow and pressure profile. From injecting and distributing the nanosensors
function with both chemical and biological particles. Thus, the stem

Fig. 2. The general classification of nanosensors.

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

into the porous-permeable formation, the high-quality characteristics of polyacrylamide (PAA) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
the optical, magnetic, and electrical behavior of nanomaterials make (Carlesso et al., 2016). In addition, lost circulation can be treated using
them reliable tools for the enhancement of the imaging contrast nanocomposites organic/inorganic gel as a cross-linked pill to plug the
(Krishnamoorti, 2006; Ponmani et al., 2013). Zaman et al. (2013) used fractured formations and control the major losses of the mud. Lecolier
the hyperpolarized silicon NPs as nanosensors for measuring images of et al. (2005) presented the advantages of using nanocomposites as
the formations in the exploration field. Additionally, nanosensors can plugging agents during the drilling process. Moreover, a recent study by
have been applied successfully for monitoring the oil refining processes. Ahmad et al. (2018) shows that using the CNT-polymer nanocomposite
Furthermore, nanosensors can also be used to obtain more detailed and with the concentration of 2 w/v% reduced the shale swelling by about
accurate information about reservoirs and smart fluids during the dril­ 90% at HTHP condition. Thus, a stable borehole can be achieved during
ling and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes (Kong and Ohadi, 2010; drilling the troublesome formation. Sadeghalvaad and Sabbaghi (2015)
Odedele, 2014). By adding nanosensors to the reservoir, the flow of have presented the effects of using nanocomposites on rheological
hydrocarbons in subsurface individual pores and channels can be properties. A nanocomposite that is composed of TiO2 and poly­
observed in detail, and the trapped oil can be identified (Kong and acrylamide (PA) is added as an additive to the water-based drilling mud.
Ohadi, 2010; Ayatollahi and Zerafat, 2012; Odedele, 2014; Negin et al., The results have shown that it has increased the viscosity of the mud and
2016). treated fluid loss efficiently and thinned mud cake thickness.
In a recent experiment done by Ali et al. (2018a), ZnO/SiO2/Xanthan
NC is made up to significantly decrease the interfacial tension and
2.3. Nanocomposites improve the oil recovery. First ZnCl2 is added to Na2SiO3, and then it is
mixed with pomegranate extract (Fig. 3). The blend is mixed until the
Generally, composites are mixtures of two or more substances that heavier reddish components are precipitated. The precipitates are
are mixed to obtain a blend bearing the characteristics of the parental segregated using the filtration method. Then the mixture is flushed with
substances with enhanced performance. It is composed of two parts, a hot distilled water to remove excess impurities. After the mixture has
discontinuous phase called “reinforcement” and a continuous phase been dried and introduced to Xanthan Gum using mortar and pestle,
called “matrix”. However, according to Cammarata (2006), nano­ finally the blend is ready for EOR applications, which they enabled to
composites can be defined as a blend of several mixtures with different reduce the IFT by 93% and increased the oil recovery by 19.3% OOIP
phases and one of those elementary particles must have a scale of less The wide applicability, property combinations and design uniqueness of
than 100 nm. Okpala (2014) stated that experiments have proved to add nanocomposites make them be called the materials of the 21st century
different types of nanocomposites to their macroscopic counterparts can that are not found in conventional composites.
efficiently yield new byproducts with enhanced qualities and with
higher surface area to volume ratios compared to conventional com­
posites. The novelty of the new products can be promising in usage in 2.4. Coatinged-nanoparticles
many fields, such as the preparation of drilling fluids, EOR, shale
swelling, fluid loss control, etc. The properties of nanocomposites are In the gas and oil industry, new advancement and progress are al­
dependent on the morphology, dimension, agglomeration, diffusion and ways essential to provide the best solutions for emerging problems
composition of materials (Kango et al., 2013; Sajadi et al., 2018; Ali during operations in the harshest environments at surface and subsur­
et al., 2019c). face. Thus, nano-coating can meet the needs and achieve the enhance­
Nanocomposites are basically classified depending on their matrix ment of the tools used in this industry (Glaus et al., 2010). According to
material into three different groups; metal matrix nanocomposite Ates et al. (2018) a new generation of nanocomposite materials is
MMNC (Tjong and Wang, 2004), polymer matrix nanocomposite, PMNC coating the composited nanoparticles, which is basically divided into
(Jimenez et al., 1997; Camargo et al., 2009), and ceramic matrix two main phases; nanocrystalline phase and amorphous phase.
nanocomposite, CMNC (Lawn and Fuller, 1975; Pokropivnyi, 2002). During drilling oil and gas wells, the drill bit faces the grinding
Nanocomposites in various ways can be applied as displacing agents to through hard formations to reach the target. Consequently, the surface
increase the oil production in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), such as of the bit wears out during operation. Thus, coating the surface of the
polymer-coated nanocomposites, water-soluble polymers drill bit with nano-ceramics can greatly enhance the durability and

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the process of synthesizing ZnO@SiO2@Xanthan nanocomposite (Ali et al., 2018a).

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

lifetime of the bit. Additionally, the roughness of the coated-bit by chemical or physical way. Then the nanosized powder is mixed with the
nanomaterials is always increased two to four times compared to non- dispersion fluid with the assistance of intensive attractive force agita­
nanocoated bits. Therefore, increasing coated material’s stiffness is the tion, inaudible agitation, high-shear compounding, homogenizing, and
main property of the nanocomposite coating. For this purpose, in ball edge as shown in Fig. 5 (Yu and Xie, 2012).
accordance with Sengupta and Kumar (2013) the drill bits are usually The unique properties and characteristics of these novel fluids pro­
exposed to stream-spraying plasma of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and Ti­ vide huge potential for developments and advances in a large number of
tanium dioxide (TiO2) of diameter range 20–100 nm. The plasma is sectors, for example, chemical and processing, medical (Fakoya and
sprayed with a velocity range of 1200–1500 m/s out of the nozzle on the Shah, 2017), environment and energy (Hendraningrat and Zhang,
substrate as shown in Fig. 4. The sprayed nanometers are directed to the 2015). Particularly, in recent years, nanofluids have been widely
surface of the bits and cooled down after being heated. The outcome is a considered for many various applications in oil and gas industry, for
new and strong layer of nano-coating that can be repaired every time instance, exploration and exploitation of oil and gas, drilling operation,
after application instead of changing the bit. Hence, this technique can completion (Hareland et al., 2012), production (Hwang et al., 2008),
highly reduce the cost of tripping in and out of the drill string and can enhanced oil recovery (EOR) (Nwidee et al., 2017; Al-Anssari et al.,
increase the life span of the drilling bit (Sengupta and Kumar, 2013). 2018) and stimulation (Fakoya and Shah, 2017). The suspension sta­
Moreover, another application of the nanocoating is preventing corro­ bility of nanoparticles is a key consideration in the nanofluid prepara­
sion in transmission pipes. This technique composed of utilizing the tion because it will change the zeta potential and reduce the role of
acrylic resin water-based of 30% and 70% nanocomposites, with a nanos (Al-Anssari et al., 2018). It has been observed that the very small
nanometer tunnel that covers the internal surfaces of pipes in order to number of nanoparticles added to the nanofluid has yielded relatively
prevent air to be passed and moisture to be depleted at the surface. astonishing increases in its properties (Hendraningrat and Zhang, 2015).
Accordingly, the corrosion can be inhabited inside the gas and oil pipes As a rule of thumb, the smaller the number of nanoparticles in the
(Noveiri and Torfi, 2012). nanofluid is, the higher the zeta potential is and the more stable the
nanofluid will be (Du et al., 2015).
2.5. Nanofluid
3. Applications of nanotechnology in oil industry
Nanofluid, as a significant part of nanotechnology, is a new type of
fluid (Esmaeili, 2011) which is generally considered as a special class of 3.1. Exploration and reservoir characterization
colloids (Hendraningrat and Zhang, 2015) and non-Newtonian fluid
(Saenkhumwong and Suksri, 2017). Nanofluids are basically composed Exploration is essentially the first step in developing the oil and gas
of blending the nanomaterials within the different the liquid solutions fields (Agista et al., 2018). Therefore, hydrocarbon exploration is
including water, ethylene glycol, ethanol and surfactant as base fluids considered as one of the most essential and expensive activities, which is
(Sharma et al., 2016), and polymetric fluid, engine oil and mixture of also very dangerous and risky (Khalil et al., 2017; Agista et al., 2018). By
two fluids or more as surface-based fluids (Table 1) (Mcelfresh et al., definition, petroleum exploration is the process of searching and seeking
2012; Yu and Xie, 2012; Hendraningrat and Zhang, 2015; Fakoya and for hydrocarbon deposits underlying the earth’s surface, and it is carried
Shah, 2017; Nwidee et al., 2017). Nanofluids are usually prepared using out by petroleum geologists and geophysicists (Ponmani et al., 2013;
the two-step technique. Nanoparticles or alternative nanomaterials Khalil et al., 2017; Rezaeyan et al., 2018). Several sources and tech­
employed in this technique are initially made as dry powders in a niques, including geologic studies, seismic surveys, well-logging, well

Fig. 4. Nanocoating by Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and Titanium dioxide (TiO2) (modified after Sengupta and Kumar, 2013).

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

Table 1
Summary of nanofluid applications in drilling and EOR.
Area NPs Purposed Outcomes Ref.

Drilling Fe2O3 Mud rheological Increase in concentration of Fe2O3 NPs in the bentonite suspension resulted in Jung et al. (2011)
nanofluid properties of the mud increasing yield stress
Fe3O4 Mud rheological and reduction of 40% of fluid loss compared to the base fluid at HP/HT conditions Vryzas and Kelessidis
filtration properties (250 � F and 300 psi differential pressure). (2017)
Carbon nanotube, Mud rheological and addition of MWCNT and nanosilica improved the rheological properties such as Ismail et al. (2016)
and nanosilca filtration properties plastic viscosity and yield point compared to that of the base fluid.
CuO and ZnO Na enhanced drilling mud NWBM had better thermal and filtration properties than MWBM. Ponmani et al. (2013)
EOR ZrO2 Oil recovery Only in the water the oil recovery is less than the injecting Ogolo et al. (2012)
nanofluid NWP Wettability and interfacial The NWP has greater effect on the wettability than on the interfacial tension. Onyekonwu and
tension Ogolo (2010)
SiO2 Wettability and interfacial The SiO2 is very effective in modifying the interfacial tension and wettability. Maghzi et al. (2014)
tension
Carbon NPs Oil recovery The oil recovery was improved to 95%. Kanj et al. (2009)

Fig. 5. Preparation of nanofluid by two-step method (modified after Yu and Xie, 2012).

tests, and formation evaluation, are usually used to give information in


Table 2
order to generate an accurate and precise picture of the reservoir con­
Summary of nanotechnology applications in exploration & reservoir
taining hydrocarbons (Ponmani et al., 2013). According to Ponmani
characterization.
et al. (2013) and Agista et al. (2018), the shrinkage of existing oil and
gas fields as well as increased demand on petroleum have given rise to Nanomaterial Purpose Reference

exploration and development of more fields, and therefore petroleum Superparamagnetic iron It has the ability to provide self- Yang et al.
explorations have to be carried out in more challenging regions, which oxide (SPIO) NPs confirmed, targeted MR imaging of (2011)
tumors.
involve high risk and costly activities. On the other hand, it is reported
Nano-optical fiber It is a sensor tool used to detect oil- El-Diasty and
that many old and conventional electrical sensors and other measuring microbe and determine the Ragab (2013)
means are often unable to give high-resolution reservoir imaging and reservoir pressure and temperature.
necessary information, or can only give knowledge with high un­ Nano-robots It is used to examine individual Fakoya and
certainties, about the reservoirs, especially in conditions of high tem­ pores and channels, trace the Shah, 2017
trapped, monitor the flow of
perature and high pressure (Esmaeili, 2009, 2011; Khalil et al., 2017). hydrocarbons in subsurface
Therefore, novel, state-of-the-art and more advanced nanomaterial- reservoirs, exchange information to
based sensing devices were needed to be developed which both tech­ the surface.
nically and economically are practicable and feasible (Ponmani et al., WO3 NPs-based sensor It has the ability to selectively Khalil et al.
measure the concentration of H2S in (2017)
2013; Khalil et al., 2017; Agista et al., 2018). Lately, as technology
the range of 0–200 ppm with a
advanced, the use of nanosensors in seismic characterization and for­ detection limit as low as 1 ppm.
mation evaluation has been suggested as a magnificent solution for the Hyperpolarized silicon It is a nanosensor that provides a Rezaeyan et al.
problems (Agista et al., 2018). According to Ponmani et al. (2013) and NPs novel tool for measuring and (2018)
Fakoya and Shah (2017), the use of engineered nanoparticles is one of imaging hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Magnetic (Fe2O3) NPs It detects flood front, fluid contact, Agista et al.
the available and effective ways for exploring and detecting hydrocar­ hydrocarbon bypass and fracture. (2018)
bons in petroleum reservoirs in different ways and mechanisms as shown
in Table 2. Nanoparticles with considerable and significant alterations in
their optical, electrical and magnetic properties by comparison with and insight on characterizing the reservoir, monitoring fluid flow and
their “bulk counterparts” can be used as superb tools for improving and recognizing fluid type. For example, tight shales, tight gas sands and
developing sensors and image contrasts (El-Diasty and Ragab, 2013; and tight carbonates are able to be imaged by nano-CT (Kong and Ohadi,
Rezaeyan et al., 2018). To be more specific, the use of nanosensors in the 2010). As another example, hyperpolarized silicon NPs, as the most
pore spaces in the form of nanodust is capable of providing information novel and crucial tool, can be used for measuring and imaging

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

formations in petroleum exploration (El-Diasty and Ragab, 2013; Agista of the heavy oil, there happen numerous problems during the produc­
et al., 2018; Rezaeyan et al., 2018). Additionally, nanosensors have been tion process that give rise to a reduction in production efficiency (Agista
used as 3- and 4-dimensional seismic distribution and sensing mecha­ et al., 2018). A promising technology, nanotechnology, can make the
nism in imaging the subsurface structure (Ponmani et al., 2013; Peng hydrocarbon harvesting easier and more abundant (Bera and Belhaj,
et al., 2017). Khalil et al. (2017) reported several multitasking nano­ 2016).
materials, such as sulfated and non-sulfated polyvinyl alcohol with the Shokrlu and Babadagli (2010) stated that in order to recover the
functional group oxidized carbon black (PVA-OCB) nanoparticles, that unconventional reserves, i.e., heavy oil and bitumen, extensive reservoir
can be used to detect subsurface hydrocarbon; and these nanoparticles heating is required. Such heating techniques include steam and air in­
are called nanoreporters (Fakoya and Shah, 2017). The use of super­ jection and/or unconventional methods like electrical and electromag­
paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a contrasting agent in nuclear netic methods. For instance, aquathermolysis, which is a series of
magnetic resonance imaging is important for characterizing reservoirs reactions occurring to alter the physical properties of the hydrocarbons,
(Khalil et al., 2017). In Khalil and his coworkers’ view (2017), the can present and give great impacts including reduction of asphaltenes
build-up and formation of interfacial fluctuation and pressure wave and resins, increase of aromatics and saturates, decrease in sulfur con­
caused by the moving magnetic nanoparticles, which are able to probe tent and the produced oil viscosity reduction (Shokrlu and Babadagli,
the distribution of immiscible fluids and can be absorbed at the oil-water 2010; Maity et al., 2010). To provide a better insight into this, Muraza
interface or air-water interface owing to an external magnetic field and Galadima (2015) conducted a research study to find one of the ways
causes the hydrocarbon detection. A schematic representation of hy­ to produce from unconventional reserves through aquathermolysis
drocarbon detection by nanoreporters is shown in Fig. 6. process in which catalysts, such as nano oxides of copper and iron,
Ni-chelates supported by nano-iron particles and Cu2þ and Fe3þ com­
3.2. Production technology plexes, were used to break the C-C, C-O, and C-S bonds, and they figured
out that the viscosity of the heavy oil was highly reduced. Afterward, the
Taking a quick look at the past few years, it can be seen that the heavy oil was converted to lighter and less viscous oil components that
conventional oil and gas resources and reserves are difficult to explore were producible. Additionally, Kong and Ohadi (2010) reported that
and produce from them. Due to the limited conventional oil reserves, a nano-catalysts might also propose a solution for improving the proper­
large number of companies have started to exploit and produce the ties of heavy oil and bitumen. Li et al. (2016), on the other hand, also
unconventional oil resources such as heavy and extra heavy oil, tight gas conducted an experiment investigating the role of nano-nickel catalysts
and oil, coal bed methane, and shale gas and oil as well as bitumen in reducing the viscosity of heavy oil, and they eventually found that
hydrocarbons (Khalil et al., 2017). Recovery of unconventional oil is these nano-sized catalysts had the ability to fulfill their duty.
considered as one of the most serious challenges because of the presence One of those problems that can arise in the production process is the
of sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and metals as well as the nature of their asphaltenes precipitation. The formed solids can be either removed
physical and chemical properties such as viscosity and density (Li et al., mechanically or by adding additives that contain TiO2, SiO2, and ZrO2
2013; Khalil et al., 2017). Apparently, heavy oil and bitumen exist in nanoparticles forming nanofluids to inhibit the precipitation of asphal­
large quantities. Li et al. (2013) claimed heavy oil and bitumen consti­ tene. Mixing TiO2 nanoparticles to the asphaltene at acidic conditions
tute about 70% of the remaining 10 trillion barrels of oil worldwide, and may improve the stability of the asphaltene nanoaggregates by forming
this makes the recovery more challenging. Along with the high viscosity a hydrogen bond (Mohammadi et al., 2011). Another challenge that

Fig. 6. Representation of oil detection using nanoreporters: (a) Nanoparticles holding hydrophobic cargo are introduced into the subsurface (b) As they are scattering
in the subsurface, nanoreporters run into oil and free the hydrophobic cargo into the hydrocarbon (c) The nanoreporters are retrieved and analyzed and examined for
the presence of the cargo; the extent of hydrocarbon is determined by the extent of the cargo absence (modified after El-Diasty and Ragab, 2013).

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

occurs is the formation and precipitation of wax crystals which increases sub-divided methods and related EOR mechanisms. For example, there
the viscosity of the oil entrapping the oil in the reservoir or accumulating are different types of chemical EOR, such as alkaline, surfactant, poly­
them in the pipe during production (Sun et al., 2017; Agista et al., 2018). mer, ASP and micellar gas. Which they can provide several EOR
Interestingly, pour-point depressants have the ability to solve this mechanisms in increasing the ultimate oil recovery including IFT
problem, and recently a researcher created a new type of hybrid PPDs reduction, wettability alteration, mobility control and emulsification.
based on POA functionality and POA/nanosilica hybrid particles. They Adil et al. (2018) stated that the injected fluids in enhanced oil recovery
discovered that the POA/nanosilica hybrid particle system gives spher­ processes tend to interact with and have influences on rock/oil system of
ical shapes for wax precipitation resulting in a compact precipitate the reservoir. Lower interfacial tensions (Ketzasmin et al., 2017; Bera
structure, and this enhances the flowability of the waxy oil (Sun et al., et al., 2017; Bahraminejad et al., 2019), wettability alteration (Bera
2017). An amazing application of nanotechnology is the optimization in et al., 2017; Asl et al., 2019, 2020), oil swelling, oil viscosity reduction
the production of oil and gas from shale and tight reservoirs through and/or favorable phase behavior might be resulted from the in­
hydraulic fracturing and fracking technique (Li et al., 2016; Khalil et al., teractions. The following Fig. 7 shows the EOR technologies.
2017). Li et al. (2016) defined hydraulic fracturing as the process of A new technology that has recently attracted attentions is smart
stimulation hydrocarbon-producing wells in order to enhance the pro­ fluids (nanofluids), which are used in enhanced oil recovery (Evdokimov
duction in reservoirs of low permeability or damaged wells. This is et al., 2006; Mahmood et al., 2017; Abhishek et al., 2018). Smart fluids
executed by injecting a fracturing fluid under pressure so as to produce can help drilling by giving better wettability alteration, binders for sand
and generate a fracture or fractures into the rock formation (Barati et al., consolidation and advanced drag reduction (Chaaudhury, 2003; Hen­
2012). The viscosity and stability of the fracturing fluid are important, draningrat et al., 2013). Moreover, the introduction of nanoparticles has
for instance, foam fracturing fluids have a high viscosity which provides led to and generated thin film nanocomposite membranes concept,
them astonishing proppant transportability, and using nanoparticles in which offers novel potentials, like reduced fouling (Liu et al., 2016). By
them gives further stabilization (Lv et al., 2015). In matrix acidizing, one nanotechnology new metering techniques with tiny sensors have been
of the major challenges is the delivery of the acid into the targeted zone developed to provide improved information about the reservoir and
with no, or little, damage to the wellbore and surface facilities. One nano-catalysts may also offer a solution for an on-site upgrading of
excellent way to solve this problem is to use nanoparticle-stabilized bitumen and heavy crude oil (Ying and Sun, 1997). It is worth saying the
double emulsions. Such double emulsions could be an excellent well most parts of nanoparticles are in the early stage of research and labo­
stimulating agent (Ko and Huh, 2018). ratory development of the petroleum industry (Saleh, 2017). Fig. 8
summarizes the applications of nanotechnology in EOR. As is clear,
3.3. Enhanced oil recovery nanopartciles have several usages in EOR dependent on their types, for
instance, nanofluids can be used to reduce IFT, alter the wettability,
The rapid increase in energy (oil) demand and extracting crude oil, provide better emulsion and improve the viscosity. While,
the resources of global oil have to be used as efficiently and competently nano-emulsion can have benefits in improving a better stability and
as possible, and more oil is to be recovered (Rychlicki et al., 2006; control the mobility. In addition, nano-catalyst can reduce the viscosity
Landa-Marba �n et al., 2017; Ketzasmin et al., 2017; Underwood et al., of oil.
2015; Ali and Stephen, 2018). It has been proved that after exploring Vryzas and Kelessidis (2017) found that the nanoparticles in the
and detecting a petroleum reservoir about 15–50% vol. of the oil in the nanofluids have the ability to construct ordered structures, called
reservoir can be retrieved and recovered by maintaining initial reservoir wedge-shaped film, on contact line with oil phase as shown in Fig. 9 A
pressure using first and second oil recovery methods (Rychlicki et al., and 10. This film spurs the nanofluid spreading throughout the surface
2006; Mohd et al., 2016; Landa-Marba �n et al., 2017). However, 50–85% (Hendraningrat and Torsæter, 2014). Ehtesabi et al. (2013) investigated
vol. of the original oil in place remains in the reservoir after primary and and found that this process was produced due to the induced structural
secondary recovery methods (Underwood et al., 2015; Mohd et al., disjoining pressure by the nanoparticles. The structural disjoining
2016; Landa-Marba �n et al., 2017; Gbadamosi et al., 2018b). There are pressure is related to the ability of a fluid to scatter and disperse
various methods to optimize rates of oil recovery and to increase the throughout the surface of a substrate owing to the difference in inter­
production efficiency; one of the most effective ways is the employment facial forces between the oil and the solid phases (Hendraningrat and
of more developed and advanced methods, such as enhanced oil re­ Torsæter, 2014; Afolabi and Yusuf, 2018). Pore channel plugging is one
covery (Rychlicki et al., 2006; Mohd et al., 2016; Landa-Marba �n et al., of the favorable outcomes of using nanoparticles in EOR (Agi et al.,
2017; Kamaei et al., 2019). EOR, which stands for enhanced oil recov­ 2018). Vryzas and Kelessidis (2017) shed light on the two major
ery, is a method for recovering hydrocarbons by injecting materials that mechanisms that cause pore channel plugging: mechanical entrapment
do not normally belong to or are not typically present in the reservoir and log-jamming (see Fig. 9B). Afolabi and Yusuf (2018) stated that
(Sengl et al., 2006; Agi et al., 2018). nanoparticles have the ability to give rise to a phenomenon called me­
Mohd et al. (2016) and Gbadamosi et al. (2018b) reported that ac­ chanical entrapment: a phenomenon that can be perceived when the size
cording to the injectant type injected, enhanced oil recovery is usually of the pore or pore throat of the formation is smaller than the size of the
categorized as chemical (surfactant flooding), (Sengl et al., 2006; Bera nanoparticles. On the other hand, pore channels plugging occurs due to
et al., 2017), thermal, gas and microbial (Landa-Marba �n et al., 2017). log-jamming when the accumulation of nanoparticles of the nanofluids
Thermal methods mainly introduce heat into heavy oil reservoirs by moving through pores to pore throats takes place (Vryzas and Kelessidis,
various methods, such as cyclic steam simulation (CSS), steam flooding 2017). The accumulation occurs due to the increased velocity of the
and steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), to better the flow ability of nanofluids, which caused by the differential pressure and flow area
the heavy oil or bitumen in reservoirs by changing its physical properties narrowing, giving a faster flow to small H2O molecules and leaving the
(viscosity and density) (Thomas, 2008). Gas methods utilize hydrocar­ nanoparticles behind. This accumulation produces additional pressure
bon gases (CH4, C3H8 or natural gas) or non-hydrocarbon gases (N2 or in the neighboring pore throat and hence pushing the oil droplets
CO2) that dissolve in oil. In this way, the injected gas can improve oil trapped in the pores (Afolabi and Yusuf, 2018). Rock wettability, which
recovery by decreasing oil viscosity and expanding oil volume (Sun is a crucial parameter to manage recovery of oil, is defined as a fluid’s
et al., 2018). Chemical methods mainly involve the use of long-chained tendency to adhere to the surface of rock contending with another
molecules called polymers to increase the effectiveness of waterflood, or immiscible fluid (Vryzas and Kelessidis, 2017; Ali et al., 2020). Oil re­
the use of detergent-like surfactants to help lower IFT that often prevents covery can be enhanced by changing wettability from oil-wet to
oil droplets from moving through a reservoir as shown in Fig. 7 (Mandal, water-wet (Nazari et al., 2015; Al-Anssari et al., 2018; Zargar et al.,
2015). In this figure, different categories of EOR are shown with their 2020). The addition of nanoparticles to the used fluid has a tremendous

8
J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

Fig. 7. Categories of enhanced oil recovery technologies.

Fig. 8. Application of nanotechnology in EOR.

effect. Cheraghian and Hendraningrat (2016) reported that the rock the contact angle was 140.2� , but after using the MgO nanoparticle it
surface can absorb nanoparticles causing changes in the level of the rock was reduced to 98.2� . In part of their experiment, Moslan et al. (2017)
wettability, as illustrated in Fig. 9C. Asphaltene precipitation along with added zirconium oxide with weight concentration 0.05 wt% to CTAB
mechanical or chemical processes can head to some problems like (cationic surfactant), SDS (anionic surfactant) and TX-100 (non-ionic
reduction of effective permeability and blockage of transportation surfactant) for measuring and presenting the effects of ZrO2 nanoparticle
pipelines, and therefore a solution should be sought (Guo and Liu, 2011; on IFT and contact angle in carbonate dolomite. The results revealed
Vryzas and Kelessidis, 2017). As it can be seen in Fig. 9D, in the presence that IFT reduced to 1.85, 2.78 and 2.64 in CTAB, SDS and TX-100,
of nanoparticles, nanoparticles adsorption onto the surface of asphaltene respectively. Likewise, with the addition of ZrO2, the contact angle
molecules can occur, and this reduces the flocculation of asphaltene in reduced to 60� in CTAB, 84� in SDS and to 71� in TX-100. Alnarabiji
the porous medium (Vryzas and Kelessidis, 2017). et al. (2016) conducted a test on Glass micromodels using hydrophobic
Nowadays, several types of nanoparticles were used to achieve the multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes. They used three different concentrations
above mentioned EOR mechanisms (Table 3). The impact of some NPs of nanoparticles which were (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1) wt% and mixed each
on IFT reduction, contact angle decrease and oil recovery improvement of them with 0.3 wt% of brine. The purpose of their experiment was to
used by numerous researchers from 2009 to 2019 are illustrated in observe the effect of nanoparticles on the recovery of Residual Oil
Figs. 11–13. Nazari et al. (2015) examined the extent of the effect that in-Place (ROIP). The maximum recovery efficiency obtained was 31.8%
MgO nanoparticles would have on the wettability of Carbonate core. In ROIP with the 0.05 wt%, with the other recovery efficiencies being
their experiment, they measured the contact angle between a mixture of 29.2% with the 0.01 wt% and 23% with the 0.1 wt%. According to
0.5gr of MgO and 10 mL of SPAN83. Prior to applying the nanoparticle, Azarshin et al. (2017), SiO2 was pecked and added to this solution and

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

Fig. 9. Mechanisms of nanofluid within the porous media.

Fig. 10. The disjoining pressure at the oil droplet nanofluid interface.

the mixture of ethanol while being sonicated and stirred vigorously and recovery. The results showed that the IFT reduced from 38.5 dyn/com to
have been selected to be used on Glass micromodels were used as porous 2.25, 2.75, and 1.45 dyn/cm after employing Al2O3, Fe2O3, and SiO2
media. In this experiment 1 ml of APTS was dissolved in EtOH (200 ml) nanofluids, respectively. Moreover, the addition of SiO2 NPs amongst
in a beaker. Then, 10 g SiO2 was added to this solution. The state of the other NPs affected the contact angle measurement the most.
wettability between silica NPs injected water and the rock surface. Re­ Furthermore, after employing Al2O3, Fe2O3, and SiO2, the results
sults demonstrate that the contact angle decreases from 134.4 to 54.52 showed that the extra oil recoveries were 92.5%, 88.6%, and 95.3%,
in the presence of 0.25 wt% silica NPs. The IFT between injected water respectively.
and crude oil is one of the other parameters which affect the sweep ef­ In terms of oil recovery, the results of the set of experiments of Ogolo
ficiency. Experimental results show that in the presence of only 0.25 wt et al. (2012) showed that only hydrophobic silicon oxide and silane
% FSNPs, the IFT decreases up to 68% from 37.5 to 22.1 mN/m. treated silicon oxide had given positive results with ethanol as the
In addition, Hendraningrat and Torsæter (2014) conducted a series dispersing medium. In the case of brine as the dispersing medium,
of experiments involving the use of metal oxide nanoparticles in brine aluminum oxide had given the best result. Roustaei et al. (2012) treated
dispersion in sandstone cores for calculating their effect on enhancing the surface of a sample of sandstone core plug with NWP and HLP
recovery factor. As the NPs and Povidone, a polyvinylpyrrolidone sta­ nanoparticles, and they found that the contact angle reduced to 81.88�
bilizer, were mixed, it was found that the total recovery increased (HWP) and 95.44� (HLP). Meanwhile, they observed that in the presence
significantly. With initial water saturations 19, 20 and 32%, the total of nano-HWP and nano-HLP fluids, the interfacial tension reduced to
recoveries were found to be 66, 77 and 74% using Al2O3, TiO2 and SiO2 2.55 mN/m and 1.75 mN/m, respectively. Ali et al. (2018a) examined
nanoparticles, respectively. Joonaki and Ghanaatian (2014) used sand­ and identified that ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposite coated by Xanthan
stone core plugs in their laboratory experiment for determining the ef­ reduced IFT tremendously to 2.547 mN/m as it was added to distilled
fects of different nanoparticles of various concentrations dispersed in water, and 2.016 mN/m to LoSal water.
propanol on measurements of contact angle, interfacial tension and oil

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

Table 3
Summary of the studies about nanomaterials in EOR processes.
Type of NPs NPs Concentration Dispersion IFT (mN/m) Contact angleo Pours media EOR Reference
media (%)
Ref. With Ref. With
NPs NPs

Metal oxides Aluminum oxide NPs 0.5–3 g/L Propanol 38.5 2.25 131 92 Sandstone 92.5 Joonaki and
nanoparticles (Al2O3) rocks Ghanaatian (2014)
Iron oxide NPs (Fe2O3) 0.5–3 g/L Propanol 38.5 2.75 132.5 101 Sandstone – Joonaki and
cores Ghanaatian (2014)
Nickel oxide NPs (NiO) 15.295 vol% Brine – – – – Carbonate 7.592 Haroun et al.
cores (2012).
Magnesium oxide NPs 0.05 g/10 ml Span83 – – 140.2 98.2 Carbonate – Nazari et al., (2015).
(MgO) cores
Copper II oxide CuO 17.464 vol% Brine – – – – Carbonate 14.07 Haroun et al.
cores (2012).
TiO2 NPs 1 wt% Brine – – 125 90 Core-flooding 80 Ehtesabi et al.
(2013).
Zinc oxide NPs (ZnO) 0.05-0.5w% SDS 27.43 18.65 – – Core-flooding 11.82 Soleimani et al.
(2018).
Zirconium oxide NPs 0.05 wt% TX-100 9.13 2.64 85 71 Carbonate – Moslan et al. (2017).
(ZrO2) dolomite
Zirconium oxide NPs 0.05 wt% SDS 9.88 2.78 92 84 Carbonate – Moslan et al. (2017).
(ZrO2) dolomite
Organic Hydrophobic Multiwall 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 Brine – – – – Glass 29.2, Alnarabiji et al.
nanoparticles Carbon Nanotubes wt% micromodels 31.8, (2016).
(HMECTs) 23.0
Nanoparticle-Stabilized 50 vol% – – – – – Glass 15 IOIP Nguyen et al.
CO2 Foam micromodels (2014).
Inorganic SiO2 NPs 0.5–3 g/L Propanol 38.5 1.45 134 82 Sandstone – Joonaki and
nanoparticles cores Ghanaatian (2014).
HLP 0.05 wt% Surfactant 18.4 5.4 – – Quartz plate 29.5 RF El Shafey (2017)
hydrophobic silica 0.2-0.3 wt% Ethanol – – – – Sandstone 50 Ogolo et al. (2012)
cores
hydrophilic silica 0.01, 0.05, and Brine (NaCl – – – – Berea 53 Ogolo et al. (2012)
0.1 wt% 3 wt%) Sandstone
cores
HLP 4 gr/L Ethanol 26.3 1.75 135.5 95.44 Sandstone – Hendraningrat and
cores Torsæter (2014)
NWP 4 gr/L Ethanol 26.3 2.55 135.5 81.88 Sandstone – Roustaei et al.
cores (2012)
SiO2 NPs 1–4 g/L Brine 26.5 1.95 135.5 66 Sandstone – Joonaki and
cores Ghanaatian (2014).
SiO2 NPs 10gr/200 ml Ethanol 37.5 22.1 134.4 54.52 Glass – Azarshin et al.
micromodels (2017).
SiO2 NPs 0.5–3 g/L Brine 38.5 1.45 134 82 Carbonate – Ali et al. (2019b).
cores
SiO2 þ ZnO NPs 2000 ppm Distillate 31.8 2.547 – – – – Ali et al. (2019b).
water
SiO2 þ ZnO NPs 2000 ppm seawater 28.312 2.016 – – – – Ali et al. (2019b).

3.4. Drilling technology wellbore. Selecting the suitable and right drilling fluid and maintaining
the desirable properties in them is important for a successful drilling
Drilling operation is one of the most essential and critical processes operation because they enhance the oil recovery and decrease the
in accessing the hydrocarbons down in the reservoir rocks (Ponmani amount of time it takes to extract the first drop of oil (Kasiralvalad,
et al., 2013; Khalil et al., 2017). Extracting oil and gas involves the 2014; Al-Yasiri and Al-Sallami, 2015). On the other hand, in efficacious
digging and boring a hole of a few inches, with the aid of a drilling bit drilling process is dependent highly on the used drilling fluid’s effec­
attached to drillstring, into the reservoir rock in the subsurface (Vryzas tiveness (Vryzas and Kelessidis, 2017).
and Kelessidis, 2017). To be more specific, every rotary drilling opera­ One of the other crucial processes is cementing. Jafariesfad et al.
tion consists of three core systems that function simultaneously at the (2017a) defined primary cementing as the process of mixing cement
time of drilling, and these systems are rotary system, hoisting system and slurry and water and pumping it down into the annulus between the
circulating system (Al-Yasiri and Al-Sallami, 2015). Vryzas and Keles­ casing and formation. Providing a complete zonal isolation is the main
sidis (2017) explained the process as follows: the bit crushes and grinds objective of primary cementing in order to prevent the occurrence of
the rock into small pieces called the cuttings; next, the cuttings are fluid migration (Rahimirad and Baghbadorani, 2012; Lavrov and
brought to the surface through the drill pipe with the help of drilling Torsæter, 2016). The zonal isolation is helpful in ensuring the safety as
fluid; then the cuttings and drilling fluid are separated from each other well as preventing environmental problems (Jafariesfad et al., 2017a).
by the means of separation equipment; finally, the drilling fluid is The cured cement must also act as a mechanical support for the casing
circulated back to the well using powerful pumps. Therefore, effective (Agofack et al., 2018) and protect it from attacks by corrosive fluids
development in drilling operation plays a vital role in the optimization (Nygaard, 2010). Additionally, selecting the materials to be used and the
of hydrocarbon productivity (Khalil et al., 2017). Al-Yasiri and procedure to be followed for the cementation is the key factor in insuring
Al-Sallami (2015) reported that there are various definitions for drilling a successful hydrocarbon production (Khalil et al., 2017).
fluid, and they also reported that several experts had defined a drilling During the drilling and completion operations a large number of
fluid as a mixture of fluid and additives that removes the cuttings from a problems may occur and leave negative economic and environmental

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

Fig. 11. Rduction percentage of the interfacial tension using different nanoparticles from 2009 to 2019 (Ju and Fan, 2009; Yoon et al., 2012; Roustaei et al., 2012;
Joonaki and Ghanaatian, 2014; Zargartalebi et al., 2014; Bayat et al., 2014; Hendraningrat et al., 2013; Esmaeilzadeh et al., 2014; Azarshin et al., 2017; Emadi et al.,
2017; Moslan et al., 2017; Ali et al., 2019b).

Fig. 12. This chart shows the impact of different nanoparticles on the contact angle reduction (Ju and Fan, 2009; Wasan et al., 2011; Giraldo et al., 2013; Joonaki
and Ghanaatian, 2014; Hendraningrat and Torsæter, 2014; Bayat et al., 2014; Nazari et al. 2015; Azarshin et al., 2017; Maurya et al., 2017; Moslan et al., 2017; Ali
et al., 2019b).

impacts. Like every other industry, oil and gas industry can benefit from migration (Jafariesfad et al., 2017a). Table 4 shows the influences of
the use of the novel technology, nanotechnology, in order to solve these nanoparticles in different drilling applications.
problems (Al-Yasiri and Al-Sallami, 2015). Nanotechnology can be used Nanotechnology has another potential application which is in the
in many fields of oil and gas industry such as drilling fluid and tools and designing and developing tools and equipment in the oil and gas in­
cementation (Bera and Belhaj, 2016) to prevent the lost circulation, dustry (Amanullah and Ramasamy, 2018). There are several tools, e.g.,
wellbore instability, pipe sticking and recovery efficiency (Al-Yasiri and drill pipe and drilling bit, used in the drilling process. These tools are
Al-Sallami, 2015; Peng et al., 2017). Likewise, well cementing is not out sometimes subjected to loads and forces, i.e., friction, and high tem­
of problems. Wellbore failures and well integrity problems because of peratures, that cause them to be deteriorated, damaged and worn.
cementing and cementing stability problems are regarded as one of the Recently, nanoparticles and, in the last couple of years, nanocomposites
serious difficulties in the petroleum exploration and production (Khalil attracted a lot of attention and emerged in the industry owing to the
et al., 2017). For instance, the poor performance due to the natural superb physical, chemical, mechanical and electrical properties (Ama­
brittleness, low tensile strength as well as bulk shrinkage of the con­ nullah and Ramasamy, 2018). Application of nanotechnology in the
ventional cement-based materials has called for the use of developed drilling tools can extend the lifetime of the tools by improved corrosion
nanotechnology for the well cementing process, and this advanced and wear resistance property of the nanomaterials used (Nabhani and
technology has the ability to improve the mechanical properties of the Emami, 2012).
cement sheath, to accelerate the cement hydration and to prevent gas

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

Fig. 13. Improvement in oil recovery using different nanoparticles from 2009 to 2019 (Ju and Fan, 2009; Wasan et al., 2011; Latiff et al., 2011; Ogolo et al., 2012;
Zaid et al., 2012; Sharma et al., 2016; Tajmiri et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2016; Jafarnezhad et al., 2017).

exposed to extreme temperatures and pressure (Fridriksson, 2017;


Table 4
Nelson et al., 1990; Choolaei et al., 2012). Alkhamis (2018) reported
Summary of nanotechnology applications in drilling operations.
that variations in temperature and pressure causes cement to shrink,
Area Author NPs Concentration Outcome leading to an incomplete zonal isolation. Several NPs were used to
Drilling Pan et al. Micro-arc 0.5–2 g/L The coating improve the properties of cement slurry as shown in Table 5. In a study,
tool (2016) oxide prevents the Jafariesfad et al. (2017b) added different amounts of nanorubber with
oxidation of
various sizes ranging from 50 nm to 100 nm to a Class G cement with a
aluminum and the
corrosion rate was (W/C) of 0.44. The experimental results revealed that the addition of 8%
reduced from nanorubber caused reductions in the cement shrinkage after different
0.032 g m2.h 1 to periods of time. Polat et al. (2017) also observed less cement shrinkage
0.024 g m 2.h 1 in their case study when they investigated the impact of MgO nano­
Drilling Ragab and Nanosilica 20-30 wt% Reduces up to 56%
particles on a Portland cement. Other problems such as insufficient
fluid Noah (2014) of the fluid loss
compared to cement-formation bond and insufficient cement-casing bond arise if the
ordinary drilling cement does not have enough strength (Parker, 1966). In several cases,
fluids. adding nanoparticles to the cement formulation, boosted its compressive
Sadeghalvaad TiO2 NCs 14 gr Less mud thickness
strength and accelerated the time needed for developing the strength. In
and Sabbaghi and enhanced
(2015) fluid loss a comparative study by Alias et al. (2014) on the effect of raw rice husk
treatment up to ash, synthesized nanosilica from RHA and commercial nanosilica on the
64% compared to compressive strength and porosity of a Class G cement with a (W/C) of
conventional 0.5 showed that the cement with commercial nanosilica showed supe­
drilling fluids.
rior properties to its counterparts, in which a 1.5%bwoc of the com­
Vryzas et al. Fe2O3 0.5 w/w %. Reduction in
(2015) filtration loss. mercial nanosilica reduced compressive strength development time,
Vryzas et al. SiO2 0.5–1.5% (w/ Increased the increased maximum compressive strength and reduced porosity which
(2015) w) filtration volume. lead to prevent fluid migration.
Ismail et al. SiO2 0.01 gr Reduce filtration.
In a recent investigation by Mohammed (2018) on silica nano­
(2016)
Ismail et al. MWCNT – Decreasing
particles, different amounts of 30 nm-sized nanosilica were added to a
(2016) filtration and class H cement with a (W/C) of 0.38. The test results showed that the
reduce mud cake. cement with 1%bwoc nanosilica had a higher maximum compressive
Mahmoud et al. Ferric 0.5%wt. Increased the strength, a faster compressive strength development and improved
(2016) Oxide þ filtration loss and
electrical resistivity properties. In another work, Souza et al. (2015)
SiO2 mud cake
thickness. examined the outcome of adding carbon nanotubes to a Brazilian type
Mahmoud et al. Ferric NPs 0.3–1.0 wt% Reduce mud cake CPV cement with a (W/C) of 0.4. The resulting cement attained more
(2017) thickness. compressive and tensile strength, less porosity and permeability and an
Vryzas and Calcium 0.5 wt% Reduce fluid loss
improved stability. Filtration of cement slurry and cement contamina­
Kelessidis NPs considerably and
(2017) produce a thinner
tion by mud (Frigaard and Pelipenko, 2003) are also very well-known
filter cake, and issues which can eventually cause gas migration (Pour and Moghadasi,
hence reducing the 2007). For the case of filtration, Rabbani and Soltanian (2011) con­
permeability. ducted an experiment in which they mixed different amounts of 20 nm
silica nanoparticles with a Class G cement with a (W/C) of 0.6 and
3.4.1. Cementing observed that a small amount of it made great changes in the cement
The cement is able to perform its job efficiently when a proper properties, such as reducing fluid loss and permeability, as a conse­
cement job has been executed, otherwise various problems may arise quence preventing gas migration. The modified cement also had a
since the cement will experience harsh conditions; such as, being higher maximum compressive strength and a faster compressive

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Table 5
Summary of the nanoparticles used in oil and gas well cementing.
Types of cement NPs Size Conc. Outcome Reference
(nm) (BWOC)

Kerman Class G with Nanosilica 20 1% Less porosity and permeability, less density, improved rheological behavior, early Rabbani and Soltanian
W/C of 0.6 compressive strength development, more compressive strength, less thickening (2011)
time, less free-water development, and less fluid loss
Class H with W/C Nanosilica 30 1% Early compressive strength development, more compressive strength, early Mohammed (2018)
0.38 compressive strength development, and more compressive strength
Class G with W/C 0.5 Nanosilica 10–20 1.50% Less porosity & permeability, more hydration, more density, improved electrical Alias et al. (2014)
1.50% resistivity index, improved rheological properties, and early compressive strength
1.50% development
Class H with W/C Nano-Fe – 1% More compressive strength, less porosity and permeability, more density, early Vipulanandan et al.
0.38 compressive strength development, and more compressive strength (2015)
Class G with W/C <100 2% Less porosity & permeability, more hydration, less free-water development, Baig et al. (2017)
0.44 improved electrical resistivity index, and improved rheological properties
Class H with W/C Nano-Na – 1% Early compressive strength development, more compressive strength, more Vipulanandan and
0.38 with 3% OBM carbonate hydration, less density, less shrinkage, and less free-water development Amani (2015)
Class G with W/C Nano-rubber 50–100 2–4% Less stiff, more compressive strength, more tensile strength, early compressive Jafariesfad et al.
0.44 strength development, and more compressive strength (2017b)
– Nano-MgO – 7.50% Less porosity & permeability, less shrinkage, more hydration, more density, and Polat et al. (2017)
early compressive strength development
Class G with W/C NMK 75 6% More compressive strength, less porosity and permeability, more hydration, more Dawood (2018)
0.44 density, and improved rheological properties
Class H with W/C Nano-clay 25 1% More stiff, early compressive strength development, more compressive strength, Mohammed (2018)
0.38 more hydration, same rheological properties, and more compressive strength
Brazillian type CP V CNT 21 0.30% More tensile strength, less porosity & permeability, more hydration, and Souza et al. (2015)
with W/C 0.4 improved rheological behavior
Class H with W/C CNF 4–20 0.04% More hydration, less porosity & permeability, and more flexural strength Sun et al. (2016a)
0.38
Class H with W/C CNF þ GNP 20–30 0.04% CNF Improved rheological behavior, more compressive strength, more flexural Sun et al. (2016b)
0.38 0.05 strength, early strength development, less porosity & permeability, and more
hydration
Type V with W/C CNC 0.05–0.5 0.20% More flexural strength, improved hydration process, and improved rheological Cao et al. (2014)
0.35 behavior
Class H with W/C Nano-alumina – 0.10% More stiff, early compressive strength development, and more compressive Vipulanandan &
0.38 strength Mohammed (2018)
– Halloysite 30–70 1.50% More compressive strength, and more tensile strength Deshpande and Patil
nanotube (2017)

strength development than the standard cement. that the nano-spacer resulted in a better removal of drilling mud in
Furthermore, to overcome mud contamination problems, Maserati comparison to conventional cement spacers and wettability alteration
et al. (2010) designed a new cement spacer using nano-emulsion and causing a stronger bond to form between cement and the casing. Addi­
investigated its cleaning performance (Fig. 14). The test results showed tion of different types of nanomaterials into the cement slurry leads to

Fig. 14. Gas migration with conventional cement and with nanoparticles.

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

elevated performances of the cement, such as gas migration prevention ceramics powder are sprayed by plasma coating method that those
(Alkhamis, 2018), improved hydration process (Baig et al., 2017), coatings do not let the materials underneath to get affected. Therefore,
enhanced sensing properties (Vipulanandan et al., 2015), decreased re-coating of the bits is a better and more possible alternative instead of
filtration (Rabbani and Soltanian, 2011), and providing more strength changing the bits entirely. They are commonly used in highly abrasive
and earlier strength development; preventing collapsing of the casing formations such as igneous rock.
(Sun et al., 2016a, b).
3.4.3. Drilling fluids
3.4.2. Drilling tools Various different drilling fluids have been formulated because of the
Drilling for hydrocarbon extraction calls for a drill string, which numerous problems faced during drilling operations. The principal el­
consists of drill pipe and drill collar, in order to transmit the surface- ements in all the types of drilling fluids are water, oil and gas (Al-Yasiri
provided torque to rotate the drilling bit and to transmit the required and Al-Sallami, 2015). A drilling fluid has various functions including
load for drilling the formation (Nabhani and Emami, 2012). Obviously, removing the cuttings from the wellbore and transporting them up to the
conventional drilling bits and drill pipes are worn due to abrasive for­ surface and stabilizing and supporting the wellbore, as well as lubri­
mations and this leads to the dramatic reduction of the drilling perfor­ cating and cooling the drilling bit (Al-Yasiri and Al-Sallami, 2015; Annis
mance. An effective solution to this problem is the wear resistance and Smith, 1996; Khodja et al., 2010). In comparison to the conven­
improvement of these tools (Amanullah and Ramasamy, 2018). tional drilling muds, nanofluids with water as the base have the ability
Furthermore, corrosion as one of the most serious problems can lead to to lessen the formation damage, control loss circulation and increase
the demolition and deterioration of metallic structures, such as drilling penetration rate (Kasiralvalad, 2014). On the other hand, adding
tools, and this problem has to be hampered; moreover, preventing nanoparticles to drilling fluids promotes the rheological, mechanical
corrosion in the petroleum industry is of great attention and emphasis and thermal properties of the fluids (Al-Yasiri and Al-Sallami, 2015).
(Fakoya and Shah, 2017; Ali et al., 2019d). Manufacturing and con­ Consequently, nanotechnology can play the role in meeting the uprising
structing superior drill bits from nanostructured coatings in order to needs for accomplishing a successful drilling programs which is both
improve abrasion and corrosion resistance of the drilling tools is an cost and time effective especially in the HPHT conditions.
excellent solution (Ponmani et al., 2014).
Properties of tools and platforms used whilst drilling onshore and 3.4.3.1. Fluid loss. In a study conducted by Sharma et al. (2016), some
offshore can be enhanced against water and corrosion, endurance, certain types of drilling fluids containing Nano silica have been prepared
abrasion and thermal conductivity by coating them with a special type to plug in the microcracks and treat water invasion in Mancos and gas
of nanoparticles (Kong and Ohadi, 2010). One of the inevitable problems shale formations. Three samples of mud are prepared; type A is WBM
encountered whilst drilling process offshore is corrosion of brine which is the base mud, type B contains pure nanoparticles, and
aluminum-alloyed drill pipes. The aluminum alloy interacts with the type C contains a third of the amount of the nanoparticles contained in
oxygen forming compacted Al2O3 layer. The coating prevents the type B mud sample. Pressure penetration test was used to measure the
oxidation of aluminum. However, the corrosion occurs because of effects of the three different types of mud. Results have shown as the
chlorination process. The diameter of the chlorination is so small that it amount of the nanoparticles increase, the ability of the permeability
capable of penetrating the oxidized layer and make an extension into the plugging increases. Thus, type B has shown the optimum results with
drill pipe. Thus, corroding the drill pipes and impoverishing its quality. 98% reduction in permeability and mud permeability of 0.0018 nDarcy.
Uprising issue of the drill pipe corrosion can be treated by micro-arc Hence fluid loss, borehole instability and water invasion can be highly
oxidation (also abbreviated as MAO). The metals are exposed to an reduced 10 to 100 times. In another research done by Ragab and Noah
electrolyte solution containing layers of ceramic in the form of MoS2 (2014), Nano silica in concentrations between 20 and 30% wt. reduced
nanoparticles under high temperature effects. The corrosion rate was up to 56% of the fluid loss compared to ordinary drilling fluids.
reduced from 0.032 g.m2.h-1 to 0.024 g.m-2.h-1 when the addition of Metal oxides are also used as additives in drilling mud to prepare
the number of nano-particles increased from 0.5 g/L to 2 g/L (Pan et al., Nano fluids. Moreover, Sadeghalvaad and Sabbaghi (2015) prepared a
2016). Aluminum alloys are used in horizontal well and ultra-deep wells nanocomposite from the polymerization of acrylamide monomer with
onshore (Gwilliam, 1999). However, those pipes had drawbacks such as the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles. In their study, 14 g of the nano­
poor hardness and low salt corrosion resistance that lead to corrosion composite is added to 350 mL distilled water. Then the latter is mixed
and low strength. Therefore, in another paper work done by Liang et al. with 10 g of natural bentonite. The lab tests have shown less mud
(2018), an aluminum alloy 2618 was modified by a combination of two thickness and enhanced fluid loss treatment up to 64% compared to
methods, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and ultrasonic cold forging tech­ conventional drilling fluids. In another research by Vryzas et al. (2015),
nology (UCFT) that enhanced the quality of aluminum alloy up to 94% an experiment was done on the effects of using iron oxide (Fe2O3)
compared to the conventional ones. Drill bits are worn and corroded in nanoparticles in drilling fluids concluded that the maximum amount of
harsh environments and HPHT whilst quarrying the formations. Thus, the nanoparticle that has the ability to bring maximum reduction in
coating the bits with certain types of nanoceramic coating can highly filtration loss, which was 42.5% in comparison to the base fluid alone,
enhance the performance of the drill bits and their lifespan (Agista et al., was 0.5w/w %. On the contrary, the addition of silica nanoparticles
2018). PDC nano diamonds are earning more popularity in the gas and increased the filtration volume considerably, for example, as silica
oil industry as it has shown great resistance against abrasion especially nanoparticles with concentrations 0.5% and 1.5% (w/w) were added,
in reservoir extreme conditions. Due to the small size of the nano di­ increases of 54.1% and 46.8% were observed, respectively. In a lab
amonds, the surfaces have high energy and they are controlled by experiment that was conducted by Ismail and his co-workers (2016), it
gathering those energies into clusters of microns or sub microns. This was found that addition of 0.01g of nanosilica to the drilling mud at the
technique leads to the clusters formation and it would be more difficult temperature of 200 � F provides 6.5 ml fluid loss which is the lowest.
to exploit. Thus, the surfaces are chemically modified by attaching Furthermore, they also found that using xanthan gum with 1 g of multi
organic moieties at the active sites and forming covalent bonds. The walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) at 200 � F results in a fluid loss of
derivatization or functionalization of the clusters on the molecular level 4.9 ml and a mud cake thickness of 4 in. Additionally, Mahmoud and the
make an even distribution of the nano diamonds and enhance the per­ co-workers (2016) conducted an experiment searching for the influences
formance with increasing lifespan of the bits. In another research done of ferric oxide and silica nanoparticles and their optimum concentra­
by Sengubta et al. (2013) about coating the bits with nano ceramics, it tions on the fluid loss characteristics. The results showed that adding
has shown two to four times increased strength compared to conven­ 0.5% of ferric oxide nanoparticle to the mud exhibited the best
tional bits against abrasion and wear in the drill bits. Al2O3-TiO2 nano

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

improvement by reducing the filtrate volume by 42.7% compared to the


base fluid, and hence this is the optimal concentration on the other hand,
they investigated that the addition of silica nanoparticles increased the
filtration loss and mud cake thickness. In another experiment done by
Mahmoud et al. (2017) on the impacts of ferric oxide nanoparticles, they
experimented that the addition of ferric oxide nanoparticles with con­
centrations 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 wt% could reduce mud cake thickness by
8.4, 21.9 and 38.7%, respectively, compared to base fluid cake thick­
ness. On the other hand, reduction of cumulative filtrate volume by 16.9
and 3.9% was observed for the mud with 0.3 and 0.5 wt% of ferric oxide
nanoparticles, and an increase by 15.6% was observed when the sample
of mud contained 1.0 wt% of the nanoparticle. Borisov and co-workers
in 2015 discovered that drilling fluids combined with lost circulation
materials (LCM) and nanoparticles reduce fluid loss considerably and
produce a thinner filter cake, and hence reducing the permeability, and
Fig. 16. A comparison between the yield point of a mud with CNT and the
that is because nanoparticles are capable of filling the tiny gaps between
reference mud (Sedaghatzadeh and Khodadadi, 2012).
the micron-sized particles (see Fig. 15). In their experiment, they used
calcium nanoparticles of 0.5 wt% concentration and this resulted in the
reduction of 22–34% of the total fluid loss.

3.4.3.2. Rheological properties. In a research done by Sedaghatzadeh


and Khodadadi (2012), MWCNT was used with different concentrations
to test the rheological properties and thermal conductivity of the mud.
An addition of 1% volume of CNT to the mud enhanced the thermal
conductivity by 23.2% in comparison to the base mud. Moreover, the
rheological properties such as annular viscosity and yield point have
been improved. The annular viscosity is increased as the depth of the
penetration is increased as shown in Fig. 16. This induces the formation
rock fragments lifting and helps cleaning the annular space of the well.
In another report done by Sadeghalvaad and Sabbaghi (2015),
characterization studies and tests were conducted to investigate the ef­
fects of addition of TiO2/PAM of different concentrations between 1 and
10 and 14 g in 350 ml distilled water. Results as shown in Fig. 17, have
shown adding 14 g can highly increase the viscosity of the mud.
In another research done by William et al. (2014), an addition of 1% Fig. 17. The plastic viscosity of the NWBF at different concentrations over time
(by volume) of CuO and ZnO nanofluids in synergy with aqueous Xan­ (Sadeghalvaad and Sabbaghi, 2015).
than gum as an additive to WBM have shown promising results. The
thermal and electrical conductivity have been improved by 35% 4. Nanotoxicity
compared to conventional WBM. The rheological properties are further
investigated at different temperatures varying from (25, 70,90, and 110 Despite the technological and commercial uprising of nanotech­

C) and concentrations between (0.1 MPa and 10 MPa). Results show nology in many aspects with their importance, their application is
that pressure has the highest effect on the rheology at elevated tem­ limited due to the fact they are so expensive to produce and also to
perature in comparison with low temperature. maintain (Jones and Grainger, 2009). The fact that they are in a tiny size
with a very high surface area that if exposed during the utilization and

Fig. 15. A pictorial illustration of drilling fluid loss during drilling in the case of LCM (left) and nanoparticles (right) (Vryzas and Kelessidis, 2017).

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J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

manufacturing inevitably might make nanoparticles as toxic material in 6. Conclusions


the oil and gas sector (Bera and Belhaj, 2016). These nanoparticles are so
small that can accumulate in single cells and easily penetrate the cell Many research studies on the application of nanotechnology in the
wall (Arnot and Gobas, 2006). Some of the most widely studied nano­ oil and industry have been performed and have shown promising results.
materials in the oil and gas sector are nanosilica and metallic oxide Generally, the application of nanotechnology in EOR to improve the
nanoparticles, that have various effects on the human and the envi­ ultimate oil recovery has been more widely studied compared with the
ronment (Sarkar et al., 2019). One of the implications of aluminum other fields, such as in exploration, drilling, production and refinery.
oxide, it can oxidize cells and prevent respiration, thus, causing the Different types of nanomaterials are used in the industry, such as
death of the organisms exposes (Prakash et al., 2011). According to nanoparticles, nanocomposites, functionalized nanoparticles, coating-
Valdiglesias et al. (2013), zinc oxide can produce reactive oxygen that nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanosheets and nanosensors, but NPs are
damages the cell membrane, leading to DNA and cell alteration. Addi­ the most commonly used type. NPs have some crucial features: (i) a high
tionally, titanium oxide can cause some interaction on the surface of the surface-area-to-volume ratio and easily movable through porous media;
cells that produce ROS, depolarization, plasma membrane leakage, (2) the potential to improve fluid performance with only a small
intracellular calcium influx, and cytokine secretion (Xiong et al., 2013; amount; (3) applicable in high-temperature conditions with the
Ghosh et al., 2013). Being exposed to nanosilica for the long term, can improved heat and mass transfer; and (4) high dispersion stability when
prompt the death of the cell bodies and lethal dose applied because of mixed with water, alcohol, surfactants and polymers. According to the
these implications and the disadvantages that they have, nanoparticles experimental studies, nanotechnology has led to a great deal of im­
have been limited in their application in the oil and gas sector (McCarthy provements in the reducing the uncertainties in hydrocarbon explora­
et al., 2012; Murugadoss et al., 2017). tion, solving fluid loss problems of drilling mud, promoting cement
compactness and strength, increasing the efficiency of EOR mechanisms
5. Detailed summary along with carrying out a more stable stimulation job with less adverse
effects all leading to a more fruitful production life. Although almost all
Thought out this study, the application of the nanotechnology in oil the researches are only being conducted in the laboratory and still not
and gas industry, more specifically in drilling engineering, can be converted to the field scale; nonetheless, more studies on nanotech­
summarized as follows: nology will be carried out in order to achieve the greatest output of them
since the success rate of the oil industry in the future will be dependent
� Nanotechnology is focused to be applied in oil and gas industry to on the advancements made in nanotechnology. It is recommended that
improve oil production, enhance the quality and resistance of dril­ the researchers, from now on, focus more on the pursuance of the
ling, production, logging and seismic tools and increase the perfor­ determination and staging an optimum range of nanomaterials for
mance of drilling fluids and cementing. acquiring desirable results.
� Researchers mostly focused on studying the application of nano­
technology in enhanced oil recovery compared with other fields of Declaration of competing interest
petroleum engineering, such drilling, production and exploration.
� Although commercial nanoparticles (such as SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3 and The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
ZnO) showed a good performance, researchers tried to design some interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
specific nanoparticles called nanocomposites, functionalized nano­ the work reported in this paper.
particles or coating nanoparticles (i.e. ZnO/SiO2/Xanthan
nanocomposites). CRediT authorship contribution statement
� SiO2 and TiO2 are the most effective and common types of nano­
particles which are used in oil and gas industry. Jagar A. Ali: Supervision, Conceptualization, Project administra­
� Nanosensors showed a good performance in imaging testing of the tion. Abdullah M. Kalhury: Writing - original draft, Writing - review &
wellbore and reservoir. editing. Ayub N. Sabir: Writing - original draft, Investigation, Meth­
� Researcher tried to formulate a novel solution called nanofluid which odology, Writing - review & editing. Rawezh N. Ahmed: Investigation,
is composed of dispersing nanoparticles within the aqueous phase. Methodology, Resources, Visualization. Nali H. Ali: Writing - original
� The main mechanisms of the role of nanoparticles in enhanced oil draft. Abdullah D. Abdullah: Visualization.
recovery are the IFT reduction and wettability alteration as reported
by researchers. List of Abbreviation
� According to the studies, calcium and ferric oxide nanoparticles
resulted a good improvement in the performance of drilling fluids GPT GUID Partition Table
due to the fluid loss reduction mechanism. MWCNT Multi walled carbon nanotubes
� Silica and ferric oxide nanoparticles fill in the micro and nanopores EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery
that exist in the cement and provide the cement sheath with NPs Nanoparticles
outstanding compressive strength. NCs Nanocomposites
� Organic nanoparticles such as a combination of CNF and GNP led to PMNC Polymer Matrix Nanocomposite
strengthening and stuffing the cement sheath and also improved CMNC Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposite
rheology of the cement slurry. CMC Ceramic Matrix Composites
� The maximum reduction in the mud fluid loss is achieved with TiO2 CNT Carbon nanotubes
by 65%, however, the maximum reduction in the IFT and contact PAM Polyacrylamide
angle are also obtained with using TiO2 and SiO2 by 95% and 86%, IFT Interfacial Tension
respectively. OOIP Original Oil in Place
� The disadvantages include agglomeration of the particles in HPHT SPIO Superparamagnetic iron oxide
conditions, the high cost and difficulty of manufacturing them, and ASP Alkaline Surfactant Polymer
environmental issues. WAG Water Alternating Gas
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
CSS Cyclic Steam Simulation
CTAB Cetyl Trimethylammonium Bromide

17
J.A. Ali et al. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 191 (2020) 107118

SDS Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate alteration, rheology and emulsification characteristics. J. Mol. Liq. 284, 735–747.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.053.
ROIP Residual Oil in Place
Ali, J.A., Kolo, K., Sajadi, S.M., Khaksar Manshad, A., Stephen, K.D., 2019c. Green
HMECT Hydrophobic Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes synthesis of ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposite from pomegranate seed extract: coating by
HLP Hyper-crosslinked Poly styrene natural xanthan polymer and its characterisations. Micro & Nano Lett. 14 (6),
HWP Half-Wave Plates 638–641. https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2018.5617.
Ali, J.A., Kolo, K., Sajadi, S.M., Hamad, K.H., Salman, R., Wanli, M., Hamda, M.H.,
NWP Naturally Wet Polysilicon Raihana, B., Hama, S.H., 2019d. Modification of rheological and filtration
CNF Carbon Nano-Faber characteristics of water-based mud for drilling oil and gas wells using green SiO2@
GNP Gold Nanoparticles ZnO@Xanthan nanocomposite. IET Nanobiotechnol. 13 (7), 748–755. https://doi.
org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5205.
CNC Cellulose Nanocrystals Ali, J.A., Manshad, A.K., Imani, I., Sajadi, S.M., Keshavarz, A., 2020. Greenly synthesized
MNK Nanoparticle-Modified Kaolin magnetite@SiO2@Xanthan nanocomposites and its application in enhanced oil
MAO Micro-Arc Oxidation recovery: IFT reduction and wettability alteration. Arabian J. Sci. Eng. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s13369-020-04405-w.
UCFT Ultrasonic Cold Forging Technology Alias, N., Nawang, M.M.M., Ghazali, N.A., Mohd, T.A.T., Manaf, S.F.A., Sauki, A.,
HPHT High Pressure High Temperature Shahruddin, M.Z., Ramlee, N.A., 2014. Green Nanoparticle Oil Well Cement from
SAGD Steam-assisted gravity drainage Agro Waste Rice Husk Ash, Advanced Materials Research. https://doi.org/10.4028/
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Alizadeh, S., Sabbaghi, S., Soleymani, M., 2015. Synthesis of Alumina/Polyacrylamide
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(IJND) 6 (3), 271–276. https://doi.org/10.7508/ijnd.2016.04.007.
Alkhamis, M.M.M., 2018. New Wellbore-Integrity Classification for Gas Migration
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
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Allhoff, F., Lin, P., 2006. What’s so special about nanotechnology and nanoethics? Int. J.
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