Physics XII 12-10-2017

UNIT-1
ELECTROSTATICS
Short Answer Type Questions
1. a. What do you mean by uniform electric field and non uniform electric field?
b. Define unit charge.
c. Write S.I. unit and dimensional formula of electric flux.
d. Is electric dipole moment a vector or scalar quantity?
2. State and prove Gauss’ law.
3. Derive Coulomb’s inverse square law from Gauss’ law.
Or
State Gauss’ theorem and use it to derive the Coulomb’s inverse square law.
Or
State Gauss theorem and by using it derive an expression for electric field
intensity due to a point charge.
4. Define electric flux and prove that the flux passing through a parallel surface to
an electric field is zero.
Or
What do you mean by electric flux? Write types of electric flux.
5. An electric dipole is kept in uniform electric field E, such that it makes angle 
with direction of field. Draw the diagram and derive an expression for moment
of couple acting on it.
Or
Derive an expression for moment of a couple of electric dipole placed in a
uniform electric field.
6. Derive the expression for the amount of work done in rotating a dipole in a
uniform electric field.
7. a. What do you mean by quantization of charge? What is fundamental charge?
b. Define electrical lines of force. State properties of electric lines of force.
or
Define electric lines of force. Why the two electric lines of force never intersect
each other?
1
8. What is meant by electric dipole moment? Write its unit and dimensional
formula.
9. What is meant by electric flux? Write its S.I. unit and dimensional formula.
Long Answer Type Questions

1. Write Coulomb’s inverse square law for electrostatics and hence define unit
charge.
2. Derive an expression for electric field intensity due to an electric dipole at a
point lying on its axis and write its unit.
3. Derive the expression for the intensity of an electric field at a point on the
equatorial line (neutral axis) of an electric dipole.
Numerical Questions
1. Calculate the force of repulsion between two protons when they are kept at a
distance 4.0 x 10-15 m apart.
2. Obtain intensity of electric field due to He-nucleus at 1 A distance.
2
1.2 UNIT
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is potential? Is it a vector or scalar quantity?
2. Why the potential inside a hollow conductor is uniform?
3. Write the difference between potential and potential difference.
4. Define potential gradient. Write its S.I. unit.
5. Write down the relation between potential difference and intensity of electric
field.
6. In which direction the flow of free electrons takes place?
7. What will be the potential difference between the potential at centre of hollow
spherical conductor and that at the surface of conductor?

1. What do you mean by equipotential surface? Write its properties.
2. Derive expression for the electric potential at a point in end on position due to
an electric dipole.
3. Prove that potential at a point on transverse (equatorial) position of electric
dipole is zero.
4. Prove that intensity of electric field is equal to potential gradient.

1. What is electric potential? Derive an expression for electric potential due to a
point charge.
Numerical Questions
1. Distance between two plates is 2cm and potential difference between them is
200 volt. Calculate intensity of electric field between the two plates.
2. 27 Water drops of same size have equal charges. All drops coalesce to form a
bigger drop. Compare potential of smaller and bigger drop.
1.3 UNIT
3
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

1. a. What is meant by capacity of a conductor? Give its unit.
b. Metals are not used as dielectric constant in capacitor. Why?
2. What is capacitor? Define its capacity and state the factors affecting the capacity
of a capacitor.
3. What do you mean by one farad?
4. Can I coulomb charge be given to a sphere of radius 1cm?
5. Can a spherical conductor of capacity 1 farad is possible?
6. a. What type of capacitor is used in radio-set?
b. What will happen if an insulator is introduced between the plates of an air
capacitor?
7. We have a parallel plate capacitor. If we insert between the plates:
a. A thin metallic plate which is connected to earth.
b. A thin metallic plate is inserted. What will be happened to capacity in both
the cases?
8. Write the S.I. unit of capacity.

1. Prove that the capacity of an isolated spherical conductor is directly
proportional to its radius.
Or
Derive an expression for the capacity of a spherical conductor.
2. Derive the expression for the capacity of a spherical condenser.
Or
How the capacity of spherical condenser is increased?
3. Obtain an expression for the capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.
Or
Obtain an expression for capacity of a parallel plate capacitor and write its unit.
Or
4
Obtain an expression for the capacity of a parallel plate capacitor and explain
the factors affecting the capacity.
4. What are dielectrics? Explain polar and non-polar dielectrics with examples.

1. Explain the construction and working Van De Graaff generator. State its uses.
Or
Explain Van de Graaff generator under the following heads:
a. Labelled Diagram b. Working C. Uses
Or
Describe Van de Graaff generator under following points:
a. Labelled diagram b. Principle c. Uses, d. Demerits
2. Derive an expression for the resultant capacity when capacitors are connected
in i. Series combination and ii. Parallel combination.
3. Prove that when two charged conductors are connected, there will be a loss of
energy.
Or
If two charged conductors are joined by a wire, then due to distribution of
charges, there is always loss of energy. Where does this energy go?
4. The distance between the plates of a parallel plate condenser is d. A glass plate
of thickness t (t <<d) is introduced between the plates. Derive the expression
for capacity.
Or
Find expression for the capacity of a parallel plate condenser when there is
partial air and partial dielectric medium in between the plates.
Numerical Questions
1. Find out capacity of the earth in micro farad if its radius is 6400km.
5
2. The radii of spheres of spherical capacitor are 0.5m and 0.6m. A dielectric
medium of constant 6 is filled between them, obtain capacity of spherical
capacitor.
3. How should the three capacitors each of capacitance 4 F be connected so that
the equivalent capacitance becomes 6 F ?
6
UNIT-2
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
UNIT-2.1
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. a. Write two conditions, under which Ohm’s law is not applicable.
b. Give differences between specific resistance and resistance
2. a. Write and explain Ohm’s law.
b. Is ohm’s law applicable to all conductors? What is the conditions of Ohm’s
law?
3. a. What is temperature coefficient of resistance? Write its unit. Write the names
of two substances whose temperature coefficient is negative.
b. Write two properties of manganin for which it is used for making standard
resistance.
4. Define current density. Is it vector or scalar quantity?

1. ON what factors the resistance of a wire or conductor depends? Define specific
resistance and write its unit.
Or
On what factors the resistance of a conductor depends and how?
2. Derive Ohm’s law on the basis of free electron theory.
3. What is drift velocity? Establish the relation between drift velocity and current
density.
Or
Establish relation between electric current and drift velocity.
4. Explain Kirchhoff’s laws of distribution of currents through the different
conductors.
Or
State and explain Kirchhoff’s laws in the current electricity.
5. With the help of Kirchhoff’s laws explain the principle of Wheatstone bridge.
7
Or
Explain the principle of Wheatstone bridge and obtain the expression for
balance condition. Give its limitation.
Or
Establish the essential conditions of Wheatstone bridge for its balance
conditions.
6. Find out equivalent resistance of the three resistance R 1, R2 and R3 connected in
parallel combination.
7. Obtain expression for equivalent resistance of three resistances connected in
series. Draw diagram of the combination.
Or
Three resistance R1, R2 and R3 are joined in series. Draw labeled diagram and
obtain expression for its equivalent resistance.
8. What is Thermistor? Write its uses.
9. What is superconductivity write with uses?
Numerical Questions
1. The length of a wire becomes twice when stretched. How many times
resistance will increase?
2. Length of copper wire is extended by 0.1 percent what will be the change in its
resistance?
3. How can be the three resistors of resistance 2,3 and 6 respectively

connected so that the equivalent resistance will be 4 ?
4. The equivalent resistance of two resistors, when they are connected in series is
18 and when connected in parallel the equivalent resistance is 4 . Find out
their resistances individually.
8
UNIT-2.2
CELL
1. a. What do you understand by internal resistance of a cell? On what factors
does it depend and how?
Or
What do you mean by internal resistance of a cell? Write the factors affecting it.
2. Why is secondary cell superior to a primary cell?
3. Distinguish between primary cell and secondary cell.

1. How are cells connected in series? Derive an expression for current flowing
through external circuit. When is this combination useful?
2. Write difference between emf and potential difference.
3. Establish the relationship between internal resistance of a cell emf and external
resistance.
Or
Establish the relationship between the electromotive force, potential difference
and internal resistance of a cell.

1. What do you understand by combination of cells? How are cells combined in
parallel? How can we achieve maximum current from this combination?
Numerical Questions
1. When a battery is connected to 9 resistance, its terminal voltage falls to 30

volts from 40 volts. Calculate internal resistance of a battery.
2. The resistance of voltmeter is 120 . If it is connected with a battery of 9V
having internal resistance 15 , then find out reading of voltmeter.
9
3. A cell has emf of 1.2 volt and internal resistance 1.0 . How 36 cells must be
joined to form a battery, so that it can pass a maximum current through a
resistance of 4 .
4. Two cells either connected in series or parallel, the same current flows through
external resistance of 1 . Calculate the internal resistance of each cell.
10
UNIT-2.3
POTENTIOMETER
1. a. What do you mean by potential gradient? Write its unit.
b. If the potential gradient of potentiometer wire is doubled, what will be the
effect on null point?
2. a. Why do we take long wire in potentiometer?
b. Why is potentiometer superior to voltmeter?
Or
Out of voltmeter and potentiometer, which one is superior to the other for
accurate measurement of the electromotive force of a cell and why?
Or
Prove that potentiometer is an ideal voltmeter.
3. Explain the principle of potentiometer. How is a potentiometer superior to that
of a voltmeter?

1. Write difference between potentiometer and voltmeter.

1. Describe an experiment to compare the emf of two cells by potentiometer on
the following points:
i. Circuit diagram ii. Derivation of formula iii. Two precautions
Or
Describe an experiment to compare the emf of two cells using a potentiometer
under the following heads:
i. Labelled diagram of electric circuit, ii. Formula used iii. Observation table
2. Determine the internal resistance of a cell by potentiometer on the following
points:
i. Labelled circuit diagram ii. Derivation of formula iii. Precautions
11
Numerical Questions
1. A Laclanche cell gets balanced on the wire of potentiometer at 280cm. if a
Daniel cell is joined in series with Lachanche cell then the balance point is
obtained at 480cm. Campare the emf of two cells.
12
UNIT-3
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
1. a. Why a soft iron core is kept in moving coil galvanometer?
b. What happens if a voltmeter is connected in series to the circuit?
2. a. What happens if an ammeter is connected in parallel to the circuit?
b. What happens if an ammeter is connected in parallel to the circuit? What is
the resistance of an ideal ammeter?
3. a. How can a galvanometer be converted into voltmeter?
b. Why the resistance of an ammeter should be less? What should be the
resistance of an ideal ammeter?
4. a. Arrange the galvanometer, ammeter and voltmeter in order of their
increasing resistance.
b. What should be the resistance of an ideal voltmeter and why?
5. Write difference between an ammeter and voltmeter.
6. Write the difference between electric and magnetic forces acting on a charged
particle.

1. Derive Biot Savart law and define the unit of current.
2. Derive the expression for the intensity of magnetic field at the centre of a
circular coil carrying current of n turns.
Or
Obtain an expression of intensity of magnetic field produced at the centre of a
current carrying circular coil. How does the direction of magnetic field depend
on the direction of current?
3. Derive an expression for the force acting on the moving charged particle placed
in a magnetic field. When the force is maximum and minimum?
Or
What is Lorentz force? Explain when the force is maximum or minimum?
13
4. Derive an expression for force acting between the two parallel wires carrying
current in the same direction.
Or
Two wires carrying current i1 and i2 are kept at distance d parallel to each other.
Obtain expression of the force per unit length on the second conductor.
5. Explain the principle of moving cell galvanometer or Weston galvanometer.
Or
Prove that in a suspended type moving coil galvanometer, the deflection
produced is directly proportional to the current flowing in it.
6. What do you understand by the sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer? Write
its expression. On what factor does it depend?
7. How is the pivoted galvanometer converted in to ammeter and voltmeter?
Or
How can you convert a moving coil galvanometer to a voltmeter?
Or
Describe the method to convert galvanometer into ammeter under the
following heads:
i. Labelled diagram ii. Principle
8. What is shunt? Write its uses. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
shunt?
9. What is shunt? Write its principle, advantages and uses.
Or
What is shunt? Explain its principle. What are advantage and disadvantages of
using carrying current n times the current flowing through the galvanometer.
10. Describe Weston Galvanometer (moving coil) under the following heads:
i. Labelled diagram ii. Principle
Or
Draw neat labeled diagram of Weston type moving coil galvanometer and
explain. Why is the coil of moving coil galvanometer wound on an aluminium
frame?
Or
14
Describe moving coil galvanometer under the following points:
i. Construction ii. Diagram iii. Formula derivation for
the current

1. Derive an expression for the intensity of magnetic field at a point on the axis of
a circular current loop.
Or
Obtain an expression for the intensity of the magnetic field at a point on the
axis of a circular coil.
2. Sate Bio Savart law and with the help of it derive an expression for magnetic
field intensity at a point situated at a distance from a current carrying straight
wire of infinite length.
Numerical Questions
1. Calculate the force acting on a proton (1.6 x 10 -19C). when it enters the magnetic
field of intensity 0.2Web/m2 acting along X-axis, if:
i. The initial velocity of proton is zero.
ii. When proton moves with initial velocity 2 x 107 m/sec along y-direction.
iii. When proton moves with initial velocity 2 x 107 m/sec along x-direction.
2. If full scale of deflection is obtained in galvanometer of resistance 99 ohms by
passing a current of 10-4A in it, what arrangement is required to measure a
current of 1A from it.
3. The resistance of a galvanometer is 50 . It gives full scale deflection when a

current of 0.01A flows through it. How can you convert it into:
a. An ammeter of range 5A b. A voltmeter of range 5V.
15
UNIT-3.2
MAGNETISM
1. a. What do you understand by the intensity of magnetic field? Write the SI unit
of it.
b. Why two magnetic lines of force do not intersect?
2. What is the molecular theory of magnetism?
3. What are magnetic lines of force? Write down its properties.
4. a. A magnet of magnetic moment M and pole strength m is cut i. along its
length ii. perpendicular to its length into two equal pieces.
What will be the pole strength and magnetic moment of one part in each case?
b. The length of a magnetized iron wire is l and magnetic moment is M. When
it is turned in a semi circle, what is its magnetic moment?
5. Write down any four differences between the magnetic force and electric force
acting on a charged particle.

1. Derive the expression for the magnetic field at a point on the magnetic axis.
Or
Determine intensity of magnetic field due to small magnet at end on position.
2. Derive an expression for the intensity of magnetic field on broadside on
position due to a bar magnet.
Or
Derive the expression of resultant intensity of magnetic field at a point, which
is equidistant from poles of a small bar magnet.
Or
Establish the formula of intensity of magnetic field due to a bar magnet in the
equatorial position.
3. Derive an expression for the torque acting on a bar magnet placed in a uniform
magnetic field at angle  with the field and hence define magnetic moment.
16
4. Calculate the work done in rotating a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic field
by an angle  form the direction of field.

Or
Calculate the maximum and minimum value of work done.
5. Write coulomb’s law of magnetism and define the unit magnetic pole with its
help.

1. Compare to a bar magnet and a current carrying solenoid.
Numerical Questions
1
1. A wire of magnetic moment M is bent in L shape up to 3 of its length. Find
out its new magnetic moment.
17
UNIT-3.3
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTERS AND TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM
1. a. Define angle of declination.
b. Define angle of dip.
2. a. Write curie law for magnetism.
b. Define curie temperature or curie point.
3. At any place the horizontal component of intensity of magnetic field is equal to
vertical component. Find out angle of dip at that place.
1. For the terrestrial magnetism, establish a relation between angle of dip  ,

horizontal component H and vertical component V.
Or
Prove that I  H  V where symbols have their usual meanings.

2 2 2
2. Write down names of magnetic elements of the earth. Establish a relation
between I, H, V and  .
1. Compare the properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic
substance.
Numerical Questions
1. The horizontal and vertical components of earth’s magnetic field at a place are
0.3 oersted and 0.4 oersted respectively. find out resultant intensity of earth’s
magnetic field at that place.
2. The ratio of horizontal component of magnetic field of earth to resultant
1
intensity at any place is 2 . What will be angle of dip at that place.
3. The horizontal component of intensity of earth’s magnetic field is 0.4 x 10 -4
wb/m2 and angle of dip is 300 calculate the following:
i. Vertical component of magnetic field of earth.
ii. Resultant intensity of Earth’s magnetic field.
18
19
UNIT-4
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. a. What is meant by electromagnetic induction?
b. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
2. a. State Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction.
b. Explain that Lenz’s law follows the law of conservation of energy.
3. a. In a closed electric circuit, the sparks are produced when the circuit breaks.
Why?
b. When the current flows through a high voltage wire, then a bird sitting on it
flies away. Why?
4. Give differences between self induction and mutual induction.
5. When a copper plate is placed just below the oscillating magnetic needle it
stops quickly, but if a glass plate is placed below it doesn’t stop. Why?
6. What is the effect on self inductance of a solenoid it a core of soft iron is placed
in it.

1. a. What is self induction?
b. The resistances in the resistance box are double coiled. Why?
c. What is mutual induction?
2. Establish expression for the self inductance of a plane circular coil. On what
factors does it depend and how?
3. Explain self inductance. Write its unit and state the factor on which self
inductance depends.
Or
Define self inductance and state its unit.
4. What is mutual induction? Define mutual inductance and state its unit.
Or
Write down the definition and S.I. unit of mutual inductance
5. What are eddy currents? What are its losses? Write its two uses.
20
Or
What are eddy currents? Write its main uses?
Or
Explain Foucault’s current (eddy current) under following points:
a. Definition b. Experimental demonstration
c. Properties and losses. d. Methods to reduce it.
6. Obtain an expression for self inductance of a long solenoid.

1. Derive an expression for mutual inductance between two long solenoids. On
what factors does it depend?
2. What do you mean by electromagnetic induction? Write Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction. Find an expression for induced emf.
3. The self inductance of two solenoids P and S are L 1 and L2 respectively. if there
is an ideal coupling between them, prove that the mutual inductance between
them is:
M  L1L2
Numerical Questions
1. A solenoid of diameter 4cm, length 2m has 2000 turns. It has a secondary
solenoid of turns 1000 wound at its middle. calculate the mutual inductance
between two solenoids.
2. The magnetic flux linked with a closed loop   (4t  5t  7) is milli weber.
2
Calculate the induced emf in the loop after 2 second.

3. The mutual inductance of an induction coil is 4 henry. If 5 ampere current flows
1
through it for 1500 second then find emf induced a cross the ends of secondary
coil.
UNIT-4.2
21
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND WAVE OPTICS

1. What is d.c. motor? Explain back emf produced in motor.
2. What are the reasons of energy losses in transform? How these losses are
removed?
Or
What are the causes of loss of energy in a transformer? How are they
minimized?
Or
How many types of energy loss in transformers, explain
3. What is motor starter? What is its principle?
Or
What is the principle of motor starter? Explain its working method.
Or
What is starter? Explain its uses with the help of diagram.
4. Explain the principle of choke coil. Explain its use as a current controller. Why
the current flowing through it is called wattles current?
Or
Explain the principle of choke coil and write its uses.
5. a. Why a.c. is more dangerous than d.c. for the same voltage?
b. A capacitor blocks d.c., whereas it by passes a.c. of high frequency. Why?
6. a. A bulb and a solenoid are connected in series to an a.c. If a soft iron core is
inserted inside the solenoid, then what will be its effect on the bulb?
b. How the effect of eddy current is minimized in transformer?
Or
The core of transformer is laminated. Why?
7. Give differences between step up and step down transformer.
8. State four difference in the dynamo and d.c. motor.
Or
Differentiate between a Dynamo and an electric motor.
22
9. Give differences between a.c. and d.c.
10. Prove for an a.c. circuit.
Pav  Vrms  I rms  cos 
Where the symbols have their usual meaning.

Or
Derive expression for average power in A.C. circuit.
I0
I rms 
11. Prove that 2 where Irms and I0 have usual meaning.

1. In an R-C circuit, determine the following:
i. Resultant voltage, ii. Impedance
iii. Phase angle between resultant voltage and current and iv. Amplitude of
the a.c.
Or
Derive an expression for impedance and amplitude of current of a.c. circuit
containing resistance and capacitor.
2. Determine the following for R-L circuit.
i. Resultant voltage ii. Impedance of the circuit
iii. Phase difference between resultant voltage and current.
Or
A resistance and inductance are connected in series with a source of alternating
emf derive an expression for resultant voltage, impedance and phase difference
between current and voltage in alternating circuit.
3. Determine an expression for the following in a.c. L-C circuit:
i. Resultant voltage ii. Impedance of circuit iii. Frequency of resonance
Or
Derive an expression for impedance for an a.c. L-C circuit and show that
current becomes infinite at electrical resonance.
Or
23
Write expression for the impedance phase difference between the current and
voltage, frequency for an alternating L-C circuit.
4. Describe d.c. dynamo on the following points:
i. Labeled diagram ii. Construction iii. Principle iv. Working

1. Explain the working and principle of transformer with labeled diagram. What
are the reasons of energy losses in transformer? How these losses are removed?
Or
Describe the transformer on the basis of following points:
i. Principle ii. Labelled diagram
iii. Type of transformer iv. Formual for transformer ratio
Or
Describe the transformer under the following heads:
i. Labelled diagram ii. Principle iii. Energy loss in a transformer
2. What is dynamo? Explain the working of a.c. dynamo with labeled diagram.
Or
Describe a.c. dynamo under following points:
i. Labelled diagram ii. Construction iii. Principle iv. Working
3. What is an electric motor? Explain its construction and working of d.c. motor.
Or
Explain d.c. motor under the following heads:
a. Principle b. Labelled diagram c. Back emf
4. Explain the resonance of a series L-C-R circuit under the following heads:
i. Resultant voltage ii. Impedance of circuit iii. Frequency of resonance
Or
What is resonant electrical circuit? What are its types? Find out an expression
for resonant frequency for series L-C-R circuit.
Or
In alternating L-C-R circuit, determine the following:
i. Resultant voltage ii. Impedance of the circuit
24
iii. Phase difference between the resultant voltage and current
Numerical Questions
1. An electric motor is operated by a battery of emf of 24 volt. The resistance of its
coil is 12  . The back emf induced in it is 18 volt. Calculate the following:
i. Current product while starting the motor.
ii. The current when coil of motor acquires maximum speed.
2. In a transformer free from losses there are 500 turns in primary coil and 2500
turns in secondary coil. The meter of secondary read 220V at 8A. What will the
meters of primary coil read?
3.
25
UNIT-5
UNIT-5.1
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1. a. How electromagnetic waves are produced?
b. What are electromagnetic waves? What is its nature?
2. a. Where is the ozone layer situated in the atmosphere? How does it protect the
human life?
Or
Why is ozone layer useful for the sustains of life on the earth?
b. What is greenhouse effect?
c. Why does smell of ozone come near electric sparking?
3. a. Radio waves are diffracted by the buildings but light waves do not, even
both are electromagnetic waves. Why?
b. If the earth did not have any atmosphere, would its surface temperature be
same as now?
4. a. Which rays are used in fog and why?
b. Write the electromagnetic waves in ascending order of frequencies.
5. a. Define microwaves. Write down its one use.
How are they transmitted?
Or
What are microwaves? Mention their uses.
b. Name the part of the spectrum in which the following wavelengths fall:
6. a. Light waves can travel in vacuum whereas sound waves cannot do so. Why?
b. What is Geostationary satellite? Write its height from the earth surface.
7. What is meant by remote sensing? Write its application.
Or
Define remote sensing.
8. Why red light is used in a photographic room?
9. The ultraviolet radiant bulbs are made of quartz not of glass why?
26
10. Write the name of radiation of shortest and longest wavelength in the
electromagnetic spectrum.
11. For long distance radio broadcast short wave band is used. Why?
12. For long distance T.V. transmission geostationary satellites are used. Why?
13. Cloudy nights are comparatively hot. Why?
1. Differentiate sound waves and electromagnetic waves.
2. A T.V. antenna is of height ‘h’ metre. Show that it can be used to transmit the
signal up to a d  2hR distance on the earth surface where R is radius of Earth.

Or
Prove that transmission can take place up to a distance d  2hR . Where R is

the radius of the earth and h is the height of T.V. tower.
Or
Establish relation between height of T.V. tower and the transmission distance.
3. For remote sensing polar satellites are used. Why?
4. What are electromagnetic waves? Write any six properties of electromagnetic
waves.
Or
What are electromagnetic waves? Write its nature.
5. Describe any four parts of electromagnetic spectrum under following points:
i. Name ii. Source iii. Effect or applications.
6. Describe the Hertz’s experiment of the production of electromagnetic waves on
following points.
i. Labeled diagram of apparatus ii. Experimental arrangement.
Numerical Questions
1. The height of a T.V. tower is 100m. If the population density around it is
1000per km2. What population will be covered by T.V. transmission? Radius of
earth = 6.37 x 106m.
2. The frequency band of a radio station is 8MHz – 10MHz obtain the wavelength
corresponding to this frequency band.
27
UNIT-5.2
1. a. What is the principle of superposition of waves?
b. What do you mean by interference of light?
c. What are coherent sources of light? What are the conditions of two sources
being coherent?
Or
Write two conditions for two optical sources to become coherent sources.
2. a. Explain, interference follows the law of conservation of energy.
b. In Young’s double slit experiment if the wavelength of monochromatic light
is increased, then what will be the effect on fringe width?
3. a. Differentiate plane polarized light an unpolarized light.
b. i. What do you understand by polarization of light?
ii. What is plane polarized light?
4. a. Light rays can be polarized but sound waves can’t why?
b. What is polarizing angle?
5. a. When an aircraft is travelling at low height, then the pictures on the T.V.
screen undergo vibration. Why?
b. Write down why the sun glasses made of Polaroid’s are much useful than the
goggles.
6. How the phenomenon of polarization is different from interference and
diffraction.

1. What is interference of light? Write the necessary condition for it.
Or
Write any four necessary conditions for interference of light.
2. What is the difference between interference and diffraction?
3. Explain Huygen’s principle of secondary wavelets.
4. What is Polaroid? State its application in daily life.
28
Or
What is Polaroid? Explain Polaroid on the basis of the following points:
a. Working b. Uses Any two
5. What do you understand by plane of vibration and plane of polarization in case
of plane polarized light? Draw diagram to explain your answer.
Or
Define: Plane of vibration b. Plane of polarization.
6. State Brewster’s law. Prove that at angle of polarization, reflected rays and
refracted rays and refracted rays are mutually perpendicular.
Or
What is Brewster’s law? Prove that for light incident on a transparent surface at
Brewster’s angle the reflected and refracted rays are normal to each other.
7. Derive formula for the width of fringe in Young’s double slit experiment.
Or
D

Prove that d where symbols have their usual meanings.
Numerical Questions
1. In a Young’s double slit experiment of the fringe width is 4mm. obtain distance
of third dark fringe from central bright fringe.
2. The angle of polarization for a transparent medium is 60 0. Find the angle of
refraction and refractive index of medium.
3. If angle of polarization is 300 then find out refractive index of medium.
29
UNIT-6
RAY OPTICS
Unit 6.1
REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY SPHERICAL MIRROR
1. a. Write the main characteristics of image formed by convex mirror.
b. What will be the change in focal length of a concave mirror when dipped in
water?
2. a. Write any two differences between regular and irregular (diffused) reflection.
b. What is meant by linear magnification? Write down its formula for spherical
mirror.
3. a. What is parallax?
b. What type of mirror is used in vehicle to observe the traffic at the back?
c. Concave mirror is used for shaving, why?
4. What is reflection? Write the laws of reflection.
5. Show the position, nature and size of image when an object is placed between
pole and focus infront of concave mirror.

1. Establish the relation between focal length and radius of curvature for spherical
mirror.
Or
Prove for spherical mirror:
R
f 
2
 R
 f  2 
Establish the relation between focal length and radius of curvature for
concave mirror.
2. Define focal length of a spherical mirror. Find out the relation between u, v and
f for spherical mirror.
Or
30
What are conjugate foci? For any spherical mirror prove that:
1 1 1
 
f u v
Or
Establish the relation amongst u, v and f for concave mirror.
Or
What is mirror formula? Derive mirror formula for spherical mirror.
Numerical Questions
1. An object is kept infront of a concave mirror of focal length 24cm at a distance
of 48cm. find out position, nature of image and linear magnification.
2. The radius of curvature of a convex mirror is 30cm. An object of height 5cm is
placed at 10cm apart from it. find out nature, position and size of image.
3. At what distance in front of a concave mirror of focal length 10cm, an object is
placed so that its real image of size five times that of the object obtain?
31
UNIT-6.2
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
1. What is principle of reversibility? Explain.
2. In displacement method, the distance between two pins should be greater than
four times that of the focal length of lens, why?
Or
In displacement method the distance between two pins is kept greater than
four times of focal length of convex lens. Why? Why is displacement method
better than u-v method for finding out focal length of a convex lens?
3. What do you mean by total internal reflection? Write its conditions. Prove that
  1/ sin ic , where the physical quantities have their usual meanings.
Or
What is total internal reflection? Write its condition. Establish the relation
between refractive index of the medium and critical angle. On what factors
does the critical angle depend?
Or
Establish the relation between critical angle and refractive index of medium.
4. a. What is the cause of brilliance of diamond?
b. What will be the effect on the focal lengths of a concave mirror and convex
lens when they are immersed in water?
5. a. Can you find out focal length of a concave lens by displacement method?
b. In lens two focus points are there, whereas in spherical mirror only one.
Why?
6. An air bubble whose surface is convex will act as concave lens inside water.
Justify the statement.
7. a. Write down why the stars are seen twinkling at night in the clear sky while
the moon does not?
Or
Write the reason for twinkling of stars.
32
b. When an object is kept in between optical centre and focus in front of convex
lens draw a ray diagram of image formation.
8. a. The letters of book are magnified if seen through a water filled in fused bulb.
Why?
b. What do you mean by power of lens? Write its formula and its unit.
9. The critical angle of a medium is 450, find out the refractive index of medium.
10. What is meant by magnification of a lens? Write its expression.
11. Give the reason, any lens is dipped into the liquid, then its focal length
increases. Why?
12. Draw ray diagram of image formation when an object is placed at focus of a
convex lens.

1. Write Newton’s formula for focal length of lens and derive it. is it also
applicable for concave lens? Give reason for your answer.
2. Prove for any spherical refracting surface:
 1  1
 
R v u where symbols have their usual meanings.
Or
 1  1
 
Derive an expression v u R showing relation among  , u, v and R for a
concave spherical refracting surface.

Or
Establish refraction formula for spherical surface
1 1 1
 
3. Derive an expression f v u showing relation between u, v and f for a
convex lens.
Or
1 1 1
 
Derive lens formula f v u . Where symbols have their usual meaning.
4. I1 and I2 are the two sizes of images in displacement method in two different
conditions. If size of object is O, so prove that:
33
O  I1  I 2
Or
Draw ray diagram to find out focal length of convex lens by displacement
method and show that length of object is equal to geometric mean of lengths of
images.
5. Draw the ray diagram to find out the focal length of convex lens by
displacement method. Mention the formula used and two specialties of this
method.
6. Two thin convex lenses having focal lengths f 1 and f2 respectively are kept in
contact. Describe the method to determine the focal length of the system on the
basis of following points:
i. Labelled ray diagram ii. Derivation of formula used, iii. Two
important precautions
Or
Establish the expression for focal length of combination of two thin lenses kept
in contact.
 w w  g  g  a  1
7. Prove that a

1. Prove for a lens:
1 1 1 
 (   1)   
f  R1 R2 
Or
What is a lens maker formula? Prove it for a thin lens.
Or
1 1 1
 
Establish the relation v u f for a concave lens.
2. Describe displacement method to determine the focal length of convex lens

under following points:
i. Ray diagram ii. Formula derivation iii. Observation table iv.
Precautions Any Two
34
Or
Describe the displacement method to determine the focal length of convex lens
on the following points:
i. Ray diagram ii. Principle and formula derivation.
Or
Determine the formula used in finding the focal length of a convex lens by
displacement method.
3. Establish relation between real and apparent depth.
Numerical Questions
1. The focal length of a convex lens is 10cm. if it is immersed into a liquid of
refractive index 1.75, then find out its nature and focal length.
2. A lens forms an image of a needle placed at a distance of 45cm from it, on a
screen situated at distance 90cm on other side of it. name the kinds of lens.
Calculate its focal length. If the size of needle is 5cm, what will be the size of
the image?
3. Two thin lenses of power +12D and -2D respectively are placed in contact. Find
the power focal length and nature of the combination.
4. There is an air bubble (lens) inside the water (   1.3 ) of radius of curvature
10cm of each surface. Find the focal length and nature of the lens.
5. The absolute refractive index of glass and water are 3/2 and 4/3 respectively.
find out ratio of speed of light in glass and water.
6.
35
UNIT-6.3
REFRACTION THROUGH PRISM
1. a. Why there is not dispersion in mirrors?
b. On what factors dispersive power of a prism depends?
2. a. What is scattering of light? Write Rayleigh’s law of scattering. Which colour
scatter more red or blue and why?
Or
What is scattering of light? Explain scattering with the help of theory of
electromagnetic waves.
b. At the time of total solar eclipse Fraunhofer lines are found absent, why?
3. a. Why sky appears blue?
b. Danger signals are always red, why?
c. Sun spears red during the sunrise and sunset, why?
4. Write kinds of spectrum and differentiate between emission and absorption
spectrum.
5. In a transparent medium which colour has maximum speed and which colour
has minimum speed?
6. a. Which type of spectrum of neom lamp.
b. Name the dark lines found in solar spectrum.
c. What is unit of dispersive power?

1. Define dispersive power and prove that it does not depend on prism angle.
2. What are the differences between real spectrum and virtual spectrum?
3. What are Fraunhofer lines? What is the cause of these lines in solar spectrum?
Write their uses.
Or
On the basis of Kirchhoff’s law of selective absorption explain the origin of
Fraunhofer lines in solar spectrum.
4. Establish the expression for finding the refractive index of material of a prism.
36
5. Define angular dispersion and obtain its formula.

1. Describe deviation without dispersion under following heads:
i. Ray diagram ii. Conditions iii. Expression for resultant
deviation
Or
Derive relation between the angle of prism for deviation without dispersion
and find resultant deviations.
Or
Draw the ray diagram of the combination of prisms for deviation without
dispersion and establish the expression for resultant deviation.
2. Describe dispersion without deviation under following heads:
i. Ray diagram ii. Conditions iii. Expression for resultant
dispersion.
Or
What is meant by Dispersion without deviation? Also calculate the resultant
dispersion.
Or
Establish the relationship between the angle of prism to obtain dispersion
without deviation by combination of prism.
3. What is pure spectrum? Explain the conditions for obtaining pure spectrum by
a prism with the help of ray diagram.
Numerical Questions
1. The refractive indices for red and violet colour of a crown glass prism are 1.513
and 1.523 respectively. Find out dispersive power of crown glass prism.
2. The refractive angle of a prism is 600. If angle of minimum deviation is 380 then
obtain refractive index of material of prism. (sin 490 = 0.7547)
UNIT-7
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
37
1. a. What do you understand by the magnifying power of a microscope?
b. How is the magnifying power of compound microscope increased?
Or
Why the focal length of objective lens of a compound microscope is small?
2. a. What do you understand by the resolving power of telescope?
b. Differentiate between magnifying power and resolving power of the
telescope.
3. a. Is it possible that, when a microscope is inverted, it becomes telescope? Give
reason.
b. How the magnifying power of an astronomical telescope is increased?
4. Write similarities and dissimilarities in Astronomical and Galilean telescope.
Or
What are the similarities and dissimilarities between Astronomical telescope
and Galilean telescope.

1. Draw a labeled diagram of astronomical telescope and write the formula for
magnifying power when the image is formed at:
i. Infinity ii. Least distance of distinct vision
Or
Describe astronomical telescope under the following heads:
i. Ray diagram for formation of image.
ii. Derive expression of magnifying power when image is formed at
distance D.
Or
Derive the expression for magnification of an astronomical telescope and draw
ray diagram.
2. Describe terrestrial telescope on following heads:
i. Ray diagram
ii. Derivation of formula for magnifying when image is formed at
38
a. Least distance of distinct vision
b. Infinity
Or
Describe terrestrial telescope on following heads:
3. What is an electron microscope? Explain its construction and principle.

1. Explain simple microscope on the basis of following points:
i. Ray diagram for the formation of image.
ii. Expression for magnification power when the final image is formed
a. At the least distance of distinct vision
b. At infinity.
Or
Draw the ray diagram of microscope and derive the formula for the
magnification power.
2. Write about the compound microscope on following heads:
i. Ray diagram ii. Calculation of magnification.
Or
Describe the compound microscope under the following headings:
i. Ray diagram for formation of image.
ii. Derive expression for magnifying power when image is formed at
distance D.
iii. Condition for greater magnification.
Or
Draw a labeled diagram of compound microscope and derive the expression
for magnifying power when the final image is formed at least distance of
distinct vision D. what will be the length of the microscope tube in this case?
3. Draw a labeled ray diagram of Galilean telescope and derive the expression for
magnifying power, when the final image is formed at least distance of distinct
vision D. What will be the length of the telescope tube in this case?
39
Numerical Questions
1. The focal length of objective of a small telescope is 140cm and focal length of
eye piece is 5cm. What will be the magnifying power of telescope for viewing
farthest object when:
a. Adjustment of telescope is normal and
b. Final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision.
2. If length of astronomical telescope is 80cm and its magnification is 15, then find
focal length of objective lens and eyepiece.
3. The magnifying power of an objective lens of a compound microscope is 8, if
the magnifying power of the compound microscope is 32. Then calculate
magnifying power of an eyepiece lens.
40
UNIT-8
ELECTRON AND PHOTON

1. a. i. What are photons? ii. What are matter waves?
b. What is work function? The work function of Lithium and Copper are 2.3eV
and 4eV respectively, which will be useful for visible light?
c. What is dual nature of radiations?
2. a. What do you mean by threshold frequency? What is the relation between
work function and threshold frequency?
b. Why the wave nature of matter is not observed in daily life?
3. a. What is thermionic emission?
b. What do you mean by electron volt? Find its value in joule.
4. a. What is stopping potential? What will happen to stopping potential of a
photo cell if the:
i. Intensity and ii. Frequency of incident rays are increased?
or
What is cut off potential?
Or
What is the stopping potential? How does it depend on?
i. Intensity and ii. Frequency of incident light.
5. Write properties of matter waves.
6. What are reasons due to which wave theory could not explain the photo
electric effect?
7. The threshold wavelength of sodium metal is 6800A. Clarify the statement.
8. a. The mass of a moving particle is m and velocity is v, then write the formula
for de Broglie wavelength  .
b. What is value of specific charge of an electron?
9. The Planck’s constant is h and frequency of a photon is  then write the
Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
10. What are de Broglie waves? Write de Broglie equation.
41
11. What is the value of specific charge on an electron?

1. What is photoelectric effect? Write the laws of photoelectric emission.
Or
State any two laws of photoelectric effect?
Or
What is photo electric effect?
2. What is photoelectric effect? Derive Einstein’s formula:
1 2
mvmax  h  h 0
2
Or
Establish Einstein’s equation relating to the photoelectric emission.
3. Write about an electron, proton and neutron under following points:
a. Chemical symbol b. Charge c. Name of discoverer
b. Charge
c. Name of the discoverer.

1. Determine de Broglie relation.
Or
What are de Broglie waves? Write down de Broglie wave equation.
Numerical Questions
1. Find energy of photon of wavelength 4000A.
2. Calculate de Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated through a potential
difference of 1.25 kilo volt.
42
UNIT-9
SOLID STATE AND SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

1. Explain the following terms with reference to a P-N junction:
a. Uncovered charge
b. Depletion layer
c. Potential barrier.
2. a. What are semiconductors? Write down names of any two semiconductors.
b. What do you understand by intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors?
3. a. How the pure semiconductors are made i. N-type and ii. P-tyep
semiconductor?
Or
How are N-type semiconductors prepared?
Or
Which type of semiconductors is formed when a trivalent impurity is dropped
in a pure semiconductors?
b. What is P-N diode? Explain the formation of depletion layer in it.
4. In a transistor emitter is always forward biased and collector is reverse biased,
why?
5. a. Why the base is designed thin in comparison to emitter and collector in a
transistor?
b. The transistor has low input resistance and high output resistance, why?
6. Write down the relation between  and  related to amplifier.

7. How is a P-type semiconductor formed?

1. i. Explain the working of N-P-N transistor with labeled diagram.
ii. Can an emitter and collector be interchanged in a transistor? Explain.
2. What do you understand by N-type and P-type semiconductors? Give
differences between them.
43
Or
Differentiate between the P and N-type semiconductors.
3. Explain the structure of P-N junction diode and its working in forward bias.
Or
Explain flow of current in P-N junction diode as forward biasing.
4. Explain the structure of P-N junction diode and its working in reversed biased.
5. What is transistor? Write types of a transistor. Explain the working of P-N-P
transistor with circuit diagram.
6. Explain with a circuit diagram how common emitter P-N-P transistor is used as
amplifier?
Or
Explain the working of P-N-P transistor as amplifier in CE mode with a circuit
diagram.
7. How will you obtain OR, AND gates form the NAND and NOR gates? Write
symbol, Boolean formula and truth table.
8. Explain the working of N-P-N transistor as amplifier in CE mode under
following points:
i. Circuit diagram ii. Working iii. Voltage gain
9. What are  ,  parameter of a transitory? Establish relation between them.

10. How will you obtain ‘AND’ & ‘OR’ gate form ‘NAND’ gate?
11. What are main logic gates? What are its type? Draw their symbols and truth
table.
Or
Explain OR gate and AND gate on the basis of following points:
i. Symbol ii. Truth table iii. Boolean expression
12. Write the logic symbols and prepare truth table of the following gates:
i. AND gate ii. NOR gate

1. What is oscillator? Explain the function of transistor as an oscillator.
Or
44
What is an oscillator? Draw necessary circuit diagram to show the use of
transistor as an oscillator.
Or
What is an oscillator? Explain use of transistor as oscillator under following
points:
a. Labelled circuit diagram b. Working.
2. What is rectification? Drawing the electrical circuit show a P-N diode can be
used as full wave rectifier.
Or
Describe the use of P-N junction diode as a full wave rectifier under the
following heads:
i. Labelled circuit diagram ii. Working iii. Wave form of
output signals.
Or
What is a rectifier? Draw circuit diagram to explain the use of P-N junction
diode as full wave rectifier.
3. What is rectification? Explain half wave rectification by diode on the basis of
following points:
i. Labeled diagram of circuit
ii. Working
Or
Describe the use of P-N junction diode as half wave rectifier under the
following heads:
i. labeled circuit diagram
ii. Working
iii. Graph for time variation of input and output potential.
4. Explain the working of P-N-P transistor in CE mode as amplifier with a circuit
diagram. Derive the expression for: i. Current gain ii. Resistance gain and iii.
Power gain.
5. Give the logic symbol and truth tale of ‘AND’ gate. With the help of diodes
how this gate can be realized in practice?
45
Numerical Questions
1. In a P-N junction, width of depletion layer is 10 -6 m and potential barrier is 0.7
volt. Calculate the barrier electric field.
46
UNIT-10
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
1. a. What is modulation index and percentage modulation?
b. What is principle of semiconductor laser?
c. Write use of FAX machine.
d. Who inverted the television transmission?
2. Write notes on the following (Any Two)
i. FAX ii. Optical detector iii. Diode LASER
iv. Difference between amplitude modulation and frequency modulation.
Or
What is Fax machine? Draw its block diagram and explain its working.
3. Compare amplitude modulation and frequency modulation.
Or
Write difference between amplitude modulation and frequency modulation.
Or
Write advantages of frequency modulation over amplitude modulation.
4. Write limitations of frequency modulation.
5. Write short notes on analog and digital signal.
Or
What are analog signal and digital signal? Explain.
6. Write the meaning of LASER and two uses.
7. Why is a parallel wire line net suitable for microwave transmission?
8. What do you understand by channel and channel noise.
9. Write any two uses of optical communication.
10. What are the main sources of energy loss through a communication line?
11. What is AGC? Why it is needed for receiver?
12. What is importance of modulation index?
13. What is meant by channel width? Write channel width of AM and FM radio
station.
14. What is importance of copper mesh in coaxial cable?
47
15. What is Light Emitting Diode?
16. Write full form of LED and LASER.
17. Which device is used to transmit the T.V. signals upto long distance?
18. Give two characteristics of LASER rays.

1. Write short notes on optical communication.
Or
What do you mean by optical communication? Write its superiority over other
means.
2. What are the elements of communication system? Explain with the help of
block diagram and also describe the different kinds of communication system.
Or
What is communication system? What are its main parts explain with block
diagram.
3. What is modulation? Why it is needed?
4. Write characteristics of digital communication.
5. Draw block diagram of communication system.
6. What is optical fibre? On what principle odes it work?
7. Define modulation factor, obtain its expression.

1. a. What are carrier waves? Why do we need? The carrier waves of high
frequency for distant communication.
b. What is meant by population inversion and optical pumping?
2. What are optical fibres? Write its construction and working. Write any two uses
of optical fibres.
3. Write notes on ‘MODEM’.
Or
What is MODEM? Write its working and uses.
4. Describe LASER under following points:
48
a. Meaning b. Basic principle c. Uses
Or
What is meant by LASER? State its two uses?
5. What is Light Emitting Diode (LED)? Explain its working principle and state
factors on which the colour of light emitted by it depends?
Numerical Questions
1. The maximum and minimum amplitude of a amplitude modulated wave are
16mV and 4mV. What is the depth of modulation?
49

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UNIT-1

Long Answer Type Questions

2. Obtain intensity of electric field due to He-nucleus at 1 A distance.

Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions

3. How should the three capacitors each of capacitance 4 F be connected so that

the equivalent capacitance becomes 6 F ?

Short Answer Type Questions

3. How can be the three resistors of resistance 2,3 and 6 respectively

their resistances individually.

Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions

1. When a battery is connected to 9 resistance, its terminal voltage falls to 30

2. The resistance of voltmeter is 120 . If it is connected with a battery of 9V

having internal resistance 15 , then find out reading of voltmeter.

Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions

3. The resistance of a galvanometer is 50 . It gives full scale deflection when a

Short Answer Type Questions

by an angle  form the direction of field.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. For the terrestrial magnetism, establish a relation between angle of dip  ,

Prove that I  H  V where symbols have their usual meanings.

2. Write down names of magnetic elements of the earth. Establish a relation

Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions

Calculate the induced emf in the loop after 2 second.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Where the symbols have their usual meaning.

Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions

signal up to a d  2hR distance on the earth surface where R is radius of Earth.

Prove that transmission can take place up to a distance d  2hR . Where R is

Short Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

concave spherical refracting surface.

Long Answer Type Questions

2. Describe displacement method to determine the focal length of convex lens

Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions

Very Short Answer Type Questions

6. Write down the relation between  and  related to amplifier.

Short Answer Type Questions

9. What are  ,  parameter of a transitory? Establish relation between them.

Long Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type Questions

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