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⦁ An estimate of the channel phase and attenuation is recovered. It is
then possible to reproduce the transmitted signal and demodulate.
⦁ Requires a replica carrier wave of the same frequency and phase at
the receiver.
⦁ The received signal and replica carrier are cross correlated using
information contained in their amplitudes and phases.
⦁ Also known as synchronous detection.
⦁ Applicable to
⦁ Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
⦁ Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
⦁ Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Non‐Coherent Detection
⦁ Requires no reference wave; does not exploit phase reference
information (envelope detection)
⦁ The carrier phase is not recovered at the receiver. Information is
transmitted in amplitude and frequency only, not in the phase of the
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carrier.
⦁ Applicable to
⦁ Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
⦁ Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
⦁ Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
⦁ Non coherent detection is less complex than coherent detection
(easier to implement) but has worse performance.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is the digital modulation technique in which
the frequency of the carrier signal varies according to the digital signal
changes. FSK is a scheme of frequency modulation.
The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary High
input and is low in frequency for a binary Low input. The binary 1s and 0s
are called Mark and Space frequencies.
here are different methods for demodulating a FSK wave. The main
methods of FSK detection are asynchronous detector and synchronous
detector. The synchronous detector is a coherent one, while asynchronous
detector is a non‐coherent one.
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Baseband
Data
1 0 0 1
BFSK
modulated
signal
f1 f0 f0
f1
where f0 =A cos(c‐) t and f1 =A cos(c+) t
COHERENT DETECTION OF FSK
Correlator 1
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O/P
•Multiplier
•Integrator
•Sample and Hold
•Comparator
If,
o/p < V, then signal is 0.
o/p > V, then signal is 1.
NON‐COHERENT DETECTION OF FSK
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APPLICATION OF FSK
⦁ FSK signal can be transmitted via telephone lines, fiber optics or
wireless media.
⦁ FSK is commonly used for caller ID and remote metering applications.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a type of Amplitude Modulation which
represents the binary data in the form of variations in the amplitude of a
signal.
Any modulated signal has a high frequency carrier. The binary signal when
ASK modulated, gives a zero value for Low input while it gives the carrier
output for High input.
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There are two types of ASK Demodulation techniques.
They are െ
⦁ Asynchronous ASK Demodulation/detection
⦁ Synchronous ASK Demodulation/detection
The clock frequency at the transmitter when matches with the clock
frequency at the receiver, it is known as a Synchronous method, as the
frequency gets synchronized. Otherwise, it is known as Asynchronous.
There are two types of ASK Demodulation techniques.
They are െ
⦁ Asynchronous ASK Demodulation/detection
⦁ Synchronous ASK Demodulation/detection
The clock frequency at the transmitter when matches with the clock
frequency at the receiver, it is known as a Synchronous method, as the
frequency gets synchronized. Otherwise, it is known as Asynchronous.
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⦁ Pulse shaping can be employed to remove spectral spreading
⦁ ASK demonstrates poor performance, as it is heavily affected by
noise, fading, and interference
COHERENT DETECTION OF ASK
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NON‐COHERENT DETECTION OF ASK
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⦁ Bandpass Filter
⦁ Envelope Detector
⦁ Regenerator
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the
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phase of the carrier signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs
at a particular time. PSK technique is widely used for wireless LANs, bio‐
metric, contactless operations, along with RFID and Bluetooth
communications.
PSK is of two types, depending upon the phases the signal gets shifted. They
are െ
⦁ Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
This is also called as 2‐phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In this
technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and
180°.BPSK is basically a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
modulation scheme, for message being the digital information.
⦁ Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the sine wave carrier takes
four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.If this kind of
techniques are further extended, PSK can be done by eight or sixteen values
also, depending upon the requirement.
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COHERENT DETECTION OF PSK
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CPM
COHERENT DETECTION OF CPM
Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) is highly desirable for low‐power,
battery‐operated systems as well as for small‐profile vehicular and aircraft
systems where large amplifiers won’t fit. In the past, CPM was noted for
increased demodulator complexity (over simple PSK or FSK receivers) but
with modern computational power it is possible to continue to improve the
power efficiency of CPM modulation at the receiver. In the specific case of
multipath, there are several known methods (Rake Receiver is one
example) to resolve and correct for inter‐symbol interference and phase
distortion. This paper develops a standard CPM demodulation and
compares the optimal coherent performance with a partially coherent
receiver. Several methods are developed to compensate and correct for ISI
due to various types of multipath and the power efficiency is compared to
the original, coherent demodulation.
The standard Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) is;
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Where ES is the symbol energy; Ts is the symbol time; f is the carrier
frequency; α = {αi} are M‐ary data symbols, M
even, taken from the alphabet {+/‐1, +/‐3…, +/‐(M‐1)}; hi is a modulation
index; q(t) is the phase response and is
normalized such that q(t) = 0 for t 0, q(t) = 1/2 for t LT, and L is the memory
of the CPM scheme.
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NON‐COHERENT DETECTION OF CPM
For noncoherent detection, the receiver requires no knowledge of φ(t) and
thus avoids the additional complexity needed to estimate the carrier phase;
however, most noncoherent techniques(including the one presented here)
assume φ(t) is slowly varying such that it is assumed to be constant (i.e. φ(t)
= φ) over a brief period of time and is uniformly distributed over the
interval[0,2π). Unfortunately, this assumption does not always hold in a
practical setting. Thus, as the conclusion in states, noncoherent receivers
must have a means of “forgetting” or otherwise coping with past
observations that inevitably become inconsistent with present
observations.
OQPSK ‐ COHERENT DETECTION
Offset quadrature phase‐shift keying (OQPSK) is a constant‐envelope
modulation that has no 180‐deg phase shifts and, therefore, has a much
higher spectral containment than non‐offset quadrature phase shift keying
(QPSK) when transmitted over band‐limited nonlinear channels.
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Advantages of OQPSK
⦁ The overcoming of abrupt change in phase by 180 in the transmitted
waveform.
⦁ The signal coherence is unaffected by the variations of the input
data.
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OQPSK has the same probability of error as the QPSK and the same
bandwidth.
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM is a digital modulation
technique that uses the data to be transmitted to vary both the amplitude
and the phase of a sinusoidal waveform, while keeping its frequency
constant. QAM is a natural extension of binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), both of which vary only the
phase of the waveform.
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Advantages of QAM
⦁ QAM appears to increase the efficiency of
transmission for radio communications systems by
utilizing both amplitude and phase variations.
⦁ more susceptible to noise
MSK: Minimum (frequency) Shift Keying
Minimum frequency shift keying or minimum‐shift keying (MSK) is a special
type of continuous phase‐frequency shift keying (CPFSK), where the
frequency changes occur at the carrier zero crossings.
For MSK modulation, the phase change ramps up or down linearly in time
over a bit interval: Tb and is limited to ± π/2 (± 900). Phase can only be ± π/2
at odd multiples of Tb, and 00 or π at even multiples of Tb. This enables MSK
to provide a significant improvement over QPSK. The binary MSK‐
modulated transmitted signal is given by:
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MSK uses changes in phase to represent 0's and 1's, but unlike most other
keying, the pulse sent to represent a 0 or a 1, not only depends on what
information is being sent, but what was previously sent. From the above
equation, θ(t)depends not only on the symbol being sent (from the change
in the sign), but also depends on θ(0), which means that the pulse also
depends on what was previously
sent (= embedded memory).
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Advantages of MSK
⦁ Since the MSK signals are orthogonal and with minimal frequency
spacing,the frequency spectrum can be more compact.
⦁ The detection scheme can take advantage of the orthogonal
characteristics.
⦁ MSK has low Inter Symbol Interference compared to GMSK.
Disadvantages of MSK
⦁ MSK spectrum has side lobes, extending well above the data rate.
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REFERENCES
⦁ https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8ba3/4bd36d66cc36ad2f07a545d4
2ddd19565786.pdf
⦁ https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/69f0/d113cf44c451081f9ffefcb73d
6b77fb86fc.pdf?_ga=
2.106866757.732411444.1562014298‐2039837879.1562014298
⦁ Lathi B.P. “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”
Oxford Publications, Fourth Edition
⦁ https://www.techopedia.com/definition/3004/frequency ‐shift‐
keying‐fsk
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