PRACTICE TEST 10

PART A
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the
position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. reference B. important C. refusal D. decision
Question 2: A. brilliant B. insect C. lunar D. proceed
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other
three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 3: A. moment B. monument C. slogan D. quotient
Question 4: A. bother B. worthy C. weather D. wealthy
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined
word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 5: He is over the moon about his examination result.
A. stressed B. very sad C. very happy D. satisfied
Question 6: The only means of access to the station is through a dark subway.
A. arrival B. admission C. outlet D. output
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word
in each of the following questions.
Question 7: When the protestor entered the meeting clad only in a beach tower, the audience was dumbfounded.
A. speechless B. excited C. content D. applauding
Question 8: She is always diplomatic when she deals with angry students.
A. strict B. outspoken C. tactful D. firm
Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.
Question 9: Because of its (A) vast tracts of virtually (B) uninhabited northern forest, Canada has one (C) of the lowest
population density (D) in the world.
Question 10: Rice, which it still (A) forms the staple diet of much of (B) the world’s population (C), grows best in hot
(D), wet lands
Question 11: You should not avoid teaching (A) students who don’t seem (B) to be capable to understand (C) as much
as you do (D).
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to the sentence
given in each of the following questions.
Question 12: I am sure he did not know that his brother graduated with flying colors.
A. He cannot have known that his brother graduated with very high marks.
B. He may not know that his brother is flying gradually up in a colorful balloon.
C. That his brother graduated with flying colors must have been appreciated by him.
D. He should not have been envious of his brother’s achievement.
Question 13: David was narrowly defeated and blew his own chance of becoming a champion.
A. But for his title as the former champion, David would not have defeated his rivals.
B. As a result of his narrow defeat, David did not win the championship.
C. Losing the championship came as a terrible blow to David.
D. In spite of the narrow defeat, David won the championship.
Question 14: If you had stuck to what we originally agreed on, everything would have been fine.
A. If you had not kept to what was originally agreed on, everything would have been fine.
B. As you fulfilled the original contract, things went wrong.
C. Things went wrong because you violated our original agreement.
D. If you had changed our original agreement, everything would have been fine.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences
in the following questions.
Question 15: The woman was too weak. She couldn't lift the suitcase.
A. The woman wasn’t able to lift the suitcase, so she was very weak.
B. The woman, though weak, could lift the suitcase.
C. So weak was the woman that she couldn't lift the suitcase.
D. The woman shouldn't have lifted the suitcase as she was weak.
Question 16: A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.
A. The waitress, who served us, was very impolite and impatient.
B. The waitress, whose service was by no means bad, was very impolite and impatient to us.
C. The waitress who served us was very impolite and impatient.
D. The waitress, with whom we were served, was very impolite and impatient.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the
following exchanges.
Question 17: Bill and Jelly are in a pub.
Bill: “Can I get you another drink?” Jelly: “________”
A. Forget it. B. No, it isn’t. C. No, I think it over. D. Not just now.
Question 18: Paul is asking Joe for permission to play the guitar in the room.
Paul: “Is it all right if I play the guitar in here while you’re studying?” Joe: “____________”
A. Well, if only you didn’t. B. Oh, I wish you wouldn’t.
C. Well, actually, I’d prefer it if you didn’t D. Well, I’d rather not.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Question 19: The noise from the karaoke bar nearby was unbearable. It kept me wide______ last night.
A. wake B. awaken C. waken D. awake
Question 20: The captain as well as all the passengers _______very frightened by strange noise at that time.
A. have been B. was C. is D. were
Question 21: She noticed ________ away from the house.
A. him to run B. him running C. his running D. him ran
Question 22: The soldiers attacked the town ______ the danger of causing large numbers of civilian casualties there.
A. despite B. in addition to C. besides D. for fear of
Question 23: You _________ so many cakes. There weren't a lot of guests last night.
A. needn't have made B. needn't to have made C. ought to not have made D. didn't need to
make
Question 24: Learning Spanish isn't so difficult once you ___________.
A. get away with it B. get down to it C. get on it D. get off it
Question 25: ______ I have seen Tom and Jerry, I always feel interested because the cartoon is so exciting.
A. Whatever frequency B. No matter what times C. However many D. No matter how many
times
Question 26: ________Serbia defeated Germany surprised everyone.
A. Whether B. When C. Because D. That
Question 27: He asked me_______ Robert and I did not know_______ .
A. that did I know/ who were Robert B. that I knew/ who Robert were
C. if I knew/ who Robert was D. whether I knew/ who was Robert
Question 28: He was __________ from the competition for using drugs.
A. omitted B. sacked C. disqualified D. prevented
Question 29: The curriculum for this course ________ eight learning modules.
A. is made up with B. is made up of C. is made from D. is made of
Question 30: UNICEF ________ supports and funds for the most disadvantaged children all over the world.
A. presents B. assists C. provides D. offers
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or
phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being attracted to the idea
of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history. They can try to (31)
_________ out more about where their families came from and what they did. This is now a fast-growing hobby,
especially in countries with a fairly short history, like Australia and the United States.
It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the (32) _____________
to investigate your own family’s past. It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully. It is easy to set
about it in a disorganized way and cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward
planning.
(33) _________ your own family stories tell you that you are (34) _________ with a famous character, whether
hero or criminal, do not let this idea take over your research. Just treat it as an interesting possibility. A simple system
for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with; a more complex one may only get you in
your way. The most important thing, though, is to get started. Who knows what you (35) _________ find?
Question 31: A. lay B. make C. put D. find
Question 32: A. idea B. plan C. purpose D. decision
Question 33: A. Though B. If C. While D. As
Question 34: A. connected B. joined C. attached D. related
Question 35: A. need B. might C. ought D. must
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to
each of the question.
One of the factors contributing to the intense nature of twenty-first-century stress is our continual exposure
to media - particularly to an overabundance of news. If you feel stressed out by the news, you are far from alone. Yet
somehow many of us seem unable to prevent ourselves from tuning in to an extreme degree. The further back we go
in human history, the longer news took to travel from place to place, and the less news we had of distant people and
lands altogether. The printing press obviously changed all that, as did every subsequent development in transportation
and telecommunication.
When television came along, it proliferated like a population of rabbits. In 1950, there were 100,000 television
sets in North American homes; one year later there were more than a million. Today, it’s not unusual for a home to
have three or more television sets, each with cable access to perhaps over a hundred channels. News is the subject of
many of those channels, and on several of them it runs 24 hours a day. What’s more, after the traumatic events of
September 11, 2001, live new-casts were paired with perennial text crawls across the bottom of the screen - so that
viewers could stay abreast of every story all the time. Needless to say, the news that is reported to us is not good
news, but rather disturbing images and sound bytes alluding to disaster (natural and man-made), upheaval, crime,
scandal, war, and the like.
Compounding the problem is that when actual breaking news is scarce, most broadcasts fill in with waistline,
hairline, or very existence in the future. This variety of story tends to treat with equal alarm a potentially lethal flu
outbreak and the bogus claims of a wrinkle cream that overpromises smooth skin. Are humans meant to be able to
process so much trauma - not to mention so much overblown anticipation of potential trauma - at once? The human
brain, remember, is programmed to slip into alarm mode when danger looms. Danger looms for someone, somewhere
at every moment. Exposing ourselves to such input without respite and without perspective cannot be anything other
than a source of chronic stress.

Question 36: According to the passage, which of the following has contributed to the intense nature of twenty- first
century stress?
A. Our inability to control ourselves B. An overabundance of special news
C. The degree to which stress affects our life D. Our continual exposure to the media
Question 37: In the past, we had less news of distant people and lands because________.
A. printing, transportation, and telecommunications were not developed
B. means of communication and transportation were not yet invented
C. the printing press changed the situation too slowly
D. most people lived in distant towns and villages
Question 38: According to the passage, our continual exposure to bad news without perspective is
obviously________.
A. a source of defects in human brain B. the result of human brain’s switch to alarm mode
C. a source of chronic stress D. the result of an overabundance of good news
Question 39: According to the passage, when there is not enough actual breaking news, broadcasts________.
A. are full of dangerous diseases such as flu
B. are forced to publicise an alarming increase in crime
C. send out frightening stories about potential dangers
D. send out live newscasts paired with text across the screen
Question 40: Which of the following is NOT true, according to the passage?
A. Many people are under stress caused by the media.
B. The only source of stress in our modern life is the media.
C. The news that is reported to us is not good news.
D. Many TV channels supply the public with breaking news.
Question 41: The word “slip” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to________.
A. release B. fail C. fall D. bring
Question 42: The word “traumatic” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to________.
A. upsetting B. boring C. exciting D. fascinating
Question 43: What is probably the best title for this passage?
A. The Media - A Major Cause of Stress B. More Modern Life - More Stress
C. Developments in Telecommunications D. Effective Ways to Beat Stress
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to
each of the question.
Gertrude Stein
 One of the most influential literary figures of the twentieth century was American author Gertrude Stein. Her
literary style and vision was often a radical departure from traditional methods, which relied on a more linear plotline.
Instead, Stein focused on language itself by employing methods of repetition and spontaneity in an attempt to mirror
human consciousness. But Stein's influence did not stop with her writing. As an expatriate in Paris, she was responsible
for bringing some of the greatest minds in art and literature together at her apartment, Salon 27. The Spanish painter
Pablo Picasso and American writer Ernest Hemingway were two frequent visitors. Indeed, Stein was the one who
coined the phrased “Lost generation” to denote up-and-coming American writers living in Paris at the time mainly due
to their disillusionment with art as a whole back home. While Gertrude Stein may not be the most recognizable figure
in literature, her personal and literary influence on artists was invaluable.
Stein began living in Paris in 1903. Eventually, her flat, Salon 27, became a center of intellectual exchange for
writers and artists. Before long, she became an integral part of the artistic and literary scene in the city and befriended
numerous important figures, such as Picasso and Matisse. They would meet there weekly, where they could expound
on new theories of art, philosophy, literature, politics, and social issues in the stimulating, productive environment
provided by Stein. Without Stein's Salon 27, it is quite possible that many of the artists and writers of the day never
would have crossed paths, and the individual disciplines would not have become as diverse or fully developed as they
eventually did. These interactions also became a major influence on Stein's own literary style.
Stein became enamored with Picasso's cubist style, and, as a result, many of his earliest works adorned the
walls of her apartment. But they were not simply decorative. Cubism attempts to reduce the subject from its natural
form into an abstract, geometrical shape capable of numerous angles of perception. In a similar fashion, Stein
attempted to interpret cubism through literature and writing. Like cubist painters, Stein wrote in a style that took into
consideration every possible angle of her subject matter. She wanted to give readers the opportunity to view her work
on many different levels, not just a single, flat surface. But, unlike the cubists who relied on formal structure to some
degree, Stein took it a step further and placed less emphasis on formal writing structures such as grammar and syntax
and focused more on what she called “automatic” language, which was spontaneous and repetitive and relied more
on the spoken world.
In many ways, Stein's style was a reaction against nineteenth century authors' tendency to place order and
structure above all other considerations. Stein revolutionized the style of the twentieth century by undermining
traditional, expected methods that came before the modern era. Stein focused on the process of writing, not its
ultimate result. She also believed that all parts of a sentence were equally important. For example, to her, an article
was as important as a noun, and a conjunction was as vital as a verb. In essence, every part of a sentence was related.
She learned this from painters, who believed every part brushstroke on a canvas contributed to the whole and could
not be left out. Furthermore, the act of perception, whether it be art or literature, was crucial, not the ultimate
outcome because to Stein, consciousness never ceases. It is continuous, so it became her task to try to embody the
movement of consciousness in her work through techniques such as the repetition of words or spontaneity rather
than depicting events or a plotline in a linear fashion.
In many ways, Stein's writing mirrors the chaotic, detached atmosphere of post-World War I Paris, yet it also
marks the moment when literature began to leave the nineteenth century behind in favor of a more modernist style
of imagination and innovation. It is also a clear precursor of stream of consciousness, which dominated writing styles
during the rest of the twentieth century in America. While Stein was able to capitalize on artistic renditions of life and
translate them into literature, other artists benefited from her willingness to reject the accepted traditions and create
her own.
Glossary:
expatriate: a citizen of one country who moves to another to live
expound: set forth or state something in detail

Question 44: The word “radical” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. gradual B. abrupt C. swift D. drastic
Question 45: The author's description of Gertrude Stein mentions which of the following?
A. She was originally from Paris and later moved to the U.S.
B. Her writing style was centered on a structured potline.
C. She attempted to focus on the linguistic side of writing.
D. Her work was quite controversial due to its extreme nature.
Question 46: Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about American expatriates in Paris?
A. They did not completely agree with Picasso's style at first.
B. They were more satisfied with the creative capacity of Europe.
C. They attempted to forge a new style of literary consciousness.
D. They rarely met together in Stein's apartment to converse.
Question 47: The author discusses Salon 27 in paragraph 2 in order to
A. illustrate its relevance as a place of artistic interaction of the time
B. note it is where the painters Matisse and Picasso first met one another
C. indicate it was an inadequate place for such great minds to mingle
D. show that artists of the day lacked a meeting place at which to gather
Question 48: The word “integral” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. meaningful B. complete C. essential D. principal
Question 49: According to paragraph 3, Stein followed the cubist style because
A. it focused on the geometric forms inherent in most subject matter
B. it gave her a way to present her reader with various perspectives
C. it was the simplest form with which to interpret and understand her work
D. it eschewed the secondary parts in favor of the major parts of art
Question 50: The author's description of Stein's revolutionary style mentions all of the following EXCEPT:
A. She placed reason, order, and logic above all other facets of her technique.
B. She considered each part of the sentence to be essential to its weight and meaning.
C. She did not believe that the finality of a work of literature was very important.
D. She attempted to capture the movement of consciousness through various techniques.

PART B
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other
three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. predator B. restore C. recollect D. preface
Question 2: A. nature B. change C. sandwich D. basic
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the
position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 3: A. zoology B. conquest C. cement D. duet
Question 4: A. opponent B. contractual C. disappear D. arrangement
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined
word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 5: Physical and mental strength must be the decisive factors in the success of any sportsmen.
A. main B. unimportant C. initiative D. last
Question 6: I think you will be home and dry in the interview because you have many years of teaching experience
and good academic qualifications.
A. be successful B. be unsuccessful C. be satisfied D. be unsatisfied
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined
word in each of the following questions.
Question 7: The mass media provide a powerful means of disseminating propaganda.
A. according B. producing C. spreading D. collecting
Question 8: The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting far-reaching research to determine the
psychological effects of using drugs.
A. refined B. extensive C. prevalent D. tentative
Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.
Question 9: Mobility (A) is one of the characteristics demanded (B) of (C) executives, and they must accustom
themselves to move (D) quite regularly.
Question 10: A paragraph (A) is a portion of a text consists of (B) one or more sentences (C) related to (D) the same
idea.
Question 11: Related fungus (A) from a family of yeasts called (B) ascomycetes cause bread (C) to rise, (D) create the
veins in blue cheese, and produce penicillin.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to the sentence
given in each of the following questions.
Question 12: "It can't be Mike who leaked the document; it might be Tom.” said our manager.
A. Our manager suspected Tom of having leaked the document, not Mike.
B. Our manager blamed Tom for having leaked the document instead of Mike.
C. Our manager showed his uncertainty about who leaked the document: Mike or Tom
D. Our manager made it clear that Tom was the one who leaked the document, not Mike.
Question 13: He was driving so fast that he could have had an accident.
A. An accident happened, and it was caused by his very fast driving
B. He didn’t have an accident although he was driving very fast
C. If he hadn't been driving very fast, he wouldn't have had an accident.
D. He wasn't driving slowly enough to avoid the accident.
Question 14: He said that listening to loud music through headphones for too long caused my headache.
A. Listening to loud music through headphones for too long resulted from my headache.
B. As for him, my headache resulted in listening to loud music through headphones for too long.
C. Listening to loud music through headphones for too long was said to cause my headache.
D. My headache is said to be caused by listening to loud music through headphones for too long.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences
in the following questions.
Question 15: He had completed the report. He submitted it to the manager.
A. Completing the report, it was submitted to the manager.
B. Completed the report, it was submitted to the manager.
C. Having completed the report, he submitted to the manager.
D. Having completed the report, he submitted it to the manager.
Question 16: She gave in her notice. She planned to start her new job in January
A. She gave in her notice, planned to start her new job in January
B. She gave in her notice with a view to starting her new job in January
C. Her notice was given in with an aim to start her new job in January
D. Her notice was given in order to start her new job in January.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the
following exchanges.
Question 17: Bill: "Mr. Adams is going to retire next month." - Jelly: “___________”
A. Oh, I have no idea. B. Right, you’d probably be the next.
C. You don't say! D. Congratulations!
Question 18: Ken and Laura are saying goodbye to each other after going to LOTTE center. They are going to have a
date with each other later.
Laura: “Well it’s getting late. Maybe we could get together sometime.” - Ken: “ ________”.
A. Nice to see back you. B. Take it easy.
C. Sounds good. I’ll give you a call. D. Yes. I’ve enjoyed it.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Question 19: If we leave here now, we can drive half the distance before we stop _____ lunch.
A. for having B. having had C. having D. to have
Question 20: _____ it not been for the torrential rain, we would have gone out.
A. But B. If C. Had D. Should
Question 21: In most _____ developed countries, up to 50% of _____ population enters higher education at some
time in their lives.
A. Ø / Ø B. the / Ø C. Ø / the D. the / a
Question 22: _____ after the World War II, the United Nations has been actively carrying out its convention to
stop wars and bring peace to nations worldwide.
A. Having been established B. Being established
C. To be established D. Established
Question 23: Hats like this may have been fashionable in the 60's, but now they are ______ the times.
A. behind B. over C. beneath D. under
Question 24: We are going to ________.
A. get our house being redecorated B. have our house be redecorated
C. have our house to be redecorated D. have our house redecorated
Question 25: They were arrested for their _______ conduct.
A. disordered B. disorder C. disorderly D. disorderedly
Question 26: The incoming administration ______ to clean up corruption in the city.
A. pledged B. contemplated C. suggested D. resumed
Question 27: She can’t be interested in the lessons, ______ that she always arrives late.
A. viewing B. seeing C. noting D. judging
Question 28: Jerry has been burning the midnight _____ over the last few days; his final exam is soon.
A. lamp B. light C. candle D. oil
Question 29: We should all ________ when advertisers attempt to use unfair practices.
A. make a stand B. make a deal C. make amends D. make a comeback
Question 30: Nicholas crept in _______ his parents should wake up.
A. unless B. lest C. otherwise D. whereby
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or
phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
It is terrible but we are not powerless against crime. The first step towards preventing crime is understanding its (31)
______. Most crime is against property, not people, and most crime is not carried out by professionals; nor is it
carefully planned. Property crimes thrive on the easy opportunity. They are often committed by adolescents and young
men, (32) ______ stop offending as they grow older. Peak ages for offending are 15 to 18. Also, and not surprisingly,
the risk of being a victim of crime (33) _______ greatly depending on where you live. This reliance by criminals on the
easy opportunity is the key to much crime prevention. Motor cars, for example, are a sitting target for the criminal.
Surveys have shown that approximately one in five drivers do not always bother to secure their cars by locking all the
doors and shutting all the windows, and in 30 percent of domestic burglaries, the burglar simply walks in without
having to use force. (34) ______ opportunities like these not to exist, criminals would have a much harder time. The
(35) ______ are that many crimes would not be committed, which would release more police time for tackling serious
crimes.
Question 31: A. nature B. type C. reason D. method
Question 32: A. when the majority B. whose majority
C. the majority of whom D. the majority of them
Question 33: A. diversifies B. changes C. fluctuates D. varies
Question 34: A. If B. Supposed C. Were D. In case
Question 35: A. opportunities B. probabilities C. odds D. chances
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to
each of the question.

In the modern world, many people take the procurement of food for granted, especially in so-called
industrialized states. Even in many states with marginalized economies, there is enough food for all. It is just unevenly
distributed, with a powerful elite living lives of luxury in a land rife with deprivation and starvation. An abundance of
food is not the norm of human history. For the first tens of thousands of years, humans lived a literal hand-to-mouth
existence as hunter-gatherers, waking each morning with one thought in mind: how to find something to eat. The fruit
and roots of the plants they gathered and the flesh of the fish they caught and the animals they hunted were their
sole sources of nourishment. This overwhelming need occupied most of their time, leaving them with little to improve
their lives in other ways. Permanent settlements were unheard of, as each band or tribe moved from place to place
seeking new sources of food. It was not until man learned the mysteries of agriculture about 12,000 years ago that
man had a renewable source of nourishment and formed the first permanent settlements.
All of the main staple crops of the world had at one time grown in the wild, often in a different form than man
uses today. The cultivation of these plants in regularly planted fields constitutes the beginnings of agriculture, and
coupled with the domestication of animals, it marked the first real civilizations on Earth. Prior to this point, in
approximately 10,000 B.C., there was nothing to unify humans in any large groupings. In fact, large groupings would
have been detrimental to the survival of the group as the food from their natural surroundings could only support a
limited number of people. How and why man first began the process of planting crops, harvesting them, and sorting
them for future use is still not entirely understood. Nevertheless, there are five undisputed original centers of
agriculture: the eastern United States, the area of southern Mexico and Guatemala, the Andes mountain region of
modern Peru, the Fertile Crescent region in the modern Middle East, and eastern China.
All five independently developed agriculture from the plant species available in the region. With the exception
of the eastern United States, in ancient times all became centers of urbanization, with the Fertile Crescent area the
most likely site of man's first towns and cities. Agriculture is a labor-intensive activity, requiring a large group of people
to live in the same place for continuous periods. Once an area was cleared trees, stones, or other obstacles and
planted, it made sense to stay there and settle permanently. The crops also needed to be protected from animals and
those still living a nomadic existence. Undoubtedly, agriculture gave rise to urbanization and not the reverse since
without agriculture there was no reason to form permanent settlements.
With a surplus of food available, people had time to take part in activities other than food procurement. Artisans,
merchants, scholars, engineers, priests, bureaucratic elites, permanent garrisons, and a myriad of others were fed by
the surplus labor of the masses. For the first time in human history, a distinction grew between different groups of
people: those who grew the food and those who did not. Perversely, those who did not grow the food became the
more powerful, using their free time to plan cities and temples, develop weapons, gather armies, and wage war on
their fellow humans. The masses of people became tied to the land, laboring for the few elites at the top.
A distinction also grows between those who lived in the city and enjoyed its vices and those left back on the
farm. In the ancient world, the city became a place of danger, where crime was rife, illness spread, and the worst sins
of mankind were perpetrated, a situation that remains unchanged today. Much of humanity now resides in cities
despite modern urban ills. Most of mankind has been free of its daily search for sustenance, allowing humans to
progress in 12,000 years a tremendous deal rather than in all man's previous history. Yet this progress has been with
much pain, with the rise of powerful elites and a world of haves and have-nots.

Question 36: According to paragraph 1, in many states with marginalized economies _____.
A. there is enough food only for a select elite B. food is not shared fairly by everyone
C. everyone gets more than enough food D. select elites decide who gets the food
Question 37: The word “deprivation” in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. privacy B. distress C. desire D. poverty
Question 38: According to paragraph 2, all of the following are known about early agriculture EXCEPT:
A. where humans first began to grow crops B. how humans first managed to grow crops
C. when humans developed the first crops D. the origins of the crops that are common today
Question 39: According to paragraph 3, each original area of agriculture _____.
A. had the same plants from wild sources B. shared plants between different areas
C. used the plants found in its own area D. had some plants that were in common
Question 40: The word “nomadic” in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. meager B. wandering C. bountiful D. harsh
Question 41: It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that prior to the development of agriculture there _____.
A. were greatly equality among people B. was a class of leaders in most groups
C. were some types of craftsmen D. were no conflicts among humans
Question 42: According to paragraph 5, centers of urbanization in all ages _____.
A. developed only in places of agricultural development B. have attracted the best and brightest people
C. were responsible for the spread of disease D. have problems that are similar to each other
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to
each of the question.

No one can calculate the quantity of solid waste that has been dumped in the world’s oceans, but the total
certainly exceeds many millions of tons. For example, from 1880 to 1895, 75 percent of the solid waste from New York
City was dumped untreated into the Atlantic Ocean. Although it is now prohibited by law, the dumping of solid waste,
including wastewater sludge, industrial waste, and high-level radioactive waste were common in the United States
until 1970. Cruise ships and huge floating fishing factories still regularly dispose of their solid waste products directly
into the ocean.
The earth naturally recycles water and refreshes the land in what is called the hydrological cycle. The
hydrological cycle not only renews the supply of water, but cleans it as well. The process begins as heat from the sun
causes sea water, 97 percent of the earth’s total water reserve, to evaporate and form clouds. Because water
evaporates at lower temperatures than most pollutants, the water vapor that rises from the seas is relatively pure and
free of the contaminants, which are left behind. Next, water returns to us as rain, which drains into streams and rivers
and rushes toward the sea.
Chemicals, petroleum products, and other dangerous substances such as radioactive materials remain in the
ocean, polluting it permanently. The polluted ocean water kills fish or makes them dangerous to eat, posing health
problems for those who consume them. It kills the tiny sea creatures that are the source of food for larger fish, sharks,
and whales. It also spoils a source of great beauty and pleasure when some solid waste is thrown onto beaches during
storms. Discharged petroleum products are frequently found on beaches and they not only ruin the beach, the
petroleum residue kills hundreds of shore birds. Nonpoint pollutants are dumped into lakes, rivers, and streams that
may be far away from any ocean. However, these pollutants flow, eventually, into the oceans. They can come from a
variety of sources, from road salt to agricultural pesticides. One source of nonpoint pollution is runoff from farming,
including fertilizers, manure, and pesticides. Another source is industrial runoff, including heavy metals, phosphorous,
and many other chemicals. Urban runoff (oils, salts, various chemicals) and atmospheric fallout of airborne pollution
are other sources of nonpoint pollutants that reach the oceans. This includes water and waste from sinks, toilets,
washing machines and bathtubs. The problem with this type of waste is that it provides massive amounts of nutrients
for water plants such as algae, so that they grow rapidly. This sudden growth causes concentration or algae blooms,
which use up the oxygen in the water. As the oxygen level of the water declines, many organisms suffer and die, and
the ocean ecosystem is radically altered. This can be prevented by the installation of waste treatment plants that
prevent waste from entering the sea, but such facilities do not exist in many poorer countries.
Question 43: What can be inferred about the waste dumped into the world’s oceans?
A. It’s mainly household waste. B. Much of it was not treated.
C. It is billions of tons. D. It is primary industrial waste.
Question 44: Which of the following is NOT referred to as use of hydrological cycle?
A. refreshing the land B. separating water from used liquid
C. cleaning water D. renewing the water supply
Question 45: Which of the following has similar meaning to the word “contaminants” in the second paragraph?
A. pollutants B. rushes C. sea water D. vapor
Question 46: What does the word “which” in the second paragraph refer to?
A. rain water B. the earth C. sea water D. water vaporizer
Question 47: Why are chemicals, petroleum products and radioactive materials mentioned in the passage?
A. as untreated waste B. as industrial substances
C. as raw sewage D. as dangerous pollutants
Question 48: Which of the following is NOT referred to as a result of polluted ocean water?
A. killing fish B. harming people who eat sea food
C. spoiling beach beauty D. killing shore birds
Question 49: Which of the following is NOT an example of farming runoff?
A. manure B. pesticide C. road salt D. fertilizer
Question 50: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. It is expensive to build waste treatment plants.
B. developing countries do not need waste treatment plant yet.
C. the environment of develop countries is more polluted than that of poor countries.
D. the environment of industrial countries is more polluted than that of agricultural countries.