10-Science Flowcharts

UNIT~1 CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE : NATURE AND BEHAVIOUR
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Chapter - 2 : Acids, Bases and Salts
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2] CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X
Physical Properties Physical Properties

Of Acids Of Bases
(i) Sour intaste (i) Bitter in taste
(ii) Turns blue litmus red (ii) Turns red litmus blue
+ –
(iii) Give H ions in (iii) Give OH ions in
aqueous solution aqueous solution
(iv) Aqueous solution (iv) Does not conduct
conducts electricity electricity
ACIDS
and
BASES
Chemical Properties Chemical Properties

Of Acids Of Bases
(i) React with metals to (i) Alkali (Soluble bases)
liberate hydrogen react with metals to
(ii) React with metal liberate H2.
carbonate to liberate (ii) Bases react with
CO2 acidic oxides to form
salts.
SALTS
Formed when an
acid and a base react
with each other
TYPES OF SALTS
Plaster of Paris
Common salt
CaSO4.½H2O
NaCl PREPARATIONS 373 K
CaSO4.2H 2O CaSO .½H4O 2
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
+ 1½H2O
Bleaching powder Washing soda

CaOCl2 Na2CO3 .10H2O
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O Na2CO3+10H2O Na2CO310H2O
Baking Soda
NaHCO3
Na2CO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 2NaHCO3(s)

CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X [3
Chapter - 3 : Metals and non-metals

FLOWCHARTS
ELEMENTS
METALS NON-METALS
Physical Properties Physical Properties

(i) They are solids. (i) They are found in solid, liquid and
(ii) They have high M.P. and B.P. gaseous form.
(iii) They have high density. (ii) They have low M.P. and B.P.
(iv) They are malleable and ductile. (iii) They are not malleable and ductile.
(v) They are good conductor of heat (iv) They are poor conductor of heat &
& electricity. electricity.
Chemical Properties
Chemical Properties (i) Non-metal + O 2  Non-metal
(i) Metal + O 2  Metal oxide oxide
(ii) Metal + H2 O  Metal hydroxide (ii) Non-metal + steam  H2
(iii) Metal + dil acid  Salt + H2 (iii) Non-metal + acid  No reaction
(iv) Metal + Cl2  Metal chloride (iv) Non-metal + Cl2  Non-metal
(v) Metal + H 2  Metal hydride chloride


Chapter - 4 : Carbon and its compounds

FLOWCHART
Classification of Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic or open chain Cyclic or closed chain

hydrocarbons hydrocarbons
Saturated Unsaturated Alicyclic Aromatic

hydrocarbons hydrocarbons hydrocarbons hydrocarbons
(Hydrocarbons having (Hydrocarbons having
Single bonds) Multiple bonds)
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
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Chapter - 5 : Periodic Classification of Elements
FLOWCHARTS
Arranged with Arranged with increasing atomic
increasing mass number
Classification of elements
Group of three
elements having 113
upto Ca out of 56 63 Arranged with
similar properties. elements
elements elements increasing atomic mass
Dobereiner's Limitations led Newland's Modified Mendeleev's Research Modern

Triad to Octave further led to
Periodic Periodic
Table Table
Main Main Main Main

Features Features Features Features
Atomic mass of Every eighth Elements arranged Elements arranged

middle element is element has in vertical groups on the basis of
arithmetic mean properties similar and horizontal electronic
of atomic to that of the first periods configuration into
mass of other two 4 gro.ups

UNIT -II : World of Living
Chapter - 6 : Life Processes

FLOWCHARTS
PATHWAY OF AIR ENTERING THROUGH
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nostril Nasal Passage Pharynx
Lungs Trachea Larynx
Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
BODY PARTS IN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND

THEIR SECRETIONS FOR DIGESTION
Mouth (Saliva)
Salivary amylase or ptyalin
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Hydrochloric acid, Gastric juice, Mucus, Pepsin
Pancreas
Pancreatic juice (Pancreatic amylase), Bile juice (Liver)
Small Intestine
Intestinal Juice
Large Intestine
Anus
VARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS

OF NUTRITION
Ingestion
Taking in of food
Digestion
Complex food molecules are converted into simpler food molecules
Absorption
The simple soluble food is absorbed by blood through diffusion
Assimilation
Cells absorbed food through blood for its growth and repair of the body
Egestion
Undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out
DIFFERENT WAYS IN WHICH GLUCOSE IS

OXIDISED TO PROVIDE ENERGY
Glucose
In cytoplasm
Absence of oxygen Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy

(In yeast) (2 carbon molecules)
Pyruvate Lack of Oxygen Lactic acid + Energy

(Muscle cells) (3 carbon molecules)
Presence of oxygen
Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
(In mitochondria)
ORGANS INVOLVED IN EXCRETION IN

HUMAN BEINGS AND FUNCTION
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
Filter the blood passing through them
Tubular part of nephron
Reabsorb some substances like glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of water
Collecting duct
Collect urine from nephrons and joins the ureter
Ureter
Collect urine from kidney and pass it on to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Store urine until the pressure of expanded bladder leads to the urge to pass it out
Urethra
Excrete out urine from the body

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Chapter - 7 : Control and Co-Ordination
FLOWCHART
S
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

(CNS) (PNS) (ANS)
Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Brain Spinal Cord
(12 pairs) (31 pairs)
Forebrain Mid brain Hind brain
Cerebrum Olfactory lobes Cerebellum Pons Medulla Oblongata
1. Occipital lobe
2. Temporal lobe
3. Frontal lobe
4. Parietal lobe
PLANT MOVEMENT IN RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL STIMULUS
Directional or Tropic Movement
Phototropism Geotropism Hydrotropism Chemotropism

(In response to light) (In response to gravity) (In response to water) (In response to chemicals)
Shoots show positive Roots show positive Water plants Growth of pollen tube towards
phototropism geotropism a chemical produced by ovule
GLANDS
Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands

(with ducts) (ductless)
Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Pancreas Gonads
1. Growth hormone Thyroxine Parathyroid Thymosin 1. Adrenalin

2. Trophic hormone hormone hormone 2. Cortisol Testes Ovaries
Prolactin hormone (PTH)
Vasopressin
Oxytocin Testosterone 1. Oestrogen
2. Progesterone
1. Insulin
2. Glucagon

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Chapter - 8 : How Do Organisms Reproduce ?
FLOWCHART
Types of Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
Examples of Binary Multiple Spore

Rejuvenation Fragmentation
organisms fission fission formation
Cat Vegetative
Budding
Mouse Propagation Examples of
Bird organisms
Fish Examples of Examples Examples of Examples of Spirogyra
Lizard organisms Plasmodium organisms organisms Regeneration
Cockroach Bacteria Mould Starfish
Frog Amoeba Fern Flatworm
Moss Examples of
Paramecium
Algae Mushroom organisms
Planaria
Examples of Examples of Hydra
organisms organisms
Yeast Bryophyllum
Hydra Rose plant
Budding
yeast
Bisexual Flower
Fragmentation
Asexual Spirogyra
Unisexual Structure of a Flower Reproduction
Flower
Spores
moulds
Natural Potato,
Insect Pollination Vegetative ginger
Reproduction
Propagation
Wind Pollination in Plants
Sexual Cutting
Pollination Reproduction Artificial Sugar cane
Grafting Fruit
Stigma Mature Flower
Seed Formation plants
Style
Fruit Filament Layering
Seeds
Formation Connective jasmine
Ovule
Dispersal of Perianth Tissue Culture
Petal:Corolla
Seeds Septal:Calyx orchids
Seeds Anther
Germination Microsporangium
Floral axis
Ovary Articulation Stamen
Nectary
Pedicel
Examples of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Types of Pollination
1. Self pollination : pollen 2. Self pollination : pollen 3. Cross pollination :

from the same flower from same plant but pollen from flower
Self Pollination : different flower of a different plant Cross Pollination :
1
Pollen is Pollen is
transferred to the 2 3 transferred to
stigma of same flowers of other
flower or flowers plants of the same
borne to same species.
plant.
Organ Function
Testis with seminiferous Sperm production
tubules
Collecting ducts Transport and storage
Transport, maturation and
Epididymis
ejaculation
Vas deferens(sperm Transport and ejaculation
duct)
Seminal vesicles Secrete thick liquid to

urine transport sperm
Secretes thin alkaline

Prostate gland solution to neutralise
urine and female system
Secretions may lubricate,
Cowper's gland flush out urine or form a
gelatinous plug
Urethra Passage for urine and

sperm
Penis Copulation
Male Reproductive organs and their functions

10 ] CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X
Reproduction of Species To Avoid Extinction
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
1. One Parent 1. Two Parents

1. Produce
2. Fast 2. Slow
Offspring
3. No Genetic Variety 3. Genetic Variety
-if one clone gets sick,
all the clones get sick 2. Use DNA
3. Grow and
Develop
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
Estrogen and
Anterior pituitary Start of another cycle progesterone
levels fall
Releases
FSH Causes
LH and FSH secretion
Causes
Stops
Primary follicle
Reaches peak
To mature into at the end of 28 day clock
Secondary follicle To mature Graafian follicle

into
Produces Produces
Estrogen and Maintains Endometrium
progesterone
Estrogen Causes Estrogen
Produces
Corpus luteum
Causes
Anterior pituitary LH Ovulation

To release Causes Produces
(day 14)
Ovum
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Chapter - 9 : Heredity and Evolution
FLOWCHARTS
/Round
CBSE Chapterwise Quick Review, SCIENCE, Class-X [ 11
Experiment
Question : When peas with two different traits –round and
wrinkled seeds–are crossed, will their progeny exhibit one of
those traits, both of those traits, or a '' blended'' intermediate trait?
Stigma
Anthers
1 To cross different varieties
of peas, remove the
anthers from flowers to
prevent self-fertilization.
Flower
X
Flower 2 ...and dust the stigma
with pollen from a
Cross different plant.
3 The pollen fertilizes ova

within the flower, which
develop into seeds.
Methods 4 The seeds grow

into plants
P generation Homozygous Homozygous

round seeds wrinkled seeds
X
5 Mendel crossed
two homozygous
Cross varieties of peas.
F1 generation 6 All the F1 seeds

were round.
X Mendel allowed
plants grown
from these seeds
Self-
to self-fertilize.
fertilization
F2 generation Fraction of
progeny seeds
5474 round seeds 3/4 round 3/4 of F2 seeds were
round and 1/4 were
wrinkled. a 3:1 ratio.
Results 1850 wrinkled seeds 1/4 wrinkled
Conclusion : The traits of the parent plants do not blend.

Although F 1 plants display the phenotype of one parent, both traits
are passed to F2 progeny in a 3:1 ratio.
Pictorial Representation of Mendel's Monohybrid Cross
HEREDITY
governed by Mendel's Law
Monohybrid Cross Pea with

Red and White flower Dihybrid Cross
Phenotype produced produced Round Yellow

(All red) RRYY
Parental Generation
F1 Generation
P1
Genotype Wrinkled Green
(Hybrid) rr yy
produced by produces
self polinatoin
Phenotype Parental combination
3 red : 1 white RYry
F2 Generation F1 Generation
(Dihybrids) Recombinations
Genotype
1RR : 2Rr : 1rr lead to rY,Ry
Variation in produces
species
Morphological Phenotype
evidence 9 :3 :3 :1
F2 Generation
Anatomical Genotype
evidence Darwin's theory of 1 :2 :2 :4 :2 :2 :1 :1 :1 :1
Supported evolution
by
Vestigial
structures
Palaeontological
evidence

UNIT -III : Natural Phenomena
Chapter - 10 : Light-Reflection and Refraction
FLOWCHART
LIGHT
Torches and
Headlights related phenomenon can be
studied with
Simple
microscope
Flood lights
Compound
Reflector for
projector lamps microscope
Mirrors Lenses
uses uses
types types Telescope
Solar devices
and furnaces Cam era
spectrometer
Converging or Diverging or Concave/ Convex /
Shaving Diverging converging
concave convex
mirrors Spectacles
and Dentists'
mirror
position of object
At infinity Between infinity At C Between At F Between pole

and C F and C and F
image image image
image image image
At focus Between At C Beyond C At infinity Behind the

F and C mirror
Position of object
At infinity Beyond 2F1 At 2F1 Between F1 At F1 Between F1

and 2F1 and O
image image
image image
At F2 Between At 2F2 Beyond 2F2 At infinity On the same side of

F2 and 2F2 lens as the object
Lens functioning in
corrected by human beings
Concave Myopia
lens
corrected by
Convex
Hypermetropia Problems Human eye
lens
corrected by
Bifocal lens Presbyopia

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Chapter - 11 : Human Eye and Colourful World
FLOWCHART
STRUCTURE OF EYE
ORGANS FUNCTIONS
1. Cornea It provides the refraction for light rays entering the eye.
2. Iris It controls the size of the pupil.
3. Pupil It controls the amount of light entering into the eyes.
4. Ciliary muscles It helps in regulating the size of pupil.
5. Eye lens It focus incoming light rays on the retina.
6. Retina It helps in the formation of image on it.
7. Aqueous Humour It provides nutrition to the eye tissues.
8. Vitreous Humous It helps to keep retina in place by pressing it against the choroid.

UNIT -IV : Effects of Current
Chapter - 12 : Electricity
FLOWCHARTS
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC POWER
p=w/t 2
V
Or VI = I2R =
R
Unit of Power - Watt
ELECTRIC ENERGY P. D = work done /

Work = VIT = I2RT charge
Unit of Energy – Watt- V = W/Q
Hr or kWh Unit of V is Volt
1kWhr = 3.6 × 106 J
JOULE'S LAW OHM'S LAW

H = I2RT or H = VIT ELECTRICITY V = IR
Unit of heat energy - Joules Unit of R - Ohm
RESISTANCE IN
SERIES RESISTANCE =
RS = R1 + R2 + R3 ..... PD/current
R = V/I
RESISTANCE IN
PARALLEL
1/RS = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 ..... RESISTIVITY = RA / L
Unit of Resistivity –
Ohm-m
SYMBOLS USED IN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Electric cell Battery Key Or
Wire crossing Variable

Bulb
resistance
Resistance Rheostat Ammeter A
Voltmeter V AC Source
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Chapter - 13 : Magnetic Effects Of Electric Current
FLOWCHARTS
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Safety measure
Fuse Earth
wire
Domestic Magnet and its

electric circuits properties
MAGNETIC Magnetic field lines

Fleming right hand rule.
EFFECT OF & properties
Electromagnetic induction.
ELECTRIC Right hand thumb
Generator
CURRENT rule
Fleming left hand

rule Solenoid
Electric motor Electromagnet
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Alternating Direct Current

Current
DC Generator
A. C. Generator
Sources of DC
Sources of AC (i) Electrochemical dry cell
(i) Thermal Power stations (ii) Solar cells
(ii) Car alternators (iii) Lead acid accumulator
batteries

UNIT -V : Natural Resources

Chapter - 14 : Sources of Energy
FLOWCHARTS
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
FOSSIL FUELS
COAL PETROLEUM COKE NATURAL GAS
PR O D UC T I O N S
Remains of plants Remains of plants Destructive Gas evolved when

and animals got & animals buried distillation of remains of plants &
buried inside the beneath earth into coal. animals buried into
earth millons of s ea or p or ous p o r o u s r oc ks
years ago. r oc k s b en e a t h beneath the earth.
earth.
USES
(i) Used as a fuel in (i) Used as a fuel for (i) Reducing agent (i) Used as CNG
ther mal power vehicles. in metallurgical in transport
plants to generate (ii) Us ed as processes. vehicle.
electricity. industrial fuel in (ii) Used for making (ii) Us ed as a
(ii) F o r h e a t i n g the form of LPG. bio gas. source of
pur p os es in carbon in the
homes. industry.
SOURCES OF ENERTGY
ENERGY
Renewable Non-Renewable
(Non-conventional) (Conventional)
Thermal Coal
Wind Windmill Power plant Petroleum
Water Hydropower plant
Biomass Biogas
Solar Solar Appliances
Nuclear Nuclear power plant
Geothermal Energy resources
ALTERNATE SOURCES OF ENERGY
SOURCES
SUN WIND WATER DEAD AND SEA EARTH NUCLEUS OF ATOM

DECAY MATTER
SOLAR WIND HYDRO BIO TIDAL ENERGY GEOTHERMAL NUCLEAR

ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY WAVE ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY
OCEAN THERMAL
ENERGY
(i) Solar cooker (i) Wind mill (i) Hydro- (i) Biogas (i) Surface (i) Electric (i) Nuclear
(ii) Solar Cell (ii) Wind genera- electricity (ii) Biomass followers generators reactors
(iii) Solar Panel tor power plant (ii) Oscillating (ii) Steam (ii) Dynamite
(iv) Solar water (iii) Wind Energy water turbines (iii) Nuclear
heater farms columns Power
(v) Solar power (iv) Wind Power (iii) Focussing plant
in India devices
(iv) Ocean
Thermal
energy
conversion
power
plant


Chapter - 15 : Our Environment

FLOWCHART
ENVIRONMENT
ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTORS
1. Temperature 1. Plants
2. Pressure 2. Animals
3. Humidity 3. Human beings
4. Rainfall
5. Sunlight
6. Wind
TROPHIC LEVELS
PRODUCERS CONSUMERS
Plants Herbivores
Carnivores
Decomposers
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UNIT~1 CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE : NATURE AND BEHAVIOUR

Physical Properties Physical Properties

Chemical Properties Chemical Properties

Bleaching powder Washing soda

Chapter - 3 : Metals and non-metals

Physical Properties Physical Properties

Chapter - 4 : Carbon and its compounds

Aliphatic or open chain Cyclic or closed chain

Saturated Unsaturated Alicyclic Aromatic

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes

Dobereiner's Limitations led Newland's Modified Mendeleev's Research Modern

Main Main Main Main

Atomic mass of Every eighth Elements arranged Elements arranged

UNIT -II : World of Living

Chapter - 6 : Life Processes

Nostril Nasal Passage Pharynx

Lungs Trachea Larynx

Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

BODY PARTS IN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND

Salivary amylase or ptyalin

Hydrochloric acid, Gastric juice, Mucus, Pepsin

Pancreatic juice (Pancreatic amylase), Bile juice (Liver)

VARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS

Complex food molecules are converted into simpler food molecules

The simple soluble food is absorbed by blood through diffusion

DIFFERENT WAYS IN WHICH GLUCOSE IS

Absence of oxygen Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy

Pyruvate Lack of Oxygen Lactic acid + Energy

ORGANS INVOLVED IN EXCRETION IN

Filter the blood passing through them

Tubular part of nephron

Collect urine from nephrons and joins the ureter

Collect urine from kidney and pass it on to urinary bladder

Excrete out urine from the body

HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Forebrain Mid brain Hind brain

Cerebrum Olfactory lobes Cerebellum Pons Medulla Oblongata

PLANT MOVEMENT IN RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL STIMULUS

Directional or Tropic Movement

Phototropism Geotropism Hydrotropism Chemotropism

Exocrine Glands Endocrine Glands

Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Pancreas Gonads

1. Growth hormone Thyroxine Parathyroid Thymosin 1. Adrenalin

Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

Examples of Binary Multiple Spore

Examples of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants

1. Self pollination : pollen 2. Self pollination : pollen 3. Cross pollination :

Seminal vesicles Secrete thick liquid to

Secretes thin alkaline

Urethra Passage for urine and

Male Reproductive organs and their functions

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

1. One Parent 1. Two Parents

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE

Secondary follicle To mature Graafian follicle

Anterior pituitary LH Ovulation

3 The pollen fertilizes ova

Methods 4 The seeds grow

P generation Homozygous Homozygous

F1 generation 6 All the F1 seeds