R16 - IV-i - EEE - Syllabus N Previous QPs

R16 JNTUK EEE
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

(Applicable for batches admitted from 2016-2017)
IV Year – I Semester
S. No Subjects L T P Credits
1 Utilization of Electrical Energy 4 -- -- 3
2 Linear IC Applications 4 -- -- 3
3 Power System Operation & Control 4 -- -- 3
4 Switchgear and Protection 4 -- -- 3
Elective – I:
1. Electrical Machine Modeling and Analysis
2. Advanced Control Systems
5 4 -- -- 3
3. Programmable Logic Controllers&
Applications
4. Instrumentation
Elective – II:
1. Optimization Techniques
6 4 -- -- 3
2. Electric Power Quality
3. Special Electrical Machines
7 Electrical Simulation Laboratory -- -- 2 2
8 Power Systems & Simulation Laboratory -- -- 2 2
Total Credits 22
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY: KAKINADA

KAKINADA - 533 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
RCE IV-i 1
R16 JNTUK EEE
L T P C
IV Year – I SEMESTER
4 0 0 3
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL
ENERGY
Preamble:
This course primarily deals with utilization of electrical energy generated from various
sources. It is important to understand the technical reasons behind selection of motors for
electric drives based on the characteristics of loads. Electric heating, welding and
illumination are some important loads in the industry in addition to motor/drives. Another
major share of loads is taken by Electric Traction. Utilization of electrical energy in all the
above loads is discussed in detail in this course. Demand side management concepts are also
introduced as a part of this course.
Learning objectives:
• To understand the operating principles and characteristics of traction motors with
respect to speed, temperature,loading conditions.
• To acquaint with the different types of heating and welding techniques.
• To study the basic principles of illumination and its measurement.
• To understand different types of lightning system including design.
• To understand the basic principle of electric traction including speed–time curves of
different traction services.
• To understand the method of calculation of various traction system for braking,
acceleration and other related parameters, including demand side management of
energy.
UNIT – I:
Selection of Motors
Choice of motor, type of electric drives, starting and running characteristics–Speed control–
Temperature rise–Applications of electric drives–Types of industrial loads–continuous–
Intermittent and variable loads–Load equalization.
UNIT – II:
Electric Heating
Advantages and methods of electric heating–Resistance heating induction heating and
dielectric heating – Arc furnaces – Direct and indirect arc furnaces
Electric Welding
Electric welding–Resistance and arc welding–Electric welding equipment–Comparison
between AC and DC Welding
UNIT – III:
Illumination fundamentals
Introduction, terms used in illumination–Laws of illumination–Polar curves–Integrating
sphere–Lux meter–Discharge lamps, MV and SV lamps – Lumen or flux method of
calculation - Sources of light.
UNIT – IV:
Various Illumination Methods
Comparison between tungsten filament lamps and fluorescent tubes–Basic principles of light
control– Types and design of lighting and flood lighting–LED lighting, principle of
operation, street lighting and domestic lighting – Conservation of energy.
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UNIT – V:
Electric Traction – I
System of electric traction and track electrification– Review of existing electric traction
systems in India– Special features of traction motor– Mechanics of train movement–Speed–
time curves for different services – Trapezoidal and quadrilateral speed time curves-High
speed transportation trains.
UNIT – VI:
Electric Traction – II
Calculations of tractive effort– power –Specific energy consumption for given run–Effect of
varying acceleration and braking retardation–Adhesive weight and braking, retardation
adhesive weight and coefficient of adhesion–Principles of energy efficient motors-Modern
traction motors.
Learning Outcomes:
• Able to identify a suitable motor for electric drives and industrial applications
• Able to identify most appropriate heating or welding techniques for suitable
applications.
• Able to understand various level of illuminosity produced by different illuminating
sources.
• Able to estimate the illumination levels produced by various sources and recommend
the most efficient illuminating sources and should be able to design different lighting
systems by taking inputs and constraints in view.
• Able to determine the speed/time characteristics of different types of traction motors.
• Able to estimate energy consumption levels at various modes of operation.
Text Books:
1. Utilization of Electric Energy – by E. Openshaw Taylor, Orient Longman.
2. Art & Science of Utilization of electrical Energy – by Partab, DhanpatRai&
Sons.
Reference Books:
1. Utilization of Electrical Power including Electric drives and Electric traction – by
N.V.Suryanarayana, New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers, 1996.
2. Generation, Distribution and Utilization of electrical Energy – by C.L. Wadhwa,
New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers, 1997.
RCE IV-i 3
R16 JNTUK EEE
Code No: R1641021 R16 Set No. 1

IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, October/November - 2019
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70
Question paper consists of Part-A and Part-B
Answer ALL sub questions from Part-A
Answer any FOUR questions from Part-B
*****
PART–A (14 Marks)
1. a) List the applications of DC Drives. [2]
b) List the properties of Good heating element. [3]
c) Define the following terms:
(i) Utilization factor and (ii) Maintenance Factor [2]
d) Distinguish between Specular reflection and Diffuse reflection. [2]
e) Explain the significance of Speed – Time curves for train movement. [3]
f) Distinguish between Coasting period and braking period in Speed – time curve. [2]
PART–B (4x14 = 56 Marks)
2. a) State the important factors on which the selection of Electric Drives depends? [7]
b) Draw and explain the performance curves of DC Series motor and where they
are used? [7]
3. a) List and explain the different methods of Electric Welding in brief. [7]
b) What is Dielectric heating? Explain the principle of dielectric heating. Give its
advantages and Applications. [7]
4. a) Derive the relationship between Solid angle and Plane angle. [7]
b) The illumination at a point on a working plane directly below the lamp is to be
100 lumens/m2. The lamp gives 200 Candle power uniformly below the
horizontal plane. Determine: (i) The height at which the lamp is suspended.
(ii) The illumination at a point on the working plane 2 m away from the vertical
axis of the lamp. [7]
5. a) Compare between Fluorescent tube and filament lamp. [7]

b) A hall 30 m long and 15 m wide with a ceiling height of 5 meters is to be
provided with a general illumination of 120 lumens/m2. Taking a coefficient of
utilization of 0.5 and depreciation factor of 1.4, determine the number of
fluorescent tubes required, their spacing, mounting height and total wattage.
Take luminous efficiency of fluorescent tube as 40 lumens/watt for 80 W tube [7]
6. a) State the advantages of electric traction over other non-electrical systems of

traction including steam traction [7]
b) Explain the following terms :
(i) Adhesive Weight (ii) Dead weight (iii) Coefficient of adhesion [7]
7. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Mechanics of Train movement
(b) Factors affecting energy consumption in propelling a train [14]
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PART–A (14 Marks)
1. a) List the types of motors used for Electric Drive. [2]
b) Explain the different modes of heat transfer. [3]
(i) Space height ratio and (ii) Reduction factor [2]
d) What is Stroboscopic effect and how it can be reduced? [2]
e) Distinguish between urban, suburban and main line services. [3]
f) Explain the nature of the traction load. [2]
2. a) Explain how Electric drives are classified and illustrate them with their relative
merits and demerits. [7]
b) Explain the significance of heating and cooling curves of Electrical Machines
used in Electric Drives. [7]
3. a) Explain in detail about butt welding and Flash welding. [7]

b) A resistance oven employing nichrome wire is to be operated from 230 V single
phase supply and is to be rated at 20 KW. If the temperature of the element is to
be limited to 11500C and average temperature of the charge is 500 0C. Find the
diameter and length of the element wire. Assume radiating efficiency = 0.57,
Emissivity = 0.9, Specific resistance of nichrome = 109 x 10 -8Ω - m [7]
4. a) Explain the construction and working of High pressure mercury vapour lamp. [7]
b) Two lamp posts are 16 m apart and are fitted with 250 Candle Power lamp each
at a height of 6 m above the ground. Calculate (i) Illumination mid – way
between them. (ii) Illumination under each lamp [7]
5. a) List the main objectives of Street Lighting, and explain how Diffusion and
Specular reflection principles are used in the design of street lighting
calculations. [7]
b) Explain in detail about Flood lighting and how projectors are classified based on
beam spread? [7]
6. a) Distinguish between Crest Speed, Average speed and Schedule Speed in detail. [7]
b) A suburban electric train has a maximum speed of 72 KMPH. The schedule
speed including a stop of 25 seconds is 45 KMPH. If the acceleration is 1.8
KMPHPS, find the value of retardation when average distance between stops is
4.5 Km? [7]
7. a) Derive the equation for the Power output from the driving Axles. [7]
b) Distinguish between the terms Energy consumption and Specific Energy
Consumption in detail. [7]
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PART–A (14 Marks)
1. a) What is the nature of intermittent and variable loads? [2]
b) List the different types of Electrodes used in Arc furnaces. [2]
(i) Candle power and (ii) Mean Horizontal Candle Power [2]
d) List the advantages of Incandescent lamps. [3]
e) Discuss various factors on which final choice of traction depends. [3]
f) How does the effective mass of a vehicle differ with its physical (actual) mass? [2]

2. a) List the advantages and disadvantages of Electric drive. [7]
b) A series motor takes 20 A at 400 V to drive a fan at 200 rpm. Its resistance is 1
ohm (field and armature). If the torque required to drive the fan varies as the
square of the speed, find the necessary applied voltage and current to drive the
fan at 300 rpm. [7]
3. a) Explain the construction and working of Coreless type (or) high frequency
induction furnace [7]
b) Discuss the principle of Arc welding and give the difference between carbon and
metallic arc welding and also their relative merits [7]
4. a) What are Polar curves and what is their significance? [7]

b) A lamp with reflector is mounted 10 m above the centre of a circular area of 20
m diameter. If the combination of the lamp and reflector gives a Uniform Candle
Power of 1000 over the circular area, determine the maximum and minimum
illumination produced on the area. [7]
5. a) Explain the working of Fluorescent lamp with a neat diagram. [7]

b) How does an interior lighting design differ from external lighting design?
Explain briefly the design procedure in each. [7]
6. a) Explain the typical speed – time curve for electric train operating on passenger
services. [7]
b) Explain the tractive effort for Propulsion of train and on what factors does it
depend. [7]
7. a) Derive the equation for the Energy output from the driving Axles. [7]
b) A goods train weighing 500 tonnes is to be hauled by a locomotive up an
ascending gradient of 2 percent with an acceleration of 1 KMPHPS. If the
coefficient of adhesion is 0.25, train resistance 40 N/t and effect of rotational
inertia 10 percent. Find the weight of locomotive and number of axles if load is
not to increase beyond 21 tonnes / axle. [7]
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PART–A (14 Marks)
1. a) State and explain about Electric Drive. [2]
b) Explain the concept of Induction heating. [3]
c) Define the following terms: (i) Luminous Flux and (ii) Luminous intensity [2]
d) List the requirements of Good Lighting. [3]
e) What do you mean by Electric Traction? [2]
f) Define the term Specific Energy output. [2]

2. a) What are the different types of loads and Explain how they are categorized? [7]
b) Explain the term “Load Equalization” and give its significance and its role in
Electric drives [7]
3. a) Explain the working of indirect arc furnace with a neat diagram and also give its
merits [7]
b) A slab of insulating material 120 cm2 in area and 2 cm thick is to be heated by
dielectric heating. The power required is 400 W at 30 M Hz. Material has a
relative permittivity of 8 and power factor of 0.5. Absolute permittivity = 8.854
x 10-12F/m. Determine the necessary voltage. [7]
4. a) Explain the different laws of Illumination. [7]

b) Explain the construction and working of Sodium vapour lamp. [7]
5. a) Explain the different types of Lighting Schemes. [7]

b) An office 25 m x 12 m is illuminated by 40 W incandescent lamps of lumen
output 2800 lumens. The average illumination required at the work place is 250
lux. Calculate the number of lamps required to be fitted in the office. Assume
utilization and depreciation factors as 0.66 and 1.25 respectively. [7]
6. a) What are the requirements of an ideal traction system? How are they met in an
electric traction System? [7]
b) A train is required to run between two stations 2 Km apart at a schedule speed
of 36 Km/h, the duration of stops being 20 seconds. The braking retardation is
2.7 KMPHPS. Assuming a trapezoidal speed – time curve, calculate the
acceleration if the ratio of maximum speed to average speed is 1.2. [7]
7. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Train resistance and its part in the mechanics of train motion
(b) The tractive effort for propulsion of train up and down the gradient. [14]
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L T P C
4 0 0 3
LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS
OBJECTIVES
To understand the basic operation &performance parameters of differential amplifiers.

To understand & learn the measuring techniques of performance parameters of OP-AMP
To learn the linear and non-linear applications of operational amplifiers.
To understand the analysis & design of different types of active filters using opamps
To learn the internal structure, operation and applications of different analog ICs
To Acquire skills required for designing and testing integrated circuits
UNIT I
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: Differential Amplifier- DC and AC analysis of Dual input
Balanced output Configuration, Properties of other differential amplifier configuration (Dual
Input Unbalanced Output, Single Ended Input – Balanced/ Unbalanced Output), DC
Coupling and Cascade Differential Amplifier Stages, Level translator.
UNIT II
Characteristics of OP-Amps, Integrated circuits-Types, Classification, Package Types and
Temperature ranges, Power supplies, Op-amp Block Diagram, ideal and practical Op-amp
Specifications, DC and AC characteristics, 741 op-amp & its features, Op-Amp parameters &
Measurement, Input & Out put Off set voltages & currents, slew rate, CMRR, PSRR, drift,
Frequency Compensation techniques.
UNIT III
LINEAR and NON-LINEAR APPLICATIONS OF OP-AMPS: Inverting and Non-
inverting amplifier, Integrator and differentiator, Difference amplifier, Instrumentation
amplifier, AC amplifier, V to I, I to V converters, Buffers. Non- Linear function generation,
Comparators, Multivibrators, Triangular and Square wave generators, Log and Anti log
Amplifiers, Precision rectifiers.
UNIT IV
ACTIVE FILTERS, ANALOG MULTIPLIERS AND MODULATORS: Design &
Analysis of Butterworth active filters – 1st order, 2nd order LPF, HPF filters. Band pass,
Band reject and all pass filters.
Four Quadrant Multiplier, IC 1496, Sample & Hold circuits.
UNIT V
TIMERS & PHASE LOCKED LOOPS: Introduction to 555 timer, functional diagram,
Monostable and Astable operations and applications, Schmitt Trigger; PLL - introduction,
block schematic, principles and description of individual blocks, 565 PLL, Applications of
PLL – frequency multiplication, frequency translation, AM, FM & FSK demodulators.
Applications of VCO (566).
UNIT VI
DIGITAL TO ANALOG AND ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTERS: Introduction,
basic DAC techniques, weighted resistor DAC, R-2R ladder DAC, inverted R-2R DAC, and
IC 1408 DAC, Different types of ADCs – parallel Comparator type ADC, counter type ADC,
successive approximation ADC and dual slope ADC.DAC and ADC Specifications,
Specifications AD 574 (12 bit ADC).
RCE IV-i 8
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TEXT BOOKS:
1. Linear Integrated Circuits – D. Roy Choudhury, New Age International (p) Ltd, 2nd
Edition,2003.
2. Op-Amps & Linear ICs - Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, PHI,1987.
3.Operational Amplifiers–C.G. Clayton, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd./Elsevier, 1971
REFERENCES :
1. Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits –Sanjay Sharma ;SK Kataria
&Sons;2nd Edition,2010
2. Design with Operational Amplifiers & Analog Integrated Circuits – Sergio Franco,
McGraw Hill, 1988.
3. OP AMPS and Linear Integrated Circuits concepts and Applications, James M Fiore,
Cenage Learning India Ltd.
4. Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits–R.F.Coughlin & Fredrick Driscoll,
PHI, 6th Edition.
5. Operational Amplifiers & Linear ICs – David A Bell, Oxford Uni. Press, 3rd Edition
OUTCOMES
Design circuits using operational amplifiers for various applications.

Analyze and design amplifiers and active filters using Op-amp.
Diagnose and trouble-shoot linear electronic circuits.
Understand the gain-bandwidth concept and frequency response of the amplifier
configurations.
Understand thoroughly the operational amplifiers with linear integrated circuits.
RCE IV-i 9
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PART–A (14 Marks)
1. a) What is the purpose of level translator in an op-amp? [3]
b) List the different feedback configurations of an op-amp. [2]
c) Draw a circuit to find VO= (V1+V2)-(V3+V4). [3]
d) What are the disadvantages of passive filter? [2]
e) Draw the block schematic of the PLL. [2]
f) What is the output analog voltage of a 4 bit DAC for an input bit stream of 1101
and reference voltage of 5V? [2]
2. a) Derive the expression for voltage gain, input resistance and output resistance of
Dual input Balanced output Differential Amplifier. [7]
b) List out the characteristics of single ended input, balance output differential
amplifier. [7]
3. a) A differential amplifier has a common a common mode gain AC = 0.1 and

difference mode gain Ad = 200. Let the input signal be V1 = 1050 μV and V2 =
950 μV. Compute the output voltage and CMRR. [7]
b) What is the need for frequency compensation in practical op-amps and how do
you achieve them? [7]
4. a) Find R1 and Rf in the practical integrator (lossy integrator), so that the peak gain
is 20 dB and the gain is 3 dB down from its peak when ω=10,000 rad/sec. Use a
capacitance of 0.01 μF. [7]
b) What is a voltage to current converter? How can an op-amp be used as a voltage
to current converter for grounded load? [7]
5. a) Compare the frequency response characteristics of first order and second order
Butterworth filters. [7]
b) With neat sketches, explain the response of II order Butterworth Filter. Derive an
expression for the critical frequency. [7]
6. a) A Schmitt trigger with the upper threshold level VUT = 0V and hysteresis width
VH =0.2V converts a 1KHz sine wave of amplitude 4VPP into a square wave.
Calculate the time duration of the negative and positive portion of the output
waveform. [7]
b) List the applications of Astable multivibrator. [7]
7. a) A certain ADC has a full-scale of 2.55V (i.e., VA = 2.55V produces a digital

output of (11111111). It has a specified of 0.1% F.S. determine the maximum
amount by which the VAX output can differ from the analog input. [7]
b) Explain parallel comparator (flash) ADC. [7]
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*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) Define the term Differential amplifier. [3]
b) What is an op-amp? [2]
c) What is the difference between ac and dc amplifiers? [3]
d) Draw the circuit diagram of all pass filter. [2]
e) What is PLL? [2]
f) What is meant by the resolution of a D/A converter? [2]

2. a) Compare the different configurations of differential amplifiers. [7]
b) Draw and explain the block diagram of an op-amp. [7]
3. a) Explain the operation of op-amp based instrumentation amplifier. [7]

b) Write a brief note on the importance of compensating networks. [7]
4. a) A Schmitt trigger with the upper threshold level VUT = 0V and hysteresis width
VH =0.2V converts a 1KHz sine wave of amplitude 4VPP into a square wave.
Calculate the time duration of the negative and positive portion of the output
waveform. [7]
b) Draw an op-amp summing amplifier circuit and obtain an expression for the
output voltage. [7]
5. a) Discuss the characteristics of Butterworth filter. [7]

b) Design a wide band pass filter having fL=400Hz, fH=2KHz and pass band
gain=4. Find the value of Q of the filter. [7]
6. a) Sketch the functional schematic of 555 timer and explain how it can be used as a
monostable multivibrator? And also draw the waveforms. [7]
b) How can 555 timer can be used as Schmitt trigger? [7]
7. a) Draw the block diagram of 3-bit R-2R ladder DAC and explain its operation. [7]
b) Write the total number of clock pulses needed for counter type, flash, SAR, and
dual slope ADC’s. [7]
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PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) What is meant by current mirror? Explain. [3]
b) What are the merits and demerits of Dominant pole compensation method? [2]
c) List the applications of sawtooth wave generator. [3]
d) What are the advantages of active filters over passive filters? [2]
e) Why is Schmitt trigger called as regenerative comparator? [2]
f) What are the limitations of weighted resistor type D/A converter? [2]

2. a) Draw the circuit of Dual input and unbalanced output differential amplifier and
derive the expression for its output voltage. [7]
b) Explain in detail about the operation of level translator with the help of neat
diagrams. [7]
3. a) What are the characteristics of an ideal op-amp? [7]

b) What are the limitations of open loop configuration of an op-amp? [7]
4. a) Draw the circuit diagram of a typical instrumentation amplifier and explain why
two stage op-amp circuit is used as an instrumentation amplifier. [7]
b) What are the limitations of an ordinary op-amp integrator? Draw the circuit of a
practical integrator and explain how it will eliminate these limitations. [7]
5. a) Design a second order Butterworth LPF having upper cutoff frequency 1KHz. [7]
b) Design a wide band pass filter having fL=400Hz, fH=2KHz and pass band
gain=4. Find the value of Q of the filter. [7]
6. a) Explain the working of a Schmitt trigger. [7]

b) Explain how a PLL can be used as a frequency multiplier. [7]
7. a) Explain the 4-bit weighted resistor type D/A converter in detail. [7]
b) Describe the successive approximation A/D conversion principle. [7]
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PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) What are the advantages of IC’s over discrete circuits? [3]
b) The output voltage of a certain op-amp circuit changes by 20V in 4µs. What is its
Slew rate? [2]
c) What are the applications of peak detectors? [3]
d) Draw the frequency response of notch filter. [2]
e) Which is greater “capture range” or “lock in range”? [2]
f) Which type of A/D converter is faster? Why? [2]

2. a) With a neat sketch explain the operation of current mirror circuit. [7]
b) Draw the circuit diagram of level translator. Explain the operation with suitable
examples [7]
3. a) Define the terms:

(i) Slew Rate (ii) CMRR [7]
b) Distinguish between practical and ideal Op-amp. Draw its equivalent circuit. [7]
4. a) Design an op-amp differentiator that will differentiate an input signal with fmax =
100 Hz. Draw the output waveform for a sine wave of 1v peak at 100 Hz applied
to the differentiator. [7]
b) Explain in detail about Logarithmic amplifier. [7]
5. a) With a neat diagram, explain about IC1496 modulator. [7]

b) Draw 4th order Butterworth high pass filter. [7]
6. a) Using a block diagram explain the functioning of 555. [7]

b) Draw and explain the 555 timer circuit in Astable mode to get output waveform
with 50% duty cycle. [7]
7. a) An 8-bit A/D converter accepts an input voltage signal of range 0 to 10V. What
is the minimum value of the input voltage required to generate a change of
1 LSB? [7]
b) Describe the operation of dual slope A/D converter. [7]
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L T P C
IV Year – I SEMESTER 4 0 0 3
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL
Preamble:
This subject deals with Economic operation of Power Systems, Hydrothermal
scheduling and modeling of turbines, generators and automatic controllers. It emphasizes on
single area and two area load frequency control and reactive power control.
Learning Objectives:
• To understand optimal dispatch of generation with and without losses.
• To study the optimal scheduling of hydro thermal systems.
• To study the optimal unit commitment problem.
• To study the load frequency control for single area system with and without
controllers
• .To study the load frequency control for two area system with and without controllers
• To understand the reactive power control and compensation of transmission lines.
UNIT–I:
Economic Operation of Power Systems
Optimal operation of Generators in Thermal power stations, – Heat rate curve – Cost Curve –
Incremental fuel and Production costs – Input–output characteristics – Optimum generation
allocation with line losses neglected – Optimum generation allocation including the effect of
transmission line losses – Loss Coefficients – General transmission line loss formula.
UNIT–II:
Hydrothermal Scheduling
Optimal scheduling of Hydrothermal System: Hydroelectric power plant models –
Scheduling problems – Short term hydrothermal scheduling problem.
UNIT–III:
Unit Commitment
Optimal unit commitment problem – Need for unit commitment – Constraints in unit
commitment – Cost function formulation – Solution methods – Priority ordering – Dynamic
programming.
UNIT–IV:
Load Frequency Control-I
Modeling of steam turbine – Generator – Mathematical modeling of speed governing system
– Transfer function – Modeling of Hydro turbine –Necessity of keeping frequency constant –
Definitions of Control area – Single area control system – Block diagram representation of an
isolated power system – Steady state analysis – Dynamic response – Uncontrolled case.
Proportional plus Integral control of single area and its block diagram representation – Steady
state response.
UNIT–V:
Load Frequency Control-II
Block diagram development of Load Frequency Control of two area system uncontrolled
case and controlled case. Tie-line bias control. Load Frequency Control and Economic
dispatch control.
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UNIT–VI:
Reactive Power Control
Overview of Reactive Power control – Reactive Power compensation in transmission systems
– Advantages and disadvantages of different types of compensating equipment for
transmission systems – Load compensation – Specifications of load compensator –
Uncompensated and compensated transmission lines: Shunt and series compensation – Need
for FACTS controllers.
Learning Outcomes:
• Able to compute optimal scheduling of Generators.
• Able to understand hydrothermal scheduling.
• Understand the unit commitment problem.
• Able to understand importance of the frequency.
• Understand importance of PID controllers in single area and two area systems.
• Will understand reactive power control and compensation for transmission line.
Text Books:
1. Electric Energy systems Theory – by O.I.Elgerd, Tata McGraw–hill Publishing
Company Ltd., Second edition.
2. Modern Power System Analysis – by I.J.Nagrath&D.P.Kothari Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Ltd, 2nd edition.
Reference Books:
1. Power System Analysis and Design by J.Duncan Glover and M.S.Sarma.,
Thompson, 3rdEdition.
2. Power System Analysis by Grainger and Stevenson, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Power System Analysis by HadiSaadat – TMH Edition.
4. Power System stability & control, PrabhaKundur,TMH
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PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) What is the significance of incremental cost? [2]
b) What are the conditions for optimality in an optimal scheduling problem of a
short range hydro-thermal system with approximate penalty factors? [2]
c) List out the constraints regarding the solution of unit commitment problem. [3]
d) Why should the system frequency be maintained constant? [3]
e) What is the main difference of ACE in single area and two area LFC systems? [2]
f) Emphasize the need of reactive power compensation. [2]
2. a) How are B-coefficients evaluated for transmission lines of the power system? [7]
b) The cost curves of two generators may be approximated by second degree
polynomials
C1 = 0.1 P 2G1 + 20 PG1 + 1
C2 = 0.1 P G2 + 30 P + 
G1 2
2
Where 1 and 2 are constants
If the total demand on the generators is 200 MW, find the optimum generator
settings. How many rupees per hour would you lose if the generators were
operated about 15% off the optimum settings? [7]
3. a) Obtain the hydroelectric power plant models with neat diagram. [7]
b) Derive the condition for optimality of short term hydro thermal scheduling
problem. [7]
4. A power system network with thermal power plant is operating by three number
of generating units. Determine the most economical units to be committed to a
load demand of 6MW with load changes insteps of 1 MW starting from
minimum to the maximum load. The minimum and maximum generating
capacities and cost curve parameters of the units listed in tabular form as given
below:
Unit Capacity (MW) Cost curve parameters

number Max a b
Min
1 1.0 10.0 0.5 20.0
2 1.0 10.0 1.50 25.5
3 1.0 10.0 2.00 30.0 [14]
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5. a) Explain the effects of change in the frequency and the voltage of a power
system. Mention the acceptable ranges of these changes. [7]
b) Derive the liberalized modeling of a hydraulic turbine. [7]
6. a) Explain the importance of tie-line bias control with necessary expressions. [6]
b) Describe the combined load frequency control and economic dispatch control
with block diagram. [8]
7. a) List out the merits and demerits of different types of compensating equipment
for transmission systems. [7]
b) Explain the effect of series compensation on performance of transmission line. [7]
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*****
PART–A (14 Marks)
1. a) What is the significance of penalty factor in economical generation scheduling? [3]
b) List out the scheduling methods for short-term hydro-thermal co-ordination. [2]
c) What do you mean by optimal unit commitment problem? [2]
d) What is meant by control area concept? [2]
e) What are the merits of multi area LFC system operation? [2]
f) What are the objectives of load compensation? [3]
2. a) How is optimal generation scheduling of thermal units obtained? [7]
b) Two power plants are connected together by a transmission line and load is
connected at plant 2. When 150 MW are transmitted from plant-1, the
transmission loss is 10MW. The cost characteristics of two plants are
C1 = 0.05 P 2G1 + 13 PG1 Rs/h
2 + 12 P Rs/h
C2 = 0.06 P G G2
2
Find the optimum generation for  = 22 and  = 30. [7]
3. In a two plant operation system, the hydro plant is operate for 8 hrs during each
day and the steam plant is operate all over the day. The characteristics of the
steam and hydro plants are
CT = 0.02 PGT2+14 PGT + 15 Rs/hr
wH =0.0025 PGH2+25 PGH m3/ sec
When both plants are running, the power flow from steam plant to load is 250
MW and the total quantity of water is used for the hydro plant operation during
8 hrs is 225×106 m3. Find the generation of hydro plant and cost of water used.
Neglect the transmission losses. [14]
4. a) What are the differences between economic load dispatch Vs unit commitment [7]
b) Explain the Priority ordering method for unit commitment [7]
5. a) Describe clearly about proportional plus integral load frequency control system [8]
with a block diagram
b) Explain the effect of saliency in synchronous machine modeling [6]
6. Develop the mathematical model of the change in tie-line power and frequency
of two area LFC system with block diagram. [14]
7. a) Explain the effects on uncompensated line under no-load and load conditions. [7]
b) A 50 kW induction motor has power factor 0.8 and efficiency 0.9 at full load,
power factor 0.6 and efficiency 0.7 at half-load. At no-load, the current is 25%
of the full-load current and power factor 0.25. Capacitors are supplied to make
the line power factor 0.8 at half-load. With these capacitors in circuit, calculate
the line power factor at (i) full load, and (ii) no-load. [7]
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*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) What is meant by economic dispatch problem? [2]
b) What is the condition for optimality in a hydrothermal scheduling problem
when considering transmission losses? [2]
c) Why is the unit commitment problem important for scheduling thermal units? [2]
d) What is meant by single area power system? [2]
e) What is the main difference between load frequency control and economic load
dispatch control? [3]
f) What are the characteristics of an ideal compensator? [3]

2. a) Derive the expression for general transmission line loss formula. [6]
b) Three power plants of total capacity 400MW are scheduled for operation to
supply total system load of 350 MW. Find the optimum load scheduling. The
following are the incremental cost characteristics and the generator constraints.
dC1
= 20 + 0.13 PG1 , 25  PG1  125
dPG1
dC 2
= 40 + 0.25 PG2, 30  PG3  100
dPG 2
dC 3
= 30 + 0.2 PG3, 50  PG3  200
dPG 3 [8]
3. A two plant system having a thermal station near the load center and a hydro
power station at remote location. The characteristics of both stations are
C1 = (20 + 0.03) PGT)PGT Rs/hr
w2 = (8 + 0.002 PGH) PGH m3/sec
-4 3
& 2 = 5 x 10 Rs./ m
The transmission loss co-efficient 22 = 0.0005 MW-1
Determine the power generation at each station and the power received by the
load when  = 50 Rs / MWhr. [14]
4. a) What are the constraints used in unit commitment problem? Discuss. [7]
b) Explain the Dynamic programming method for unit commitment problem. [7]
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5. a) Develop the mathematical model of speed governing system for generating
system. [7]
b) A 150 MVA, 60 Hz turbo alternator operator at no load at 3,000 rpm. A load of
30 MW is suddenly applied to the machine and the steam valves to the turbine
commence to open after 0.5 sec. due to the time lag in the governor system.
assuming inertia constant H= 5.5 kW sec per kVA of generator capacity,
determine the frequency to which the generated voltage drops before the steam
flow commences to increase to meet the new load. [7]
6. Derive the expression for change in static error frequency and tie line power in
an identical two area LFC system with block diagram. [14]
7. a) Explain the voltage regulation without and with compensation. [7]

b) A 3-Phase, 50 Hz, 2000 V motor develops 500 HP, the p.f being 0.85 lagging
and the efficiency 0.9. A bank of capacitors is connected in delta across the
supply terminals and the p.f raised to 0.95 lagging. Each of the capacitance
units is built of five similar 500 V capacitors. Find the capacitance of each
capacitor. [7]
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*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) Define the incremental transmission loss and give its significance. [2]
b) What is the statement of optimization problem of hydro -thermal system? [2]
c) What are the different constraints that can be considered in unit commitment
problem? [3]
d) What is the need of a speed changer? [2]
e) What is meant by tie-line bias control? [2]
f) What is the need of reactive power compensation? [3]

2. a) Derive the expression for optimum generation allocation including the effect of
transmission line losses. [7]
b) Two units each of 350 MW in a thermal power plant are operating all the time
throughout the year. The maximum and minimum load on each unit is 200 MW
and 75 MW respectively. The incremental fuel characteristics for the two units
are given as
dC1
= 15 + 0.08 PG1 Rs/ MWhr
dPG1
dC2 / dPG2 = 13 + 0.1 PG2 Rs/ MWhr
If the total load 300 MW, find the optimum load scheduling. [7]
3. a) How is optimal generation scheduling of hydrothermal system stated and solved

in the power system? [7]
b) A two-plant system having a steam plant near the load centre and a hydro plant
at a remote location. The load is 400 MW for 10 hrs a day and 250 MW, for 14
hrs a day.
The characteristics of the units are
C1 = 150 + 60 PGT + 0.1 P GT2
 = 0.8 PGH + 0.000333 GH 2 m3/sec
Loss co-efficient B22 = 0.001 MW-1

Find the generation schedule, daily water used by hydro plant and daily
operating cool of thermal plant for γ2 = 77.5 Rs./ m3. [7]
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4. A power system network with thermal power plant is operating by three number
of generating units. Determine the most economical units to be committed to a
load demand of 5 MW with load changes insteps of 1 MW starting from
minimum to the maximum load. The minimum and maximum generating
capacities and cost curve parameters of the units listed in tabular form as given
below.
Unit Capacity (MW) Cost curve parameters

number Max a b d
Min
1 1.0 12.0 0.77 23.5 0
2 1.0 12.0 1.60 26.5 0
3 1.0 12.0 2.00 30.0 0 [14]
5. a) How is automatic generation control achieved? Draw the block diagram. [7]
b) Determine the static frequency drop if the load is suddenly increased by 30 MW
on a system having the following data
Rated capacity, Pr = 400MW
Operating Load, PD = 220MW
Inertia constant, H = 5 Sec
Governor regulation, R = 2 Hz /p.u MW
Frequency, f = 50 Hz
Also find the additional generation. [7]
6. Explain how the integral control scheme results in zero tie-line deviation and
zero frequency deviation under steady state condition. Following a step load
change in one of the areas of a two area LFC system with block diagram. [14]
7. a) What are the objectives of load compensation? Discuss. [7]

b) Explain the need for FACTS controllers. [7]
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L T P C
4 0 0 3
SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION
Preamble:
In order to supply power from generating end to receiving end several equipments are
connected in to the system. In order to protect the equipments and components against
various operating conditions and over voltages protective devices are required to be installed
in the system. Topics specified in this subject deal with various types of protective
equipments and their working principle including limitations etc.
• To provide the basic principles and operation of various types of circuit breakers.
• To study the classification, operation and application of different types of
electromagnetic protective relays.
• To explain protective schemes, for generator and transformers.
• To impart knowledge of various protective schemes used for feeders and bus bars.
• To explain the principle and operation of different types of static relays.
• To study different types of over voltages in a power system and principles of different
protective schemes for insulation co–ordination.
UNIT–I:
Circuit Breakers
Miniature Circuit Breaker(MCB)– Elementary principles of arc interruption– Restriking
Voltage and Recovery voltages– Restriking phenomenon - RRRV– Average and Max.
RRRV– Current chopping and Resistance switching– Introduction to oil circuit breakers–
Description and operation of Air Blast– Vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers– CB ratings and
specifications– Concept of Auto reclosing.
UNIT–II:
Electromagnetic Protection
Relay connection – Balanced beam type attracted armature relay - induction disc and
induction cup relays–Torque equation - Relays classification–Instantaneous– DMT and
IDMT types– Applications of relays: Over current and under voltage relays– Directional
relays– Differential relays and percentage differential relays– Universal torque equation–
Distance relays: Impedance– Reactance– Mho and offset mho relays– Characteristics of
distance relays and comparison.
UNIT–III:
Generator Protection
Protection of generators against stator faults– Rotor faults and abnormal conditions–
restricted earth fault and inter turn fault protection– Numerical examples.
Transformer Protection
Protection of transformers: Percentage differential protection– Design of CT’s ratio–
Buchholz relay protection–Numerical examples.
UNIT–IV:
Feeder and Bus bar Protection
Protection of lines: Over currentProtection schemes – PSM,TMS - Numerical examples -
Carrier current and three zone distance relay using impedance relays–Protection of bus bars
by using Differential protection.
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UNIT–V:
Static and Digital Relays
Static relays: Static relay components– Static over current relays– Static distance relay–
Micro processor based digital relays
UNIT–VI:
Protection against over voltage and grounding
Generation of over voltages in power systems– Protection against lightning over voltages–
Valve type and zinc oxide lighting arresters– Insulation coordination– BIL– impulse ratio–
Standard impulse test wave– volt-time characteristics– Grounded and ungrounded neutral
systems–Effects of ungrounded neutral on system performance– Methods of neutral
grounding: Solid–resistance–Reactance–Arcing grounds and grounding Practices.
Learning Outcomes:
• Able to understand the principles of arc interruption for application to high voltage
circuit breakers of air, oil, vacuum, SF6 gas type.
• Ability to understand the working principle and operation of different types of
electromagnetic protective relays.
• Students acquire knowledge of faults and protective schemes for high power
generator and transformers.
• Improves the ability to understand various types of protective schemes used for
feeders and bus bar protection.
• Able to understand different types of static relays and their applications.
• Able to understand different types of over voltages and protective schemes required
for insulation co–ordination.
Text Books:
1. Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badari Ram and D.N Viswakarma,
TMH Publications
2. Power system protection- Static Relays with microprocessor applications.by
T.S.MadhavaRao,TMH
Reference Books:
1.Fundamentals of Power System Protection by Paithankar and
S.R.Bhide.,PHI, 2003.
2. Art & Science of Protective Relaying – by C R Mason, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
3. Protection and SwitchGear by BhaveshBhalja, R.P. Maheshwari,
NileshG.Chothani, Oxford University Press, 2013
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*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) What are basic functions of a circuit breaker? [3]
b) Write the differences between differential relay and biased differential relay. [3]
c) Write short notes on inter turn faults in an alternator. [2]
d) What is meant by dead zone? [2]
e) Write short notes on over load capacity and reliability of static relay. [2]
f) What are the uses of counter poise wires? [2]

2. a) Draw and explain the voltage distribution diagram in the occurrence of the arc. [7]
b) In a system having 220kV, the line to ground capacitance 0.018 microfarad,
inductance 4.5 H. Find the voltage appearing across the pole of the circuit
breaker if a magnetizing current of 8.5A instantaneous, is interrupted. Calculate
also the value of resistance to be used across the contacts to eliminate the re-
striking voltage? [7]
3. a) Explain the principle of operation of non directional disc relay with neat
diagram. [7]
b) The current rating of a relay is 5A and set at 150%, TMS=0.4, CT ratio is 400/5,
the fault current is 6000A. Find the operating time of the relay. At TMS=1 the
operating time at various PSMs are tabulated as:
PSM 2 4 5 8 10 20
Operating
10 5 4 3 2.6 2.2
time(Sec) [7]
4. a) The neutral point of a 10kV alternator is earthed through a resistance of 8.5

ohms, the relay is set to operate when there is an out of balance current of 1A.
the CTs are having a ratio of 1000/5. What percentage of the winding is
protected against fault to earth and what must be the minimum value of earthing
resistance to give 85% protection to each phase winding? [7]
b) A three phase, 200kVA, 11kV/400V transformer is connected in delta-star. The
CTs on low voltage side have turns ratio of 500/5. Find the CT ratio on high
voltage side. Also find the circulating current when the fault of 800A of
following type occur on the low voltage side: Earth fault with in the protective
zone and outside the protective zone? [7]
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5. a) Explain the frame leakage protection of bus bars with circuit diagram. [7]
b) Discuss in detail about the non directional time graded protection with time
distance characteristics. [7]
6. a) Discuss how the static directional relay works to get the directional
characteristics? [7]
b) Draw and explain the static instantaneous relay by using the transistors. [7]
7. a) Discuss in detail about the specifications of surge arresters. [7]

b) Explain about the various grounding methods with circuit diagrams and
necessary equations. [7]
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*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) Write short notes on the break down voltage of a circuit breaker. [3]
b) What is meant by over travel of a relay? [3]
c) List out the faults that occur in the auxiliary equipment of the transformer. [2]
d) Write briefly about the directional earth fault relays. [2]
e) How the voltage transients are effecting the operation of the static relays? [2]
f) What is the difference between solid grounding and resistance grounding? [2]

2. a) Explain about the static and dynamic characteristics of an arc in a circuit breaker. [7]
b) In short circuit test on a three pole ,132kV circuit breaker, the following
observations are made: power factor of the fault is 0.3, the recovery voltage 0.9
times full line value, the breaking current is symmetrical, the frequency of
oscillations of re-striking voltage is 16KHz. Assuming the neutral is grounded
and the fault is not grounded. Find the average value of RRRV? [7]
3. a) Discuss the concepts of current setting and time settings of the relay with
examples. [7]
b) Draw and explain the directional and voltage current characteristics of a
directional relay. [7]
4. a) The percentage differential relay is applied for protecting the alternator. The
relay has a slope characteristic of 10%. A high resistance ground fault occurred
near the grounded neutral end of the generator while carrying the load. As a
consequence the currents in amperes flowing at each end of the winding are
310+j0 and 325+j0. Assuming the CT ratio as 400/5 amperes, will the relay
operate and trip the breaker? [7]
b) A 11kV, 3 phase alternator has full load rated current of 200A. The reactance of
the armature winding is 14%. The differential protection system is set to operate
on earth fault currents of more than 200A. Find the neutral earthing resistance
which gives earth fault protection to 90% of the stator winding? [7]
5. a) Explain in detail about the non directional current graded system with current
distance characteristics. [7]
b) Explain about the longitudinal differential protection of feeders. [7]
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6. a) Explain the operation of UJT and rectifier type comparators with circuit
diagrams. [7]
b) Derive the R-X characteristics of static ohm and reactance relays. [7]
7. a) Draw and explain the voltage –current characteristics of surge diverter. [7]
b) List out the effects of ungrounded neutral on the overall system performance. [7]
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*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) List the various specifications that are considered for a circuit breaker. [3]
b) Write short notes on over shoot of a relay. [3]
c) List out various internal faults that occur in a transformer. [2]
d) Write short notes on ground relays in the line protection. [2]
e) How the burden on CTs is reduced by using the static relays? [2]
f) What are the parameters that cover the insulation coordination for a substation? [2]

2. a) Discuss about the low resistance interruption theory with relevant characteristics. [7]
b) Calculate the RRRV of 132kV circuit breaker with neutral earthed. The broken
current is symmetrical, the re-striking voltage has frequency of 18KHz, power
factor of 0.17. Assume the fault is also earthed. [7]
3. a) Explain the theory of induction relay with neat diagram and derive the torque
equation. [7]
b) Explain the constructional details of reverse power relay. [7]
4. a) Emphasize how a directional relay is used in the generator protection? [7]

b) Describe with the help of a neat diagram the connections of differential
protection of transformer. A 3 phase 33/6.6kV star-delta connected transformer is
protected by differential protection. The CTs on LV side have a ratio of 500/5A.
Find the ratio of CTs on the HV side. [7]
5. a) Explain about the protection of parallel feeders with non directional relays with
a neat circuit diagram. [7]
b) Draw and explain the stepped time distance characteristics of impedance relays. [7]
6. a) Derive the R-X characteristics of static impedance and reactance relays. [7]
b) Draw and explain the block diagram of direct amplitude comparator. [7]
7. a) Explain the differences between direct and indirect lightning strokes with
diagrams. [7]
b) Discuss the principle of operation of zinc oxide gapless arrester with neat
diagram. [7]
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*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) What is the effect of power factor of the circuit on RRRV? [3]
b) Write about a time delayed over current relay with the general time equation. [3]
c) What is the role of negative sequence relay in the protection of the alternator? [2]
d) Write short notes on resetting ratio. [2]
e) What are the advantages of digital relaying? [2]
f) Write the classification of lightning strokes. [2]

2. a) Derive the expression of re-striking voltage transient. [7]
b) For a 132kV system, the reactance and capacitance up to the location of the
circuit breaker is 5 ohms and 0.018 micro farads respectively. Find the frequency
of transient oscillation, the peak value of the re-striking voltage and the peak
value of RRRV. [7]
3. a) Explain in detail about the time current characteristics of IDMT relay. [7]
b) Draw and explain the induction cup reactance relay. [7]
4. a) A 3 phase, 10MVA, 6.6kV generator is delivering a load of 7.5 MW at 0.6 power

factor. Find the value of neutral resistance if 15% of the winding is unprotected.
The relay setting is 20%. The per phase reactance is 10%? [7]
b) A 3 phase transformer having a line voltage ratio of 400V/33kV is connected in
star- delta. The CTs on the 400V side have a ratio of 800/5. Find the ratio of CTs
on the 33kV side? Draw the connection diagram also. [7]
5. a) Discuss about the protection of parallel feeders by using the directional relays. [7]
b) Discuss the need of carrier aided protection for the transmission lines. [7]
6. a) Explain the operation of level detector and zero crossing detectors with circuit
diagrams. [7]
b) Draw and explain the operational block diagram of micro processor based static
relay. [7]
7. a) Explain how the substations are protected by using over head ground wires? [7]
b) What is an impulse wave and give the specifications of standard impulse test
wave? [7]
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L T P C
4 0 0 3
ELECTRICAL MACHINE MODELING
& ANALYSIS
(Elective-I)
Preamble:
Electrical Motor is one of the main components of electrical drive. So, in order to develop
control strategies for electrical motor drives, it is very essential to have complete knowledge
on modeling of electrical machines.
Learning Objectives
• Establish unified theory of rotating machines.
• To understand the concept of phase transformation.
• Analyze different electrical machines for improved performance through modification
of their characteristics.
• Develop concepts on mathematical modeling of electrical machines.
UNIT – I
Basic concepts of Modeling
Basic Two-pole Machine representationof Commutator machines, 3-phase synchronous
machine with andwithout damper bars and 3-phase induction machine, Kron’s
primitiveMachine-voltage, current and Torque equations.
UNIT – II
DC Machine Modeling
Mathematical model of separately excited D.Cmotor – Steady State analysis-Transient State
analysis-Suddenapplication of Inertia Load-Transfer function of Separately excited D.C
Motor- Mathematical model of D.C Series motor, Shunt motor-Linearization Techniques for
small perturbations.
UNIT- III
Reference frame theory & Modeling of single phase InductionMachines
Linear transformation-Phase transformation - three phase totwo phase transformation (abc to
dq0) and two phase to three phasetransformation dq0 to abc -Power equivalence-
Mathematical modelingof single phase induction machines.
UNIT – IV
Modeling of three phase Induction Machine
Generalized model inarbitrary reference frame-Electromagnetic torque-Derivation
ofcommonly used Induction machine models- Stator reference framemodel-Rotor reference
frame model-Synchronously rotating referenceframe model-state space model with flux
linkages as variables.
UNIT –V
Modeling of Synchronous Machine
Synchronous machine inductances–voltage equations in the rotor’s dq0 reference frame-
electromagnetictorque-current in terms of flux linkages-three synchronous machinemodel.
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UNIT –IV
Modeling of Special Machines
Modeling of PM Synchronous motor, modeling of BLDC motor,modeling of Switched
Reluctance motor.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this course, students will be able to
• Develop modeling of dc machine
• Apply mathematical modeling concepts to 3-phase Induction machines
• Design control strategies based on dynamic modeling of 3-ph Induction machines and
3-phase synchronous machine.
• Analyze BLDC Machine and switched reluctance machine based on mathematical
modeling of BLDCM and SRM.
Text Books:
1. Generalized theory of Electrical Machinery –P.S.Bimbra- Khanna Publishers.
2. Electric Motor Drives - Modeling, Analysis& control -R.Krishnan- Pearson Publications-
1st edition -2002.
Reference Books:
1. Analysis of Electrical Machinery and Drive systems – P.C.Krause, OlegWasynczuk, Scott
D.Sudhoff – Second Edition-IEEE Press.
2. Dynamic simulation of Electric machinery using Matlab / Simulink –CheeMunOng-PHl.
3. Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives-B.K. Bose - PHI
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ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEMS
Preamble:
This subject aims to study state space, describing function, phase plane and stability
analysis including controllability and observability. It also deals with modern control and
optimal control systems.
• Review of the state space representation of a control system: Formulation of different
models from the signal flow graph, diagonalization.
• To introduce the concept of controllability and observability. Design by pole
placement technique.
• Analysis of a nonlinear system using Describing function approach and Phase plane
analysis.
• The Lypanov’s method of stability analysis of a system.
• Formulation of Euler Laugrange equation for the optimization of typical functionals
and solutions.
• Formulation of linear quadratic optimal regulator (LQR) problem by parameter
adjustment and solving riccatti equation.
UNIT – I:
State space analysis
State Space Representation – Solution of state equation – State transition matrix, –Canonical
forms – Controllable canonical form – Observable canonical form, Jordan Canonical Form.
UNIT – II:
Controllability, observability and design of pole placement
Tests for controllability and observability for continuous time systems – Time varying case –
Minimum energy control – Time invariant case – Principle of duality – Controllability and
observability form Jordan canonical form and other canonical forms – Effect of state
feedback on controllability and observability – Design of state feedback control through pole
placement.
UNIT – III:
Describing function analysis
Introduction to nonlinear systems, Types of nonlinearities, describing functions, Introduction
to phase–plane analysis.
UNIT–IV:
Stability analysis
Stability in the sense of Lyapunov – Lyapunov’s stability and Lypanov’s instability theorems
– Direct method of Lyapunov for the linear and nonlinear continuous time autonomous
systems.
UNIT–V:
Calculus of variations
Minimization of functional of single function – Constrained minimization – Minimum
principle – Control variable inequality constraints – Control and state variable inequality
constraints – Euler lagrangine equation.
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UNIT –VI:
Optimal control
Linear Quadratic Optimal Regulator (LQR) problem formulation – Optimal regulator design
by parameter adjustment (Lyapunov method) – Optimal regulator design by Continuous Time
Algebraic Riccatti equation (CARE) - Optimal controller design using LQG framework.
Learning Outcomes:
• State space representation of control system and formulation of different state models
are reviewed.
• Able to design of control system using the pole placement technique is given after
introducing the concept of controllability and observability.
• Able to analyse of nonlinear system using the describing function technique and phase
plane analysis.
• Able to analysethe stability analysis using lypnov method.
• Minimization of functionals using calculus of variation studied.
• Able to formulate andsolve the LQR problem and riccatti equation.
Text Books:
1. Modern Control Engineering – by K. Ogata, Prentice Hall of India, 3rd edition, 1998
2. Automatic Control Systems by B.C. Kuo, Prentice Hall Publication
Reference Books:
1. Modern Control System Theory – by M. Gopal, New Age International
Publishers, 2nd edition,1996
2. Control Systems Engineering by I.J. Nagarath and M.Gopal, New Age
International (P) Ltd.
3. Digital Control and State Variable Methods – by M. Gopal, Tata McGraw–
Hill Companies, 1997.
4. Systems and Control by Stainslaw H. Zak , Oxford Press, 2003.
5. Optimal control theory: an Introduction by Donald E.Kirk by Dover publications.
RCE IV-i 34
R16 JNTUK EEE
PROGAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS & APPLICATIONS
Preamble:IN most of the industry applications, computer control is gaining importance, PLC
is a industry computer, hence this course PLC makes the students to acquire knowledge
required for industry.
• To have knowledge on PLC.

• To acquire the knowledge on programming of PLC.
• To understand different PLC registers and their description.
• To have knowledge on data handling functions of PLC.
• To know how to handle analog signal and converting of A/D in PLC.
Unit I:
Introduction
PLC Basics: PLC system, I/O modules and interfacing, CPU processor, programming
equipment, programming formats, construction of PLC ladder diagrams, devices connected to
I/O modules.
Unit II:
PLC Programming
PLC Programming: Input instructions, outputs, operational procedures, programming
examples using contacts and coils. Digital logic gates, programming in the Boolean algebra
system, conversion examples. Ladder diagrams and sequence listings, ladder diagram
construction.
Unit III:
Programmable Timers and Counters
Timer instructions – On delay time instruction – Off delay timer instruction – Retentive timer
– Counter instructions – Up counter – Down counter - Cascading counters - Incremental
encoder – Counter applications – Combining counter and timer functions.
Unit IV:
Program Control Instructions
Master control reset instruction – Jump instructions and sub routines – Immediate input and
output instructions.
Unit V:
Other Instructions
Data manipulation – Data transfer operation – Data compare instruction – Data manipulation
programs – Numerical data I/O interfaces – Math instructions – Addition, subtraction,
multiplication & division instruction – Sequential instructions – Sequence programs – Shift
registers – Word shift registers.
Unit VI:
Applications
Control of water level indicator – Alarm monitor - Conveyor motor control – Parking garage
– Ladder diagram for process control – PID controller.
RCE IV-i 35
R16 JNTUK EEE
LearningOutcomes:After completion of the course, students are able to:
• Understand the PLCs and their I/O modules.
• Develop control algorithms to PLC using ladder logic.
• Manage PLC registers for effective utilization in different applications.
• Design PID controller with PLC.
Text Books:
1. Programmable logic controllers by Frank D.Petruzella- McGraw Hill – 3rd Edition.
2. Programmable Logic Controllers – Principle and Applications by John W. Webb and
Ronald A. Reiss, Fifth Edition, PHI
Reference Books:
1. Programmable Logic Controllers – Programming Method and Applications by JR.
Hackworth and F.D Hackworth Jr. – Pearson, 2004.
2. Introduction to Programmable Logic Controllers- Gary Dunning-Cengage Learning.
3. Programmable Logic Controllers –W.Bolton-Elsevier publisher
RCE IV-i 36
R16 JNTUK EEE
INSTRUMENTATION
(Elective – I)
Preamble:
Electrical and Electronic Instrumentation plays a key role in the industry. With the
advancement of technology day to day manual maintenance is replaced by simply monitoring
using various instruments. Thus this course plays very important role in overall maintenance
of the industry.
• To study various types of signals and their representation.
• To study various types of transducers: Electrical, Mechanical, Electromechanical,
Optical etc.
• To study and measure the various types of Non–electrical quantities.
• To study various types of digital voltmeters
• To study the working principles of various types of oscilloscopes and their
applications.
• To study various types of signal analyzers.
UNIT–I:
Signals and their representation
Measuring Systems, Performance Characteristics, – Static characteristics – Dynamic
Characteristics – Errors in Measurement – Gross Errors – Systematic Errors – Statistical
analysis of random errors – Signal and their representation – Standard test, periodic,
aperiodic, modulated signal – Sampled data pulse modulation and pulse code modulation.
UNIT–II:
Transducers
Definition of transducers – Classification of transducers – Advantages of Electrical
transducers – Characteristics and choice of transducers – Principle operation of resistor,
inductor, LVDT and capacitor transducers – LVDT Applications – Strain gauge and its
principle of operation – Guage factor – Thermistors – Thermocouples – Synchros – Piezo
electric transducers – Photo diodes.
UNIT–III:
Measurement of Non–Electrical Quantities
Measurement of strain – Gauge Sensitivity – Displacement – Velocity – Angular Velocity –
Acceleration – Force – Torque – Measurement of Temperature, Pressure, Vacuum, Flow,
Liquid level.
UNIT–IV:
Digital Voltmeters
Digital voltmeters – Successive approximation, ramp, dual–Slope integration continuous
balance type – Microprocessor based ramp type – DVM digital frequency meter – Digital
phase angle meter.
UNIT–V:
Oscilloscope
Cathode ray oscilloscope – Time base generator – Horizantal and vertical amplifiers –
Measurement of phase and frequency – Lissajous patterns – Sampling oscilloscope – Analog
and digital type data logger – Transient recorder.
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UNIT–VI:
Signal Analyzers
Wave Analyzers – Frequency selective analyzers – Heterodyne – Application of Wave
analyzers – Harmonic Analyzers – Total Harmonic distortion – Spectrum analyzers – Basic
spectrum analyzers – Spectral displays – Vector impedance meter – Q meter – Peak reading
and RMS voltmeters.
Learning Outcomes:
• Able to represent various types of signals .
• Acquire proper knowledge to use various types of Transducers.
• Able to monitor and measure various parameters such as strain, velocity,
temperature, pressure etc.
• Acquire proper knowledge and working principle of various types of digital
voltmeters.
• Able to measure various parameter like phase and frequency of a signal with the
help of CRO.
• Acquire proper knowledge and able to handle various types of signal analyzers.
Text Books:
1. Electronic Instrumentation–by H.S.Kalsi Tata MCGraw–Hill Edition, 1995.
2. A course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, A.K.
Sawhney, Dhanpatrai& Co.
Reference Books:
1. Measurement and Instrumentation theory and application, Alan S.Morris and Reza
Langari, Elsevier
2. Measurements Systems, Applications and Design – by D O Doeblin
3. Principles of Measurement and Instrumentation – by A.S Morris, Pearson/
Prentice Hall ofIndia
4. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement techniques – by A.D
HelfrickandW.D.Cooper, Pearson/Prentice Hall of India.
4. Transducers and Instrumentation by D.V.S Murthy, Prentice Hall of India.
RCE IV-i 38
R16 JNTUK EEE
Code No: R164102D R16 Set No. 1

INSTRUMENTATION
*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) List any three types of errors in measurement? [3]
b) What are the applications of LVDT? [2]
c) What are the two basic methods for measurement of vacuum? [3]
d) Explain the significance of digital phase meter? [2]
e) Why and where do we use an oscilloscope? [2]
f) What is the purpose of a spectrum analyzer? [2]

2. a) Distinguish between systematic and random errors in measurement and how they
are usually minimized? [7]
b) Distinguish between periodic and aperiodic signal and give an example of each. [7]
3. a) Explain with a neat sketch the principle and operation of a strain gauge. Derive
the expression for gauge factor. [7]
b) A strain gauge has gauge factor of 4. If a strain gauge is attached to a metal bar
that stretches from 0.25 m to 0.255 m when strained, what is the percentage
change in resistance? If the unstrained value of gauge is 120 Ω, what is the
resistance value of gauge after application of strain? [7]
4. a) Describe the different electrical methods for measurement of liquid level.

Compare their advantages and disadvantages. [7]
b) Explain the measurement of angular velocity using D.C tachometers with neat
sketch. [7]
5. a) Describe the working of dual slope integration continuous balance type DVM. [7]
b) Explain the basic principle and working of successive approximation DVM. [7]
6. a) Distinguish between analog and digital type data logger. [7]

b) What precautions should be taken when using the sampling oscilloscope? [7]
7. a) What is total harmonic distortion and how do you find it out? [7]
b) Discuss about the working of Q-meter. [7]
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INSTRUMENTATION
*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) Distinguish between gross errors and systematic errors. [3]
b) What do you mean by a transducer? [2]
c) What do you mean by strain and how do you measure it? [2]
d) What are the advantages of DVM? [3]
e) What are the advantages of digital data loggers? [2]
f) Define the term ‘total harmonic distortion. [2]

2. a) Draw the block diagram of the measuring system and explain the each stage
with their functions. [10]
b) What is pulse code modulation? Explain their relative merits. [4]
3. a) Write the characteristics and choice of transducers. [7]

b) An LVDT with a secondary voltage of 5 V has a range of ±25 mm (i) find the
output voltage when the core is -18.75 mm from the centre (ii) plot the output
voltage versus core position for a core movement going from +18.75 mm to -10
mm. [7]
4. a) Discuss the working of Pirani gauge for measurement of vacuum with neat
sketch. [7]
b) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of DC tachometer generation and
AC tachometer generator. [7]
5. a) Draw and explain the circuit of a digital frequency meter. What are the different
methods used for high frequency determination? [10]
b) State the advantages of ramp type DVM. [4]
6. a) What is the relationship between the period of a waveform and its frequency?
How is an oscilloscope used to determine frequency? [8]
b) Explain the working of a sampling oscilloscope with the help of its diagram. [6]
7. a) Describe the circuits and working of wave analyzers used for audio frequency
and megahertz ranges. [7]
b) Explain about the basic spectrum analyzers. [7]
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RCE IV-i 40
R16 JNTUK EEE

INSTRUMENTATION
*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) Why do you modulate a signal? [2]
b) What is LVDT and how it works? [3]
c) How does a electromagnetic flow meter work? [2]
d) Compare between analog and digital voltmeters. [3]
e) How does a analog data logger work? [2]
f) State the applications of wave analyzers. [2]

2. a) Classify the systematic errors giving suitable examples. Explain the measures
taken to minimize these errors. [7]
b) Explain in detail about statistical analysis of random errors. [7]
3. a) Explain the constructional features of synchro’s. Discuss how the synchro’s can
be used as an error detector? [7]
b) Describe the properties of materials used for piezo electric transducers. Derive
expressions for voltage and charge sensitivities. [7]
4. a) Explain the principle of measurement of torque using magneto-strictive

transducer. [7]
b) Explain the measurement of angular velocity using D.C tachometers with neat
sketch. [7]
5. a) Describe the working principle of digital phase angle meter. [7]

b) State the advantages of microprocessor based ramp type DVM over normal ramp
type DVM. [7]
6. a) Describe the significance of the following Lissajous figures:

(i) Straight line (ii) Ellipse [7]
b) The lissajous pattern on an CRO is stationary and has five horizontal and two
vertical tangencies. The frequency of the horizontal input is 1000 Hz. Determine
the frequency of vertical input. [7]
7. a) Discuss briefly about frequency selective wave Analyzer. [7]

b) What is a peak reading voltmeter? Explain. [7]
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RCE IV-i 41
R16 JNTUK EEE

INSTRUMENTATION
*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) What are the advantages of pulse code modulation? [3]
b) How does a thermocouple work? [2]
c) What is the gauge sensitivity? [2]
d) State the disadvantages of ramp type DVM. [2]
e) How Lissajous patterns are displayed? [2]
f) Mention a few applications of heterodyne wave analyzers. [3]

2. a) How do you characterize the periodic signals with respect to a reference point
of time? [7]
b) How the performance characteristics of an instrument are classified? [7]
3. a) Classify transducers. Explain the principle of operation of capacitor transducer. [7]

b) Explain the following: (i) Thermistors (ii) Photo diode. [7]
4. a) Explain the principle of operation of electromagnetic flow meter. Describe how

flow is measured with a neat sketch? [7]
b) Explain the construction and working of the LVDT accelerometer. [7]
5. a) What are the operating and performance characteristics of a DVM? [7]

b) Describe the working principle of ramp type DVM. [7]
6. a) Compare between the horizontal and vertical amplifiers. [7]

b) An electrically deflected CRT has a final anode voltage of 2000V and parallel
deflecting plates 1.5 cm long and 5 mm apart. If the screen is 50 cm from the
centre of deflecting plates. Find (i) beam speed (ii) the deflection sensitivity of
the tube and (iii) the deflection factor of the tube. [7]
7. a) Distinguish the principles of working of a spectrum analyzer and wave

analyzer. Draw the block diagram of spectrum analyzer. [10]
b) What is RMS voltmeter? How do you calculate true RMS voltage? [4]
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RCE IV-i 42
R16 JNTUK EEE
IV Year – I L T P C
SEMESTER
4 0 0 3
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
(Elective – II)
Preamble:
Optimization techniques have gained importance to solve many engineering design
problems by developing linear and nonlinear mathematical models. The aim of this course is
to educate the student to develop a mathematical model by defining an objective function and
constraints in terms of design variables and then apply a particular mathematical
programming technique. This course covers classical optimization techniques, linear
programming, nonlinear programming and Genetic & Partial Swarm Optimization
algorithms.
• To define an objective function and constraint functions in terms of design variables,
and then state the optimization problem.
• To state single variable and multi variable optimization problems, without and with
constraints.
• To explain linear programming technique to an optimization problem, define slack
and surplus variables, by using Simplex method.
• To study and explain nonlinear programming techniques, unconstrained or
constrained, and define exterior and interior penalty functions for optimization
problems.
• To introduce evolutionary programming techniques.
• To introduce basic principles of Genetic Algorithms and Partial Swarm Optimization
methods.
UNIT – I:
Introduction and Classical Optimization Techniques:
Statement of an Optimization problem – design vector – design constraints – constraint
surface – objective function – objective function surfaces – classification of Optimization
problems.
UNIT – II:
Classical Optimization Techniques
Single variable Optimization – multi variable Optimization without constraints – necessary
and sufficient conditions for minimum/maximum – multivariable Optimization with equality
constraints.Solution by method of Lagrange multipliers – multivariable Optimization with
inequality constraints – Kuhn – Tucker conditions.
UNIT – III:
Linear Programming
Standard form of a linear programming problem – geometry of linear programming problems
– definitions and theorems – solution of a system of linear simultaneous equations – pivotal
reduction of a general system of equations – motivation to the simplex method – simplex
algorithm - Duality in Linear Programming – Dual Simplex method.
RCE IV-i 43
R16 JNTUK EEE
UNIT – IV:
Nonlinear Programming:
Unconstrained cases - One – dimensional minimization methods: Classification, Fibonacci
method and Quadratic interpolation method - Univariate method, Powell’s method and
steepest descent method.
Constrained cases - Characteristics of a constrained problem, Classification, Basic approach
of Penalty Function method; Basic approaches of Interior and Exterior penalty function
methods.Introduction to convex Programming Problem.
UNIT – V:
Introduction to Evolutionary Methods:
Evolutionary programming methods - Introduction to Genetic Algorithms (GA)– Control
parameters –Number of generation, population size, selection, reproduction, crossover and
mutation – Operator selection criteria – Simple mapping of objective function to fitness
function – constraints – Genetic algorithm steps – Stopping criteria –Simple examples.
UNIT – VI:
Introduction to Swarm Intelligence Systems:
Swarm intelligence programming methods - Basic Partial Swarm Optimization – Method –
Characteristic features of PSO procedure of the global version – Parameters of PSO (Simple
PSO algorithm – Operators selection criteria – Fitness function constraints) – Comparison
with other evolutionary techniques – Engineering applications of PSO.
Learning Outcomes:
The student should be able to:
• State and formulate the optimization problem, without and with constraints, by using
design variables from an engineering design problem.
• Apply classical optimization techniques to minimize or maximize a multi-variable
objective function, without or with constraints, and arrive at an optimal solution.
• Formulate a mathematical model and apply linear programming technique by using
Simplex method. Also extend the concept of dual Simplex method for optimal
solutions.
• Apply gradient and non-gradient methods to nonlinear optimization problems and use
interior or exterior penalty functions for the constraints to derive the optimal
solutions.
• Able to apply Genetic algorithms for simple electrical problems.
• Able to solve practical problems using PSO.
Text Books
1. “Engineering optimization: Theory and practice”-by S. S.Rao, New Age
International (P) Limited, 3rd edition, 1998.
2. Soft Computing with Matlab Programming by N.P.Padhy&S.P.Simson, Oxford
University Press – 2015
Reference Books:
1. “Optimization methods in operations Research and Systems Analysis” by K.V.Mital
and C.Mohan, New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers, 3rd edition, 1996.
2. Genetic Algorithms in search, optimization, and Machine Learning by David
E.Goldberg,ISBN:978-81-7758-829-3, Pearsonby Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.
Ltd.
3. “Operations Research: An Introduction” by H.A.Taha, PHI pvt. Ltd., 6th edition.
4. Linear Programming by G.Hadley.
RCE IV-i 44
R16 JNTUK EEE
ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY
Preamble:
Power quality is a major problem for utilities and customers. Customers using
sensitive critical loads need quality power for proper operation of the electrical equipment. It
is important for the student to learn the power quality issues and improvement measures
provided by the utility companies. This course covers the topics on voltage and current
imperfections, harmonics, voltage regulation, power factor improvement, distributed
generation, power quality monitoring and measurement equipment.
• To learn different types of power quality phenomena.
• To identify sources for voltage sag, voltage swell, interruptions, transients, long
duration over voltages and harmonics in a power system.
• To describe power quality terms and study power quality standards.
• To learn the principle of voltage regulation and power factor improvement methods.
• To explain the relationship between distributed generation and power quality.
• To understand the power quality monitoring concepts and the usage of measuring
instruments.
Unit–I:Introduction
Overview of power quality – Concern about the power quality – General classes of power
quality and voltage quality problems – Transients – Long–duration voltage variations –
Short–duration voltage variations – Voltage unbalance – Waveform distortion – Voltage
fluctuation – Power frequency variations.
Unit–II:Voltage imperfections in power systems

Power quality terms – Voltage sags – Voltage swells and interruptions – Sources of voltage
sag, swell and interruptions – Nonlinear loads – IEEE and IEC standards. Source of transient
over voltages – Principles of over voltage protection – Devices for over voltage protection –
Utility capacitor switching transients.
Unit–III: Voltage Regulation and power factor improvement:

Principles of regulating the voltage – Device for voltage regulation – Utility voltage
regulator application – Capacitor for voltage regulation – End–user capacitor application –
Regulating utility voltage with distributed resources – Flicker – Power factor penalty – Static
VAR compensations for power factor improvement.
Unit– IV: Harmonic distortion and solutions

Voltagedistortion vs. Current distortion – Harmonics vs. Transients – Harmonic indices –
Sources of harmonics – Effect of harmonic distortion – Impact of capacitors, transformers,
motors and meters – Point of common coupling – Passive and active filtering – Numerical
problems.
Unit–V: Distributed Generation and Power Quality

Resurgence of distributed generation – DG technologies – Interface to the utility system –
Power quality issues and operating conflicts – DG on low voltage distribution networks.
Unit–VI :Monitoring and Instrumentation

Power quality monitoring and considerations – Historical perspective of PQ measuring
instruments – PQ measurement equipment – Assessment of PQ measuring data – Application
of intelligent systems – PQ monitoring standards.
RCE IV-i 45
R16 JNTUK EEE
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this course the student should be able to
• Differentiate between different types of power quality problems.
• Explain the sources of voltage sag, voltage swell, interruptions, transients, long
duration over voltages and harmonics in a power system.
• Analyze power quality terms and power quality standards.
• Explain the principle of voltage regulation and power factor improvement methods.
• Demonstrate the relationship between distributed generation and power quality.
• Explain the power quality monitoring concepts and the usage of measuring
instruments.
Textbooks:
1. Electrical Power Systems Quality, Dugan R C, McGranaghan M F, Santoso S, and
Beaty H W, Second Edition, McGraw–Hill, 2012, 3rd edition.
2.Electric power quality problems –M.H.J.Bollen IEEE series-Wiley India publications,2011.
Reference Books:
1. Power Quality Primer, Kennedy B W, First Edition, McGraw–Hill, 2000.
2. Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and Interruptions, Bollen M
HJ, First Edition, IEEE Press; 2000.
3. Power System Harmonics, Arrillaga J and Watson N R, Second Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 2003.
4. Electric Power Quality control Techniques, W. E. Kazibwe and M. H. Sendaula,
Van Nostrad Reinhold, New York.
5. Power Quality c.shankaran, CRC Press, 2001
6. Harmonics and Power Systems –Franciso C.DE LA Rosa–CRC Press (Taylor &
Francis)
7. Power Quality in Power systems and Electrical Machines–EwaldF.fuchs,
Mohammad A.S. Masoum–Elsevier.
RCE IV-i 46
R16 JNTUK EEE
SPECIAL ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Preamble:
This is an advanced course on electrical machines. Students will be exposed to

various special machines which are gaining importance in industry. This course covers topics
related to principles, performance and applications of these special machines including
switched reluctance motors, stepper motors, permanent magnet dc motors and linear motors.
Learning Objective:
• To explain theory of operation and control of switched reluctance motor.
• To explain the performance and control of stepper motors, and their applications.
• To describe the operation and characteristics of permanent magnet dc motor.
• To distinguish between brush dc motor and brush less dc motor.
• To explain the theory of travelling magnetic field and applications of linear motors.
Unit I:
Permanent magnet materials and PMDC motors
Introduction-classification of permanent magnet materials used in electrical machines-minor
hysteresis loop and recoil line-Stator frames of conventional dc machines-Development of
electronically commutated dc motor from conventional dc motor-Permanent-magnet
materials and characteristics-B-H loop and demagnetization characteristics-Temperature
effects: reversible and irreversible losses-high temperature effects-reversible losses-
Irreversible losses recoverable by magnetization-Mechanical properties, handling and
magnetization-Application of permanent magnets in motors-power density-operating
temperature range-severity of operation duty.
Unit II:
Stepper Motors
Classification of stepper motors – Hybrid and Variable Reluctance Motor (VRM) -
Construction and principle of hybid type synchronous stepper motor – Different
configuration for switching the phase windings control circuits for stepper motors – Open
loop and closed loop control of 2-phase hybrid stepping motor.
Construction and principle of operation of Variable Reluctance Motor (VRM) – Single stack
and multiple stack – Open loop control of 3- phase VR Stepper Motor- Applications.
Unit III:
Switched Reluctance Motors
Construction – Comparison of conventional and switched reluctance motors – Design of
stator and rotor pole arcs – Torque producing principle and torque expression – Different
converter configurations for SRM – Drive and power circuits for SRM – Position sensing of
rotor – Applications of SRM.
Unit IV:
Square Wave Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor
Types of constructions – Surface mounted and interior type permanent magnet – Principle of
operation of BLDC motor. Torque and EMF equations – Torque speed characteristics –
Performance and efficiency- Square wave brushless motors with 1200 and 1800 magnetic
areas commutation.
RCE IV-i 47
R16 JNTUK EEE
Unit V:
Sine wave Permanent Magnet Brushless Motor
Torque and EMF equations – Phasor Diagram – Circle diagram – Torque/speed
characteristics – Comparison between square wave and sine wave permanent magnet motors -
Applications.
Unit VI:
Linear Induction Motors (LIM)
Construction– principle of operation–Double sided LIM from rotating type Induction Motor –
Schematic of LIM drive for traction – Development of one sided LIM with back iron-
equivalent circuit of LIM.
Learning Outcomes:
The student should be able to
• Distinguish between brush dc motor and brush less dc motor.
• Explain the performance and control of stepper motors, and their applications.
• Explain theory of operation and control of switched reluctance motor.
• Explain the theory of travelling magnetic field and applications of linear motors.
• Understand the significance of electrical motors for traction drives.
Text Books:
1. Brushless Permanent magnet and reluctance motor drives, Clarenden press,

T.J.E. Miller, 1989, Oxford.
2. Special electrical Machines, K.VenkataRatnam, University press, 2009, New
Delhi.
RCE IV-i 48
R16 JNTUK EEE
Code No: R164102G R16 Set No. 1

*****
PART–A(14 Marks)
1. a) What are the most common types of magnetism? [2]
b) What are the advantages of bipolar stepper motor compared to unipolar stepper
motors? [2]
c) Define magnetic Reluctance. [2]
d) List the applications of BLDC motors. [3]
e) What are the differences between PMSM and BLDC motors? [3]
f) What are linear motors? [2]
PART–B(4x14 = 56 Marks)
2. a) Give the classification of permanent magnet materials. Which materials are
used in permanent magnets? [7]
b) Discuss the advantages and limitations of permanent magnet machines. [7]
3. a) What is a stepper motor? What is its principle? Discuss its applications. [7]
b) With a neat block diagram, explain the open loop control of 3-phase VR
Stepper Motor. [7]
4. a) What are the advantages of Switched Reluctance Motors? [5]

b) Write the equivalent circuit of a Switched Reluctance Motor and derive the
expression for torque produced by the motor. [9]
5. a) Explain the operation of a BLDC motor. Also write the expressions for Torque
and EMF of BLDC motor. [7]
b) What are the reasons for ripples in the torque produced by the BLDC motors?
Suggest any scheme for torque ripple reduction. [7]
6. a) What are BLDC motors? How are they differ from permanent magnet
synchronous motors? [7]
b) Derive the Torque and EMF equations for permanent magnet synchronous
motors. [7]
7. a) Briefly discuss different types of linear motors. [4]

b) Discuss the application of single sided linear induction motor for electric
traction. [10]
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R16 JNTUK EEE

*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) Why steel is preferred for making permanent magnet? [2]
b) Why can’t the stepper motors run continuously? [2]
c) Deduce the relationship between Reluctance and Inductance. [2]
d) Write the expression for torque produced by a BLDC motor. [2]
e) What are the advantages of permanent magnet machines? [3]
f) List various applications of linear motors. [3]
2. a) What is B-H curve? Discuss the characteristics of soft magnetic materials. [9]
b) Compare between electronically commutated dc motor and conventional dc
motor. [5]
3. a) Explain the principle of operation and construction of Variable Reluctance

stepper motor. [9]
b) Discuss the principle of hybrid type synchronous stepper motor. [5]
4. a) Explain the constructional details of a 4-phase 8/6 switched reluctance motor. [7]
b) Discuss the application areas of switched reluctance motor. Also list the main
limitations of switched reluctance motors. [7]
5. a) Discuss the merits and applications of BLDC motors. [6]

b) With the help of schematic diagram and necessary waveforms, discuss the
operation of a square wave brushless DC motors with 120o operation. [8]
6. a) Discuss the constructional differences between permanent magnet synchronous

motor and BLDC motors. [8]
b) List and discuss the applications of sine wave permanent magnet Brushless
motors. [6]
7. a) Discuss the principle of operation of linear induction motors. [7]

b) Draw and explain the equivalent circuit of linear induction motor. [7]
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RCE IV-i 50
R16 JNTUK EEE

*****
PART–A (14 Marks)

1. a) Why B-H curve is not linear? [2]
b) A hybrid stepping motors have 200 rotor teeth, what is full step angle? [2]
c) What is Co-energy? [2]
d) Draw and explain the shape of back-EMF of a BLDC motor. [3]
e) What are the differences between the stators of PMSM and BLDC motors? [3]
f) What are different types of linear motors? [2]
2. a) What is hysteresis loop? Discuss the characteristics of hard magnetic materials. [7]
b) List the applications of permanent magnets. Also discuss the effect of
temperature on permanent magnets. [7]
3. a) List and discuss the applications of stepper motors. [5]

b) With the help of a neat block diagram, explain the closed loop control of 2-phase
hybrid stepping motor. [9]
4. a) What is the need for rotor passion sensor in switched reluctance motor control? [7]
b) Explain the torque production mechanism in switched reluctance motors. [7]
5. a) What are the advantages of BLDC motors? Explain the constructional details of a
BLDC motor. [8]
b) Draw and discuss the Torque-speed characteristics of BLDC motors. [6]
6. a) Discuss different types of rotors in permanent magnet synchronous machines. [7]

b) Draw and discuss the phasor diagram of sine wave permanent magnet brushless
motors. [7]
7. a) Differentiate between linear motors and rotary motors. [7]

b) Draw the constructional details of a linear induction motor. [7]
1 of 1
RCE IV-i 51
R16 JNTUK EEE

*****
PART–A(14 Marks)
1. a) What is Curie point? [2]
b) List any four applications of stepper motors. [2]
c) List main disadvantages of Switched Reluctance Motors. [3]
d) What is back-EMF of a motor? [2]
e) List the applications of Sine wave Permanent Magnet Brushless Motors. [3]
f) List any four applications of linear motors. [2]
2. a) What are the merits of permanent magnet motors? Where are permanent magnet
motors used? [7]
b) How does temperature affect permanent magnets? Discuss in detail. [7]
3. a) Compare between open loop and closed loop control of stepper motors. [6]
b) Explain how a full-step mode and half-step mode are implemented in stepper
motors? Which mode produces more torque output? [8]
4. a) With a neat schematic diagram, explain the operation of any two power
converters for a 4-phase 8/6 switched reluctance motor. [10]
b) List the advantages and applications of switched reluctance motors. [4]
5. a) Draw the constructional details of a surface mounted type permanent magnet

BLDC motor. [7]
b) What is the need for rotor position sensing in the control of BLDC motors?
Explain. [7]
6. a) Draw and discuss the Torque-speed characteristics of PMSM. [7]

b) Make a comparison between square wave and sine wave permanent magnet
motors. [7]
7. Explain the working of linear induction motors. Draw the schematic and discuss
the operation of linear induction motor drive for traction application. [14]
1 of 1
RCE IV-i 52
R16 JNTUK EEE
L T P C
0 0 2 2
ELECTRICAL SIMULATION LAB
• To simulate integrator circuit, differentiator circuit, Boost converter, Buck converter,
full convertor and PWM inverter.
• To simulate transmission line by incorporating line, load and transformer models.
• To perform transient analysis of RLC circuit and single machine connected to infinite
bus(SMIB).
Following experiments are to be conducted:

1. Simulation of transient response of RLC circuits
a. Response to pulse input
b. Response to step input
c. Response to sinusoidal input
2. Analysis of three phase circuit representing the generator transmission line and load. Plot
three phase currents & neutral current .
3. Simulation of single–phase full converter using RLE loads and single phase AC voltage
controller using RL loads
4. Plotting of Bode plots, root locus and nyquist plots for the transfer functions of systems
up to 5th order
5. Simulation of Boost and Buck converters.
6. Integrator & Differentiator circuits using op–amp.
7. Simulation of D.C separately excited motor using transfer function approach.
Any 2 of the following experiments are to be conducted:

1. Modeling of transformer and simulation of lossy transmission line.
2. Simulation of single phase inverter with PWM control.
3. Simulation of three phase full converter using MOSFET and IGBTs.
4. Transient analysis of single machine connected to infinite bus(SMIB).
Learning outcomes:
• Able to simulate integrator circuit, differentiator circuit, Boost converter, Buck
converter, full convertor and PWM inverter.
• Able to simulate transmission line by incorporating line, load and transformer models.
• Able to perform transient analysis of RLC circuit and single machine connected to
infinite bus(SMIB).
Reference Books:
1. “Simulation of Power Electronic Circuit“,byM.B.patil, V.Ramanarayan,
V.T.Ranganathan.Narosha,2009.
2. Pspice for circuits and electronics using PSPICE – by M.H.Rashid, M/s PHI
Publications
3. Pspice A/D user`s manual – Microsim, USA
4. Pspice reference guide – Microsim, USA
5. MATLAB user`s manual – Mathworks, USA
6. MATLAB – control system tool box – Mathworks, USA
7. SIMULINK user`s manual – Mathworks, USA
8. EMTP User`s Manual.
9. SEQUEL– A public domain circuit simulator available at www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel
RCE IV-i 53
R16 JNTUK EEE
L T P C
0 0 3 2
POWER SYSTEMS LAB
To impart the practical knowledge of functioning of various power system
components and determination of various parameters and simulation of load flows, transient
stability, LFC and Economic dispatch.
Any 10 of the Following experiments are to be conducted:
1. Sequence impedances of 3 phase Transformer.

2. Sequence impedances of 3 phase Alternator by Fault Analysis.
3. Sequence impedances of 3 phase Alternator by Direct method.
4. ABCD parameters of Transmission line.
5. Power Angle Characteristics of 3phase Alternator with infinite bus bars.
6. Dielectric strength of Transformer oil.
7. Calibration of Tong Tester.
8 Load flow studies using Gauss-seidel method
9. Load flow studies using N-R method..
10. Transient Stability Analysis
11. Load frequency control with &without control
12. Load frequency control with control
13. Economic load dispatch with & without losses
14. Economic load dispatch with losses.
Learning Outcomes:
The student is able to determine the parameters of various power system components
which are frequently occur in power system studies and he can execute energy management
systems functions at load dispatch center.
RCE IV-i 54

R16 - IV-i - EEE - Syllabus N Previous QPs

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R16 JNTUK EEE

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY: KAKINADA

Code No: R1641021 R16 Set No. 1

5. a) Compare between Fluorescent tube and filament lamp. [7]

6. a) State the advantages of electric traction over other non-electrical systems of

7. Write short notes on the following:

Code No: R1641021 R16 Set No. 2

3. a) Explain in detail about butt welding and Flash welding. [7]

PART–B (4x14 = 56 Marks)

4. a) What are Polar curves and what is their significance? [7]

5. a) Explain the working of Fluorescent lamp with a neat diagram. [7]

Code No: R1641021 R16 Set No. 4

PART–B (4x14 = 56 Marks)

4. a) Explain the different laws of Illumination. [7]

5. a) Explain the different types of Lighting Schemes. [7]

7. Write short notes on the following:

To understand the basic operation &performance parameters of differential amplifiers.

Design circuits using operational amplifiers for various applications.

Code No: R1641022 R16 Set No. 1

3. a) A differential amplifier has a common a common mode gain AC = 0.1 and

7. a) A certain ADC has a full-scale of 2.55V (i.e., VA = 2.55V produces a digital

Code No: R1641022 R16 Set No. 2

PART–A (14 Marks)

PART–B (4x14 = 56 Marks)

3. a) Explain the operation of op-amp based instrumentation amplifier. [7]

5. a) Discuss the characteristics of Butterworth filter. [7]

Code No: R1641022 R16 Set No. 3

PART–A (14 Marks)

PART–B (4x14 = 56 Marks)

3. a) What are the characteristics of an ideal op-amp? [7]

6. a) Explain the working of a Schmitt trigger. [7]

Code No: R1641022 R16 Set No. 4

PART–A (14 Marks)

PART–B (4x14 = 56 Marks)

3. a) Define the terms:

5. a) With a neat diagram, explain about IC1496 modulator. [7]

6. a) Using a block diagram explain the functioning of 555. [7]

Code No: R1641023 R16 Set No. 1

PART–A (14 Marks)

Unit Capacity (MW) Cost curve parameters

Code No: R1641023 R16 Set No. 1

Code No: R1641023 R16 Set No. 3

PART–A (14 Marks)

PART–B (4x14 = 56 Marks)

Code No: R1641023 R16 Set No. 3

7. a) Explain the voltage regulation without and with compensation. [7]

Code No: R1641023 R16 Set No. 4

PART–A (14 Marks)

PART–B (4x14 = 56 Marks)

3. a) How is optimal generation scheduling of hydrothermal system stated and solved

 = 0.8 PGH + 0.000333 GH 2 m3/sec

Loss co-efficient B22 = 0.001 MW-1

Code No: R1641023 R16 Set No. 4

Unit Capacity (MW) Cost curve parameters

7. a) What are the objectives of load compensation? Discuss. [7]

Code No: R1641024 R16 Set No. 1

PART–A (14 Marks)

PART–B (4x14 = 56 Marks)

4. a) The neutral point of a 10kV alternator is earthed through a resistance of 8.5

Code No: R1641024 R16 Set No. 1

7. a) Discuss in detail about the specifications of surge arresters. [7]

Code No: R1641024 R16 Set No. 2