360 DEGREE FLEXIBLE DRILLING MACHINE

A Mini Project
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of`

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
D.VASANTHA SAIDULU 15471A0303
G.GOPI KRISHNA ` 15471A0308
T.S.M.YASWANTH 15471A0312
N.RAVI SHANKAR 15471A0322
K.VENKATESH 15471A0346
MD.KHAJA MOHIDDIN 15471A0349
Under the Guidance
Of
P.KRISHNA SUDHAKAR, M.Tech
ASST.PROFESSOR

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Narasaraopeta Engineering College(Autonomous)
Narasaraopeta – 522 601, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
OCTOBER, 2018
 DECLARATION

The Mini-project entitled “360 DEGREE FLEXIBLE DRILLING

MACHINE “is record of bonafide work carried out by us, submitted in partial fulfillment for
the award of B.Tech in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING to the Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University-Kakinada, Kakinada. The results embodied in this Mini-project
have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or
diploma.

Signature of the Candidate

D.VASANTHA SAIDULU -15471A0303

G.GOPI KRISHNA -15471A0308

T.S.M.YASWANTH -15471A0312

N.RAVISHANKAR -15471A0322

K.VENKATESH -15471A0346

MD.KHAJA MOHIDDIN -15471A0349

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini-Project entitled “360 DEGREE FLEXIBLE

DRILLING MACHINE ” is being submitted by Mr./Mrs./Ms. D.VASANTHA
SAIDULU, G.GOPI KRISHNA, T.S.M.YASWANTH, N.RAVI SHANKAR,
K.VENKATESH, MD.KHAJA MOHIDDIN, in partial fulfillment for the award of B.Tech
in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University-
Kakinada,Kakinada is a record of bonafide work carried out by him/her under our guidance.

The results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Signature of the guide Signature of the HOD

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to our guide P.KRISHNA SUDHAKAR

Assistant professor in Mechanical Engineering Department for his excellent guidance in this
project successfully.

We are very much thankful to Dr. D.SUNEEL, Head of Department of

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING for providing the valuable guidance at each and everstage
of the work.

We convey our special thanks to beloved principal Dr.

M.SREENIVASA KUMAR and to our college management for providing excellent lab
facilities for the project.

We sincerely thank all teaching and non-teaching staff members of the

department for giving us their heartful support for all stages of project work and its copletion

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 CONTENTS

Sl.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO:

1 INTRODUCTION 8

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 11

3 WORKING OF 360 DEGREE

FLEXIBLE DRILLING MACHINE 12

4 TOOLS USED AND

MATERIALS USED 13

5 TYPES OF DRILLING 14

6 FABRICATION OF 360 DEGREE FLEXIBLE 20

DRILLING NACHINE

7 OUR DEISGN 22

8 BENEFITS & LIMITATIONS 23

9 CONCLUSION&FUTURE SCOPE 24

10 REFERENCES 25

11 GROUP PHOTO 26

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO: DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1 TITANIUM CHIPS 16

2 VIBRATING DRILLINGOF ALLUMINIUM 17

3 ORBITAL DRILLING PRINCIPLE

4 MECHANISM OF 360 DEGREE FLEXIBLE 18

DRILLING MACHINE

5 OUR DESIGN 21

6 GROUP PHOTO 26

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 ABSTRACT

Drill machines been the heart of every industry. Drilling holes in parts, sheets and
structures is a regular industrial work. Perfect and well aligned drilling needs fixed and
strong drills. Some parts cannot be drilled using fixed drills due to low space between drill
bit and drill bed. We need to use hand drills in such cases but hand drills have alignment
problems while drilling. So here we propose a 360 degree flexible drill that can be mounted
on a table or wall and can be used to drill holes horizontally, vertically or even upside down.
So this makes it possible for easy drilling in even complicated parts and surfaces.
Thus we use rotating hinges and connectors with motor mount and supporting structure
to design and fabricate a mini 360 degree drill for easy drilling operations.

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 CHAPTER: 1

INTRODUCTION:

Drill machines have been the heart of every industry. Drilling holes in parts,
sheets and structures is a regular industrial work. Perfect and well aligned drilling
needs fixed and strong drills. Some parts cannot be drilled using fixed drills due to low
space between drill bit and drill bed. We need to use hand drills in such cases but hand
drills have alignment problems while drilling. So here i propose a 360º flexible drill that can
be mounted on a table or wall and can be used to drill holes horizontally , vertically or even
upside down. So this makes it possible for easy drilling in even complicated parts and
surfaces. Thus i use rotating hinges and connectors with motor mount and supporting
structure to design and fabricate a 360 degree drilling machine for easy drilling operations..

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular
cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint.
The bit is pressed against the workpiece and rotated at rates from hundreds to
thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the workpiece,
cutting off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled.

In rock drilling, the hole is usually not made through a circular cutting motion,
though the bit is usually rotated. Instead, the hole is usually made by hammering a drill bit
into the hole with quickly repeated short movements. The hammering action can be performed
from outside of the hole (top-hammer drill) or within the hole (down-the-hole drill, DTH).
Drills used for horizontal drilling are called drifter drills.

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 In rare cases, specially-shaped bits are used to cut holes of non-circular cross-section;
a square cross-section is possible.

Drill machines have been the heart of every industry. Drilling holes in parts,
sheets and structures is a regular industrial work. Perfect and well aligned drilling
needs fixed and strong drills. Some parts cannot be drilled using fixed drills due to low
space between drill bit and drill bed. We need to use hand drills in such cases but hand
drills have alignment problems while drilling. So here i propose a 360º flexible drill that can
be mounted on a table or wall and can be used to drill holes horizontally , vertically or even
upside down. So this makes it possible for easy drilling in even complicated parts and
surfaces. Thus i use rotating hinges and connectors with motor mount and supporting
structure to design and fabricate a 360 degree drilling machine for easy drilling operations.
Drilling machine is one of the most important machine tools in a workshop. It was designed
to produce a cylindrical hole of required diameter and depth on metal work pieces.
Though holes can be made by different machine tools in a shop, drilling machine is
designed specifically to perform the operation of drilling and similar operations. Drilling can
be done easily at a low cost in a shorter period of time in a drilling machine.Drilling can be
called as the operation of producing a cylindrical hole of required diameter and depth by
removing metal by the rotating edges of a drill. The cutting tool known as drill is fitted into
the spindle of the drilling machine. A mark of indentation is made at the required location
with a center punch. The rotating drill is pressed at the location and is fed into the work. The
hole can be made up to a required depth. Drilled holes are characterized by their sharp edge
on the entrance side and the presence of burrs on the exit side (unless they have been
removed). Also, the inside of the hole usually had helical feed marks. Drilling may affect the
mechanical properties of the work piece by creating low residual stresses

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 around the whole opening and a very thin layer of highly stressed and disturbed
material on the newly formed surface.

• Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a

rotating cutter called DRILL.

• The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.

• The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill
is held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck.

The most common drill used is the twist drill. Two

main type of drilling:-

1. Hand drilling machine

2. Fixed table drilling machine

As our project is on hand drill machine, we will talk about hand drill machines advantages
and disadvantages.

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 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

In order to model surface roughness, several methods had been used in previous
research. Mr. K. I. Nargatti, Mr. S. V. Patil , Mr. G. N. Rakate (2016) developed a model in
Multispindle Drilling Head with Varying Centre Distance. Multiple-spindle drilling machines
are used for mass production, a great time saver where many pieces of jobs having many
holes are to be drilled. Multi- spindle head machines are used in mechanical industry in
order to increase the productivity of machining systems. This machine has two spindles
driven by a single motor and all the spindles are fed in to the work piece simultaneously.
Feeding motions are obtained either by raising the work table or by lowering the drills head.
As the name indicates multiple spindle drilling machines have two spindles driven by a single
power head, and these two spindles holding the drill bits are fed into the work piece
simultaneously. The spindles are so constructed that their centre distance can be
adjusted in any position within the drill head depending on the job requirement. The
positions of those parallel shafts holding the drills are adjusted depending upon the
locations of the holes to be made on the job. Based on the literature review, the
most parameters that widely considered when investigating the operation of a machine
are feed rate, spindle speed and depth of cut. Most of the researches didn’t consider the
uncontrolled parameters, such as tool geometry, tool wear, chip loads, and chip
formations, or the material properties of both tool and work piece.

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 CHAPTER-3

WORKING OF 360 DEGREE FLEXIBLE DRILLING MACHINE

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

Drilling Machine Working Principle The working principle of this flexible drilling
machine is initially started from the D.C. motor through full wave rectifier. In which
there is one power sources, received from the rectifier. Then the arm rotates at 360 degree
and moves anywhere when drilling is required up to its maximum arm length. With the
help of my project we can drill in complicated parts accurately .

WORKING:

1) In which all the component is mounted on table. This support the arm to rotate
freely.
2) Arm rotates manually when where it is required.
3) Motor are mounted on Arm which moves where work piece is to drill.
4) Put drill bit point on work piece area where drill is required.
5) Switch on the main supply which of A.C.
6) Then this A.C. flow through Rectifier and convert to Pure D.C.
7) This rotates motor and also bit rotates.
8) After make hole where on work piece is required.
9) Then switch off the main supply.

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 CHAPTER-4

TOOLS USED

The following tools are borrowed from the workshop.

1. Motor

2. Connecting rod

3. Hinges

4. Frames

5. Screws

6. Drill bit

7. Chuck

MATERIALS USED
1. Wooden Ply 15 mm thick

2. Clamps

3. Connector

4. Wood

5. Screws and Nuts

6. Aluminium connecting plates

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 CHAPTER-5

TYPES OF DRILLINGS

Spot drilling

The purpose of spot drilling is to drill a hole that will act as a guide for drilling the
final hole. The hole is only drilled part way into the workpiece because it is only used
to guide the beginning of the next drilling process.

Center drilling

Center drill is A two-fluted tool consisting of a twist drill with a 60°

countersink; used to drill countersink center holes in a work piece to be mounted
between centers for turning or grinding.

Deep hole drilling

Deep hole drilling is defined as a hole depth greater than ten times the diameter of
the hole. These types of holes require special equipment to maintain the straightness and
tolerances. Other considerations are roundness and surface finish.

Deep hole drilling is generally achievable with a few tooling methods, usually
gun drilling or BTA drilling. These are differentiated due to the coolant entry method
(internal or external) and chip removal method (internal or external). Using methods such
as a rotating tool and counter-rotating workpiece are common techniques to achieve required
straightness tolerances. Secondary tooling methods include trepanning, skiving and
burnishing, pull boring, or bottle boring. Finally a new kind of drilling technology is
available to face this issue: vibration drilling.

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 This technology breaks up the chips by a small controlled axial vibration of the drill.
The small chips are easily removed by the flutes of the drill.

A high tech monitoring system is used to control force, torque, vibrations, and
acoustic emission. Vibration is considered a major defect in deep hole drilling which
can often cause the drill to break. A special coolant is usually used to aid in this type of
drilling.

Gun drilling

Gun drilling was originally developed to drill out gun barrels and is used commonly
for drilling smaller diameter deep holes. The depth-to-diameter ratio can be even greater than
300:1. The key feature of gun drilling is that the bits are self-centering; this is what allows for
such deep accurate holes. The bits use a rotary motion similar to a twist drill; however,
the bits are designed with bearing pads that slide along the surface of the hole
keeping the drill bit on center. Gun drilling is usually done at high speeds and low feed
rates.

Trepanning

Trepanning is commonly used for creating larger diameter holes (up to

915 mm (36.0 in)) where a standard drill bit is not feasible or economical. Trepanning
removes the desired diameter by cutting out a solid disk similar to the workings of a drafting
compass. Trepanning is performed on flat products such as sheet metal, granite (curling
stone), plates, or structural members like I- beams. Trepanning can also be useful to make
grooves for inserting seals, such as O-rings.

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Microdrilling

Microdrilling refers to the drilling of holes less than 0.5 mm (0.020 in). Drilling of
holes at this small diameter presents greater problems since coolant fed drills cannot be
used and high spindle speeds are required. High spindle speeds that exceed 10,000 RPM
also require the use of balanced tool holders.

Vibration drilling

The first studies into vibration drilling began in the 1950s (Pr. V.N. Poduraev,
Moscow Bauman University). The main principle consists in generating axial
vibrations or oscillations in addition to the feed movement of the drill so that the chips break
up and are then easily removed from the cutting
zone

Fig 1: Titanium chips – conventional drilling vs vibration drilling

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 Fig 2:Vibration drilling of an aluminum-CFRP multi-material stack with MITIS technology

There are two main technologies of vibration drilling: self-maintained vibration

systems and forced vibration systems. Most vibration drilling technologies are still
at a research stage. It is the case of the self-maintained vibrations drilling: the eigen
frequency of the tool is used in order to make it naturally vibrate while cutting;
vibrations are self-maintained by a mass-spring system included in the tool holder. Other
works use a piezoelectric system to generate and control the vibrations. These
systems allow high vibration frequencies (up to 2 kHz) for small magnitude (about a few
micrometers); they are particularly suitable for drilling small holes. Finally, vibrations
can be generated by mechanical systems: the frequency is given by the combination of the
rotation speed and the number of oscillation per rotation (a few oscillations per rotation), the
magnitude is about 0.1 mm.

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 This last technology is a fully industrial one (example: SineHoling® technology
of MITIS). Vibration drilling is a preferred solution in situations like deep hole drilling,
multi-material stack drilling (aeronautics) and dry drilling (without lubrication).
Generally it provides improved reliability and greater control of the drilling operation.

Circle interpolating

Circle interpolating, also known as orbital drilling, is a process for creating

holes using machine cutters.

Fig 3: The orbital drilling principle

Orbital drilling is based on rotating a cutting tool around its own axis and
simultaneously about a centre axis which is off-set from the axis of the cutting tool. The
cutting tool can then be moved simultaneously in an axial direction to drill or machine a hole
– and/or combined with an arbitrary sidewards motion to machine an opening or cavity.

By adjusting the offset, a cutting tool of a specific diameter can be used to drill holes
of different diameters as illustrated. This implies that the cutting tool inventory can be
substantially reduced.

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 The term orbital drilling comes from that the cutting tool “orbits” around the hole
center. The mechanically forced, dynamic offset in orbital drilling has several advantages
compared to conventional drilling that drastically increases the hole precision. The lower
thrust force results in a burr-less hole when drilling in metals. When drilling in
composite materials the problem with delamination is eliminated.

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 CHAPTER -6
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF 360 DEGREE FLEXIBLE DRILLING
MACHINE

In which all the component is mounted on table. This support the arm to rotate
freely. Arm rotates manually when where it is required. Motor are mounted on Arm
which moves where work piece is to drill. Put drill bit point on work piece area where drill is
required. Switch on the main supply which of A.C. Then this A.C. flow through Rectifier and
convert to Pure D.C. This rotates motor and also bit rotates. After make hole where on work
piece is required. Then switch off the main supply

Box A is mounted on a plate, which can be further mounted on the table or wall for
stability. The whole mechanism can rotate 360 degree at the vertical axis of box A.

Box B is attached to Box A with the help of two slant links, hence keep a angle of 45
degrees between both boxes. Now the box B can rotate 360 degree at the vertical axis of box
A.

Box C is mounted on Box B in such a way that it can rotate 360 degrees on its vertical
axis.

Box D is attached to box C with the help of four movable links, hence achieving a
vertical motion of box D. So now the box D can rotate 360 degrees at vertical axis of box C.

Fig 4: Mechanism of 360 degree flexible drilling machine

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 OUR DESIGN

Fig 5: Design of 360 degree flexible drilling machine

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 CHAPTER-7

DIMENSIONS

• Box A,B,C & D – 80x54x84mm

• Made up of aluminium sheet of 1mm, laser cutted and bended on manual bending
machine.

• Link between Box A and Box B –two 45 degrees slant links made up of
1mm mild steel sheet

• Link between Box C and Box D – four links made up of 1mm mild steel sheet.

• Total height of the machine when arm is extended – 500mm

• Height of the machine when arm is not extended – 300mm

• Width of the entire arm – 54mm

• Box B & C rotation radius at axis A – 200mm

• Box D rotation radius at axis C – 300mm

• Box D rotation radius at axis A – 500mm

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 CHAPTER-8

BENEFITS:-

Compact in size.
Easy to carry.
Low cost.
Can drill in any direction where human can reach.

LIMITATIONS:-

Only small diameter of holes can be drilled.

Cannot get a through hole because of vibrations.
Less stability.

So looking at the disadvantages we came up with an project which can remove this
disadvantages of hand drill machine.

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 CHAPTER-9

CONCLUSIO N

So with the help of this project we can remove many disadvantages of hand
drill machine which are mentioned above. And this mechanism is not costly, so it will
be affordable to anyone. We can mount this mechanism horizontally as well as vertically
depending on where to drill.

FUTURE SCOPE

Instead of man moving the mechanism we can use servo motors on each joint to
drive the mechanism. And with help of embedded system we can make whole drilling
process automatic.

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 CHAPTER-10

REFERENCES :

1. www.ijetajournal.org
2. www.ijsrd.com
3. www.iejrd.com
4. www.candianmetalworking.com
5. en.m.wikipedia.org
6. learnmech.com

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