Final Thesis Manjeet Singh 23-12-2017 PDF

Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.
)
genotypes for seed yield and other traits
under rainfed conditions
BY
MANJEET
2015A74M(R)
Thesis submitted to Chaudhary Charan Singh
Haryana Agricultural University in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
GENETICS & PLANT BREEDING
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
CCS HARYANA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
HISAR–125 004
2017
CERTIFICATE – I
This is to certify that this thesis entitled, “Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum
L.) genotypes for seed yield and other traits under rainfed conditions” submitted for the
degree of Master of Science in the subject of Genetics & Plant Breeding of the Chaudhary
Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, is a bonafide research work carried
out by Mr. Manjeet, Adm. No. 2015A74M(R) under my supervision and that no part of this
thesis has been submitted by him for any other degree.
All the assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been duly
acknowledged.
Dr. P.K. VERMA

(Major Advisor)
Principal Scientist (Plant Breeding)
DLA Unit, Department of Agronomy
CCS Haryana Agricultural University
Hisar, Haryana
CERTIFICATE – II
This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum
L.) genotypes for seed yield and other traits under rainfed conditions” submitted by Mr.
Manjeet, Adm. No. 2015A74M(R) to the Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana
Agricultural University, Hisar, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in the subject of Genetics & Plant Breeding has been approved by the
student's advisory committee after an oral examination on the same in collaboration with an
external examiner.
MAJOR ADVISOR EXTERNAL EXAMINER
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
DEAN, POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I feel immense pleasure in expressing my sincere and profound gratitude, obligation
and indebtedness to my esteemed major advisor, Dr. P.K. VERMA, Principal Scientist (PB)
and Chief Scientist, Department of Agronomy (DLA Unit), CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar for his invaluable guidance, continuous motivation and untiring help during
my entire study. His patience and insight into the subject has always made me realize and
understand it in a broader way. It was indeed a pleasure for me to work under his scholarly
guidance.
I am sincerely obliged and grateful to my advisory committee members, Dr. R.K.
Sheoran, HOS (Oilseed Section), Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Dr. V.P.
Sangwan, Principal Scientist, Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr. Anil Kumar,
Professor & Head, Department of Plant Pathology and Dr. Manoj Kumar, Principal
Scientist (Soil Science), Department of Agronomy, for their pertinent suggestions and going
through this manuscript.
I extend my thanks to Dr. Mukesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Dr. O.P. Bishnoi,
Assistant Scientist, Dr. Rajesh Yadav, Assistant Scientist, and Dr. I.S. Panwar, Professor and
Head, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding for providing me the necessary facilities
during the course of investigation.
I wish to accord my warmest thanks to my classmates namely Puneet Ghanghas,
Manisha and my friends Vikram Singh, Sanjay, Sachin Balak, Anoop, Deepak Verma,
Mandeep Sihag, Parveen and for rendering me the needy help for completion of a great
milestone in my career.
A special recognition should always be given to some special person such as Rahul
and Sandeep, who made considerable contribution for successful completion of my M.Sc.
degree programme.
I would like to express my gratitude and regards for the care, affection,
encouragement and guidance that I received from my loving nani (Mrs. Bado devi) and my
parents.
My sincere thanks also goes to CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar for
providing me an opportunity of higher studies, which will be highly helpful in my future
career.
Above all, I thank the ALMIGHTY for giving me patience and strength to overcome
the difficulties, which cross my faith in accomplishment of the endeavor.
Place: Hisar
Date: MANJEET
CONTENTS
Chapter No. Description Page No.
I INTRODUCTION 1-3
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-11
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 12-20
IV RESULTS 21-42
V DISCUSSION 43-46
VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 47-48
REFERENCES i-vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Description Page No.
Rainfall during kharif, 2016 at DLA Research Farm, CCS HAU,

3.1 12
Hisar
3.2 List of 24 genotypes under study 13
3.3 Scale used for screening of genotypes for disease reaction 15
3.4 Analysis of variance 16
4.1 (a) Analysis of variance for various morphological traits in sesame 22
4.1 (b) Analysis of variance for various seed quality traits in sesame 22
Mean performance of various morphological traits in different

4.2 (a) 23
genotypes of sesame
Mean performance of seed quality traits in different genotypes of

4.2 (b) 24
sesame
Estimates of mean performance, range, genotypic coefficient of

variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV),
4.3 (a) 29
heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance (GA) as per cent of
mean for morphological traits in sesame
Estimates of mean performance, range, genotypic coefficient of

variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV),
4.3 (b) 30
heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance (GA) as per cent of
mean for seed quality traits in sesame
Phenotypic (above diagonal) and genotypic (below diagonal)

4.4 (a) 32
correlation coefficients among morphological traits in sesame
Phenotypic (above diagonal) and genotypic (below diagonal)

4.4 (b) 33
correlation coefficients among seed quality traits in sesame
Path coefficient analysis of morphological traits in sesame for

4.5 (a) 38
seed yield
Path coefficient analysis of seed quality traits in sesame for

4.5 (b) 39
standard germination
Disease incidence (%) of Phyllody, Leaf curl and Charcoal rot

4.6 42
disease in different genotypes of sesame
ABBREVATIONS
DF Days to flowering (50%)

DM Days to maturity
PH Plant height (cm)
NBP Number of branches/plant
NCP Number of capsules/plant
NSC Number of seeds/capsule
1000 SW 1000-seed weight (g)
BYP Biological yield/plant (g)
HI Harvest index (%)
SYP Seed yield/plant (g)
SG Standard germination (%)
SL Shoot length (cm)
RL Root length (cm)
SdL Seedling length (cm)
SdW Seedling dry weight (mg)
VG 1 Seedling vigour index I
VG 2 Seedling vigour index II
CHAPTER–I
INTRODUCTION
Malnutrition and under-nutrition are serious problems in the developing countries of

the world. As majority of population is vegetarian, the availability of good quality nutrition is
reduced. Oilseeds are next to cereals in importance and more energetic providing superior
quality protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Oilseeds are utilized as food and
in the preparation of value added and nutritious food products (Jain et al., 2015). Various
deadly diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes and cancers can be
prevented by the supplementation of oilseeds in regular diet. In India, nine major oilseeds i.e.
Groundnut, Rapeseed-mustard, Soybean, Sunflower, Sesame, Safflower, Niger, Castor and
Linseed are produced. Among them, Sesame is very important oilseed crop and popularly
known as "Queen of Oilseeds" due to its high degree of resistance to oxidation and rancidity
(Sarwar et al., 2013). Sesame seed has a high food value because of its higher contents of
good quality edible oil and nutritious protein. Sesame seeds provide 573 kcal and 18g protein,
vitamin B1, dietary fiber as well are an excellent source of phosphorous, iron, magnesium
calcium, manganese, copper and zinc. Sesame seed is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA) e.g. palmitic and stearic and natural antioxidants (Prasad et al., 2012). The seeds
contain two unique substances, sesamin and sesamolin which belong to a group of special
beneficial fibers called lignans and have a cholesterol lowering effect in humans and prevent
high blood pressure and increase vitamin E supplies in animals. Sesame is very important as a
protein source for human consumption due to presence of balanced amino acid composition,
especially methionine. Thus, a diet enriched with this protein was found beneficial to patients
suffering from kwashiorkor (Pathak et al., 2014).
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) generally known as Til, is among the important edible
oilseeds cultivated in India since antiquity. Sesame belongs to division Phanerogams, class
Dicotyledonae, sub-class Gamopetalae, series Bicarpellatae, order Persoriales, genus
Sesamum and species indicum. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a diploid species with 2n =
26 and a member of the family Pedaliaceae, known as Beniseed, Gingelly, Sim-sim and Til
(Shah, 2013). It is grown throughout the tropic and sub-tropic from 25°N to 25°S. The origin
of sesame is Africa, and from there spread through West Africa to India, China and Japan
which themselves become secondary distribution centre (Ahmed and Ahmed, 2012). Sesame
is a short-day plant and is normally self-pollinated, although cross pollination ranging from 5
to over 50% occurs (Rheenen, 1980 and Pathirana, 1994). It is an erect herbaceous annual
plant that has two growth characteristics indeterminate and determinate, with the plants
reaching heights of up to two meters. Most varieties show an indeterminate growth habit,
which is shown as a continuous production of new leaves, flowers and capsules as long as the
1
environment remains suitable for growth. The growth period range from 70 to 150 days
depending on the variety and the conditions of cultivation (Ashri, 1998).
Annual global production of Sesame is 6.9 million tonnes, with United Republic of
Tanzania being the top producer followed by India. Annual production of Sesame during
2015-16 in India was 850,000 tonnes with productivity of 436 kg/hectare and total area under
cultivation was 1951,000 hectares with West Bengal being the leading producer followed by
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh (Anonymous, 2016). Average global sesame
yield in 2010 was 3.84 million metric tons grown on an area of 7.8 million hectares. The
largest producer of sesame seeds in 2014 was Sudan. The world’s largest exporter of sesame
seeds was India, and Japan the largest importer. World total cultivation area under sesame
was 9,398,770 hectares, producing 4.76 million tons (FAO, 2013), which has risen from 1.12
million tons in the early 1961s (FAOSTAT, 2015).
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important kharif oilseed crop, mostly grown in
light sandy soil as rainfed crop in the arid and semi-arid tropics of southern parts of Haryana,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh etc. The crop is rarely irrigated,
inspite of the fact that it is highly susceptible to moisture stress. In reality, sesame is mostly
grown under moisture stress with low management input by small holders (Cagrgan, 2006).
However, the sesame production is below expectation and the potential could be considerably
higher. The low production is due to number of reasons such as low inputs and poor
management (e.g. low or non-fertilization, irrigation, pest control etc.), occurrence of biotic
and abiotic stresses and more importantly, lack of an appropriate breeding programme.
Despite the economic importance for food, oil and medicine, the yield potential of sesame is
not spectacular due to its cultivation in sub-marginal lands and non-availability of superior
high yielding varieties lacking inbuilt resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among various
biotic stresses, phyllody is a highly destructive disease of sesame and is caused by a
pleomorphic mycoplasma-like organism (phytoplasma) trans-mitted by leaf hopper
(Vasudeva and Sahambi, 1955). The affected plants become stunted and the floral parts are
transformed into green leaf-like structures followed by abundant vegetative growth resulting
in a yield loss up to 33.9% or even 100% during severe incidence (Abraham et al., 1977;
Sarwar and Haq, 2006). Control of this disease by killing the hoppers through foliar
application of insecticides has been effective only to some extent. Therefore, the development
of cultivars with durable resistance to phyllody forms an integral component of sesame
breeding programs (Rajeswari et al., 2009).
Rainfall amount and distribution during the growing season are considered the most
serious environmental problem limiting crop production under rainfed conditions (Baydar,
2005).Water is primarily a limiting factor in global agriculture, yet water availability and
quality are diminishing for crops, as cities grow and as irrigation and land-clearing salinize
2
the soil and the underlying water tables (Sophocleous, 2004). Understanding plant’s response
to drought has a great importance and also a fundamental part of making crops to endure
abiotic stresses (Reddy et al., 2002). The relative performance of genotypes in drought and
optimum environments seems to be a common starting point to identify desirable genotypes
(Mohammadi, 2003). Water shortage is considered to be one of the most adverse abiotic stress
factors influencing plant growth and their physiological and biochemical aspects in addition
to the adverse impacts on social and economic life of mankind as well as impairing crop
production (Ozkan and Kulak, 2013). Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a drought tolerant
plant, however; it is sensitive to drought at germination and seedling stages (Bahrami et al.,
2012).
From the previous study, it is reports that sesame growth was affected adversely with
increasing drought level (Bahrami et al., 2012). The different irrigation intervals results in
stunted growth and decreased seed yield of sesame through effect on photosynthesis process
in addition to the yield, oil and protein contents (Mensah et al., 2006). However, to respond
the changing environmental and growing conditions, plant behavior can change regarding the
biosynthesis of bioactive compounds when subjected to abiotic constraints (Laribi et al.,
2009) instead of yield parameters. Investigation involves that the influence of water
deficiency on growth parameters, lipid composition, and mineral contents of Sesamum
indicum L. seeds.
Considering the above facts, the present study was, therefore, undertaken to
evaluate the field performance to selection indices via GCV, PCV and their relative
efficiencies in relation to correlation coefficient and path analysis under rainfed conditions.
To remain commercially competitive crop, sesame has to fit in the prevalent cropping
systems of the state. For this, an ideal plant type viz. determinate, early maturing, high
yielding, high harvest index and resistant to seed shattering are to be developed. Therefore,
there is a need to identify and develop stress tolerant cultivars to sustain its productivity.
Thus the present study was undertaken with the following objectives:
1. To estimate the genetic variability parameters for various morphological and other
traits under rainfed conditions.
2. To estimate correlation coefficients between different traits.
3. To estimate the direct and indirect effects of various traits on seed yield.
3
CHAPTER–II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Numerous reports on genetic variability, correlation coefficient and path coefficient

analysis in sesame are available. Some of the recently important and relevant literatures
pertaining to these aspects have been discussed under the following heads:
2.1 Genetic variability
2.2 Correlation coefficient analysis
2.3 Path coefficient analysis
2.1 GENETIC VARIABILITY
Variability has a unique significance for planning efficient breeding programme of
any crop species. Adequate genetic variability leads to the successful crop improvement
programme. Scientists globally collect the germplasm from various agro-climatic regions,
evaluate and characterize them for genetic variability. Both genetic and environmental factors
contribute towards variation among individuals. Heritability plays a central role in analyzing
relative contributions of the genetic and non-genetic factors to the total phenotypic variance in
a population. Phenotypic and genotypic variance, heritability and genetic advance have often
been used to assess the magnitude of variance in sesame breeding material.
Parameshwarappa et al. (2009) evaluated 151 sesame genotypes for genetic variabilty
and revealed significant difference among genotypes for all the character studied. High GCV
and PCV were observed for seed yield per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of
primary branches per plant, number seeds per capsule and plant height. High heritability and
genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for seed yield, number of primary branches
per plant, number capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, plant height and days to
flowering (50%)
Sumathi and Muralidharan (2010) studied 30 hybrids for assessing genetic variability
among them and estimate that the traits, number of branches per plant, number of capsules per
plant and seed yield per plant showed high PCV and GCV. High heritability combined with
high genetic advance as per cent of mean observed for plant height, number of branches,
number of capsules and seed yield per plant.
Jadhav and Mohrir (2012) evaluated 31 germplasm lines of sesame for genetic
variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean and their analysis of variance
revealed that significant differences for all characters viz., seed yield per plant, number of
capsules per plant, number of capsules on main stem and plant height for first capsule, except
days to flower initiation had high GCV and PCV values. High GCV, heritability and genetic
advance as per cent of mean were recorded for seed yield per plant, number of capsules on
main stem and number of capsules per plant.
4
Ahmed et al. (2013) identified 11 sesame lines which show genetic variability for
characters viz. plant height, number of capsules per plant, number of branches per plant, seed
yield per plant, germination percentage, shoot length, seedling length, seedling dry weight,
seed vigour index and accelerated ageing germination. High estimates of (PCV) and (GCV)
were exhibited for number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant and seed yield
per plant. The high heritability was exhibited for number of capsules per plant, weight of
1000 seeds, seed vigour index, accelerated ageing germination and Seedling dry weight.
Khairnar and Monpara (2013) studied 90 genotypes of sesame to analyse genetic
variability and revealed that high heritability was accompanied by a high genetic advance and
a high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for capsule numbers, biomass yield, harvest
index and seed yield.
Vanishree et al. (2013) evaluated 124 F4 families of sesame to assess genetic
variability, heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance for agro-morphological characters.
Analysis of variance revealed highly significant difference among the F4 families for days to
flowering (50%), days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of
capsules per plant and number of seeds per capsule. High GCV and PCV were observed for
branches per plant, capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with
high genetic advance observed for plant height, number of branches per plant, number of
capsules per plant, capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight and seed
yield per plant.
Bharathi et al. (2014) studied 50 sesame accessions for genetic variability and
revealed that significant difference among genotypes for all the characters studied but
magnitude of PCV and GCV was moderate to high for seed yield per plant, number of
capsules per plant and number of branches per plant and high heritability was recorded for
days to maturity, days to flowering (50%), seed yield per plant, number of capsules per plant
and number of branches per plant.
Ismaila and Usman (2014) evaluated 30 sesame genotypes for genetic variability and
their combined analysis of variance showed significant differences among all the genotypes
for days to flowering (50%), height at flowering, number of capsules per plant, capsule
length, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. High heritability coupled with high genetic
advance observed for number of capsules per plant, number of branches per plant, and yield
per hectare.
Abate et al. (2015) studied 81 genotypes of sesame and revealed that significant
difference among genotypes for all traits. Less than 50% heritability noted in all traits studied.
Moderate heritability coupled with moderate to high genetic advance was recorded for most
of yield related traits and had sufficient level of genetic variability for seed yield and its
components.
5
Mahmoud and Ghareeb (2015) studied 16 sesame genotypes for assessing genetic
variability among them and elucidated that the studied genotypes differed significantly for all
characters, except number of branches per plant across seasons. The highest estimates of
broad sense heritability and high genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) coupled with high
genetic advance were obtained for number of capsules per plant, weight of 1000 seeds and
seed yield per plant.
Sabiel et al. (2015) studied 12 genotypes to estimate the extent of genetic variability
in genotypes of sesame under rainfed condition. Highest genotypic coefficient of variation
observed for seed yield kg/ha while days to flowering showed high heritability estimate and
high genetic advance recorded in 1000-seed weight while all other traits showed low genetic
advance. Highly significant differences among genotypes observed in days to flowering, plant
height and 1000-seed weight. Significant differences in seed yield and biomass yield and non-
significant difference in days to maturity were observed.
Meenakumari and Ganesamurthy (2015) evaluated 45 hybrids of sesame and revealed
the significant variation among the genotypes for all the traits studied. The phenotypic
coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV)
for all the characters studied, which reflected the role of environment in the expression of the
observed traits and found higher genotypic coefficient of variation (> 20 %) for the traits like
single plant yield, total number of capsules per plant, number of secondary branches per plant.
Bamrotiya et al. (2016) evaluated 40 genotypes of sesame to assess the information
on genetic variability and conclude that high values of GCV and PCV recorded for number of
capsules per leaf axil followed by seed yield per plant, number of capsules per plant and
height to first capsule. Moderate to high estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic
advance expressed as per cent of mean were observed for seed yield per plant, height to first
capsule, number of seeds per capsule, number of capsules per plant, length of capsule, number
of capsules per leaf axil, plant height and number of branches per plant.
Saxena and Bisen (2016) observed higher values of phenotypic coefficient of
variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for seed yield per plant
followed by number of capsules per plant and high heritability and genetic advance as per
cent of mean was recorded for seed yield per plant followed by number of capsules per plant.
Soury et al. (2016) evaluated seven sesame genotypes for two consecutive rainy
seasons to estimate the phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability in
broad sense, genetic advance and genetic advance as per cent of mean for yield and other
growth attributes. A wide range of variability was detected among the genotypes for all
characters in both seasons and high heritability coupled with low genetic advance was
recorded for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and plant height while low to moderate
heritability with high genetic advance was recorded for the yield and its components.
6
Saxena and Bisen (2017) evaluated 14 advanced varietal lines of sesame genotypes
for assessing genetic variability and observed high values for phenotypic coefficient of
variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for seed yield per plant
followed by number of primary branches per plant, oil content and seeds per capsule and high
heritability was recorded for seeds per capsule followed by oil content, yield per plant, harvest
index, days to flowering (50%), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary
branches per plant, plant height, days to maturity, capsule length, 1000-seed weight and
number of capsules per plant.
Teklu et al. (2017) evaluated 64 accessions of sesame to estimate the genetic
variability and association among characters. Analysis of variance revealed that there was
highly significant difference among all accessions for all the characters studied. Number of
capsule per plant and seed yield per hectare recorded high genotypic coefficients of variation
(GCV) and phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV). The highest heritability value were for
days to flowering (50%), plant height, height to first capsule and number of capsule per plant.
Number of capsules per plant showed high phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV),
genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV), heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as a
per cent of mean.
2.2 CORRELATION COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS
Correlation measures the mutual relationship between various plant characters and
determines the components on which selection can be based for improvement. The knowledge
of correlation that exists between important characters may facilitate proper interpretation of
results and provide a basis for planning more efficient crop improvement programmes.
Phenotypic correlation refers to the extent of observed relationship between two characters.
Genotypic correlation, on the other hand, is the inherent association between characters. The
knowledge of interrelationship of various components of yield is of paramount importance for
a plant breeder for making the decisions regarding selection criteria.
Sumathi et al. (2007) observed that plant height and number of capsules per plant
showed significant and positive correlations with single plant yield at both genotypic and
phenotypic levels and the traits plant height and number of capsules per plant showed positive
correlation with all the other traits except 100-seed weight.
Gnanasekaran et al. (2008) reported seed yield per plant had positive and highly
significant association with the number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant
and number of seeds per capsule and positive and significant association with capsule length
and 1000-seed weight.
Parameshwarappa et al. (2009) reported that seed yield per plant showed significant
and positive association with number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds per
capsule and capsule length.
7
Kumar and Vivekanandan (2009) based on character association analysis revealed
strong positive association of seed yield per plant with number of branches and number of
capsules per plant.
Sumathi and Muralidharan (2010) observed that seed yield per plant showed
significantly positive correlation with plant height, number of branches per plant, number of
capsules per plant, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and 100-seed weight.
Yol et al.(2010) observed that the plant height, number of branches, number of
capsules per plant and 1000-seed weight had the significant positive effect on seed yield and
the characters related to maturity, days to first flowering and 50% flowering, showed negative
correlation with seed yield.
Goudappagoudra et al. (2011) observed that seed yield per plant showed significant
positive association with number of capsules, number of seeds, number of branches per plant,
plant height and 1000 seed weight.
Khairnar and Monpara (2013) studied correlation analysis and revealed that biomass
yield, capsule number and harvest index showed a significant positive correlation among
them and with seed yield.
Hika et al. (2014) on the basis of association analysis found that seed yield showed
positive correlations with days to flowering (50%), days to maturity, number of primary
branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight and harvest index.
Number of branches per plant exhibited positive correlations with days to 50% flowering,
days to maturity, 1000-seed weight and harvest index. Number of capsule per plant had
positively correlated with plant height, number of primary branches per plant and 1000-seed
weight. 1000-seed weight had positively correlated with plant height and number of branches
per plant.
Ismaila and Usman (2014) observed significant positive correlations between yield
per hectare and other yield attributes, except for days to 50% flowering (r =0.3160) and height
at flowering (r =-0.5250).
Bharathi et al. (2015) observed that seed yield was significant positively correlated
with number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight and plant
height.
Mustafa et al. (2015) observed that seed yield was significantly and positively
correlated with days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of
capsules per plant, productive capsules per plant and 1000-seed weight at the genotypic level.
Meenakumari and Ganesamurthy (2015) observed that seed yield per plant showed
significant and positive correlation with days to first flowering, number of secondary
branches, total number of capsules per plant and number of seeds per capsule.
8
Lal et al. (2016) reported significant and positive correlation of seed yield per plant
with number of pods per plant, days to maturity and number of seeds per pod.
Ramazani (2016) indicated that seed yield was significantly correlated with growing
period and number of capsules per plant and 1000-seed weight and germination percentage
was negatively correlated while germination percentage and number of flowers was positively
correlated.
Saxena and Bisen (2016) revealed that the strong positive association of seed yield
per plant with number of secondary branches per plant and number of capsules per plant.
Ozcinar and Sogut (2017) on the basis of correlation analysis reportedthe significant
and positive relationship between the first capsule height and plant height; harvest index and
number of capsules; capsule width and length of the capsule;1000 seed weight and seed yield;
1000 seeds weight and harvest index; and grain yield and harvest index.
2.3 PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS
Path coefficient is simply a standardized partial regression coefficient and as such
measures the direct influence of one variable upon another and permits the separation of the
correlation coefficient into components of direct and indirect effects. The utility of path
coefficient analysis in plant breeding was demonstrated by Dewey and Lu (1959). If
correlation between dependent and independent variable is due to the direct effects of the
character, it reflects a true relationship between them and selection can be practiced for such a
character in order to improve the dependent variable. But if the association is mainly through
indirect effects of the characters via another component characters, the breeder has to select
for the later one through which the indirect effect is exerted on the ultimate dependent
character such as seed yield.
Subramanian and Subramanian (1994) revealed that direct and indirect contributions
by different traits primary branches, secondary branches, capsule number per plant, seed
number per capsule and 1000 seed weight had to be considered as the most important traits in
the determination of seed yield and selection of parents.
Karuppaiyan and Ramasamy (2000) observed that number of capsules had the highest
positive direct effect on seed yield and the indirect effect of number of branches, plant height,
days to maturity, days to flowering (50%) and test weight on seed yield via number of
capsules was maximum and positive.
Sumathi et al. (2007) revealed that number of capsules per plant showed high positive
direct effects on grain yield per plant and the indirect effect of number of capsules per plant
on grain yield through plant height, number of branches per plant, oil content and days to
maturity was high.
Kumar and Vivekanandan (2009) based on path coefficient analysis revealed that
number of branches and number of capsules per plant had high positive direct effect on seed
9
yield per plant. Hence, number of branches and number of capsules per plant may be good
selection criteria for seed yield per plant.
Parameshwarappa et al. (2009) observed that maximum positive direct effect of
number of capsules on seed yield followed by capsule length and plant height.
Yol et al. (2010) implicated that plant height had the highest positive direct effect on
seed yield, followed by days to first flowering, number of capsules and 1000 seed weight.
Number of branches and number of capsules per plant had powerful indirect effect over plant
height on seed yield.
Goudappagoudra et al. (2011) studied that number of capsules per plant, number of
seeds per capsule and 1000 seed weight had high and positive direct effect on seed yield and
the indirect effect of number of capsules per plant via days to 50% flowering, plant height,
number of branches per plant on seed yield was high and positive.
Khairnar and Monpara (2013) reported that reproductive period was the highest direct
contributor, while capsule number was the highest indirect contributor via primary branches.
The indirect effect of days to maturity was negative via primary branches and positive via
biomass yield per plant and Plant height had a direct effect and an indirect effect via biomass
yield and harvest index while Biomass yield and harvest index showed a substantial direct
effect on seed yield.
Vanishree et al. (2013) revealed that number of capsules per plant had highest
positive direct effect (0.9525) followed by equal contribution by number of seeds per capsule
(0.1826) and 1000 seed weight (0.1821).
Abate et al. (2015) observed that maximum positive direct effect on seed yield was
exerted by number of capsules, biomass yield, days to maturity and harvest index, showing
that these traits can be used for selection to improve the primary trait.
Bharathi et al. (2015) based on path coefficient analysis indicated that number of
seeds per capsule, number of capsules per plant was important traits to be considered for
realizing the improvement in yield.
Fazal et al. (2015) based on path analysis revealed that capsules per plant had highest
direct effect on seed yield per plant and seeds per capsules had highest indirect effect via
capsules per plant on seed yield per plant.
Mustafa et al. (2015) observed that capsules per plant had highest direct effect on
seed yield followed by 1000-seed weight.
Meenakumari and Ganesamurthy (2015) reported that number of secondary branches,
number of capsules in main stem, number of seeds per capsule expressed positive direct effect
on single plant yield, while days to maturity, total number of capsules per plant and 100 seed
weight had negative direct effect. Hence, number of secondary branches, total number of
10
capsules per plant and number of seeds per capsule may be relied upon for increasing the seed
yield in sesame.
Bamrotiya et al. (2016) reported that number of seeds per capsule, number of
branches per plant and number of capsules per plant exhibited high and positive direct effect
on seed yield per plant.
Lal et al. (2016) showed that number of capsules per plant had maximum direct effect
on seed yield followed by breadth of pods, days to maturity and number of pods on main stem
and concluded that the number of pods per plant, days to maturity and number of pods on
main stem are promising good selection criteria for single plant seed yield improvement in
sesame.
Mansouri (2016) based on his path analysis study indicated the highest direct effect
on the yield for capsule per plant followed by plant height and about all indirect effects on the
yield were employed through number of capsules per plant, number of branches per plant,
capsule length and plant height had indirect effects through number of capsules per plant.
Ramazani (2016) indicated that the number of seeds per capsule had the highest
negative direct effect on seed yield and the highest negative indirect effect on seed yield was
related to the number of capsules per plant through the number of seeds per capsule.
Saxena and Bisen (2016) revealed that high positive direct effect of number of
secondary branches and number of capsules per plant on seed yield per plant and conclude
that the number of secondary branches and number of capsules per plant may be good
selection criteria for seed yield per plant.
Teklu et al. (2017) revealed that length of capsule, number of primary branches per
plant and 1000 seed weight exerted positive direct effect on seed yield.
11
CHAPTER–III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials used and methods employed for conducting the experiment on
“Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes for seed yield and other traits
under rainfed conditions’’ are presented as under:
EXPERIMENTAL SITE
The field experiment was conducted at Research Area of the Department of Dryland
Agriculture, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana)
during Kharif, 2016 under rainfed condition with no pre and post sowing irrigation. Month
and date wise rainfall received during crop season is given as under:
Table 3.1:- Rainfall during kharif, 2016 at DLA Research Farm, CCSHAU, Hisar
Month Date Rainfall (mm)
July, 2016 3 53
July, 2016 4 13
July, 2016 15 14
July, 2016 16 34
July, 2016 19 11
July, 2016 28 25
July, 2016 29 39
July, 2016 Total 189 (169.4*)
August, 2016 18 4
August, 2016 19 14
August, 2016 25 7
August, 2016 29 50
August, 2016 30 7.8
August, 2016 Total 82.8 (68.4*)
September, 2016 25 7
September, 2016 Total 7 (30.4)
October, 2016 3 30
October, 2016 Total 30 (4.9*)
*Normal Rainfall
EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS
Twenty four (24) genotypes of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) procured from the
Oilseed Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh
Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, were laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD)
with three replications. The description of genotypes is given in Table 3.1. Each genotype was
sown on 11-7-2016 in five rows of 4 meter length spaced at 45 cm and plant to plant distance
is 10 cm. All the recommended package of practices were adopted to raise a good crop.
12
Table 3.2:- List of 24 genotypes under study
S. No. Genotypes Source/origin
1. CST 2001-9 CSAUA&T, Kanpur (U.P.)
2. RT 125 SKRAU, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
3. HT 15 CCS HAU, Hisar (Haryana)
5. OC 201 OUA&T, Bhubaneswar(Odisha)
6. JLS 110-12 Jalagaon, Maharashtra
7. OC 251 OUA&T, Bhubaneswar(Odisha)
9. RT 54 SKRAU, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
10. Pragati CSAUA&T, Kanpur (U.P.)
11. NC187 NAU, Navsari (Gujarat)
12. Shekhar CSAUA&T, Kanpur (U.P.)
14. TKG 22 ZARS, Tikamgarh (M.P.)
16. T 78 CSAUA&T, Kanpur (U.P.)
19. KMR 60 UAS, Dharwad (Karnataka)
21. HT 1 (LC) CCS HAU, Hisar (Haryana)
22. HT 2 (LC) CCS HAU, Hisar (Haryana)
23. HTC 1 (black) CCS HAU, Hisar (Haryana)
24. KMR 41 UAS, Dharwad (Karnataka)
3.1 MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS:

The observations on the traits; days to flowering (50%) and days to maturity were
recorded on plot basis for while rest of the traits were on the basis of five randomly selected
plants from each genotype and in each replication and averaged.
3.1.1 Days to flowering (50%)
The number of days were counted from the date of sowing to the date when 50 per
cent of the plants in each genotype in each replication came to blooming.
3.1.2 Days to maturity
The number of days were counted from the date of sowing to the date of
physiological maturity of the plants.
3.1.3 Plant height (cm)
The plant height was recorded (in centimetres) from the base of the plant at ground
level to the tip at the time of maturity.
3.1.4 Number of branches/plant
Total number of capsule bearing branches in each selected plants were counted at
maturity and averaged.
13
3.1.5 Number of capsules/plant
Total number of grain bearing capsules were counted in each selected plants at full
maturity and averaged.
3.1.6 Number of seeds/capsule
Total number of seeds of five randomly selected capsules from each five plants in
each replication were counted and averaged.
3.1.7 1000-seed weight (g)
Samples of 1000-seed were taken at random from the bulk harvest of selected plants
of each genotype in each replication and weighed.
3.1.8 Seed yield/plant (g)
The weight of well dried seeds of five randomly selected plants were recorded up to
two decimal places on electronic balance and averaged.
3.1.9 Biological yield/plant (g)
The weight of well dried selected plants was recorded up to two decimal places on
electronic balance and averaged.
3.1.10 Harvest index (%)
Observations of seed yield/plant and biological yield/plant were considered for
calculating the harvest index as under:
/
Harvest index (%) = × 100
/
3.2 SEED QUALITY TRAITS:

Seed quality parameters were estimated and recorded in the seed quality testing
laboratory of the Department of Seed Science and Technology from the harvested seeds of
selected plants. Seeds are randomly selected from separate harvest bulk of each genotype for
performing seed quality test.
3.2.1 Standard germination (%)
Three replications with 100 seeds per replication for each genotype were placed on
sufficiently moistened rolled germination papers (top of the paper method of standard
germination testing) at 25°C temperature with 90-95% relative humidity in the seed
germinator. Final count for germination was recorded on 6th day (ISTA, 2009). At the time of
final seedling evaluation, seeds were classified as normal seedling, abnormal seedling, fresh
un-germinated seeds and dead seed. Normal seedlings including fresh un-germinated seeds
were expressed as per cent germination.
3.2.2 Shoot length (cm)
Thirty seedlings were selected randomly from the normal seedlings in each
replication for all genotypes at the time of final count of standard germination and average
shoot length of each genotype was measured.
14
3.2.3 Root length (cm)
The same seedlings used for recording shoot length were used for measuring root
length in each replication for all the genotypes and averaged.
3.2.4 Seedling length (cm)
The same seedlings used for calculating shoot and root lengths were used for
calculating seedling length in each replication for all the genotypes and average seedling
length was measured.
Seedling length = Root length + Shoot length
3.2.5 Seedling dry weight (mg)
Thirty normal seedlings were taken for measuring the root and shoot length were
further kept in hot air oven at 80°C for 24 hours and average dry weight per seedling was
recorded in milligrams.
3.2.6 Vigour index-I
From the observations of standard germination test, the seedling vigour indices were
calculated according to the method suggested by Baki and Anderson (1973).
Vigour index-I = Standard Germination (%) x Seedling length (cm)
3.2.7 Vigour Index-II
Vigour index-II = Standard Germination (%) x Seedling dry weight (mg)
3.3 DISEASE INCIDENCE (%)
Disease incidence were recording under natural field conditions during Kharif season
of 2016 under rainfed condition for three diseases viz., Phyllody, Leaf curl and Charcoal rot
based on fifty plants per genotype in each replication.
Disease incidence (%) = × 100
Table No. 3.3:- Scale used for screening of genotypes for disease reaction
Disease Reaction Disease Incidence (%)
Immune (I) 0
Resistant (R) 1-10
Moderately Resistant (MR) 11-20
Moderately Susceptible (MS) 21-40
Susceptible (S) 41-60
Highly Susceptible (HS) > 60
15
3.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The experimental data compiled by computing the mean of each genotype in each
replication were subjected to the following statistical analysis.
3.4.1 Analysis of variance
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the observations recorded on different
characteristics was carried out as per the standard procedure suggested by Panse and
Sukhatme (1995). The following model was adopted for the analysis of variance of various
characters:
Yij = μ + αi + βj + eij
Where,
Yij = Observation of ith treatment and jth block
μ = General mean
αi = ith treatment effect
βj = jth block effect
eij = random error associated with the ith treatment and jth block
The assumptions of the model adopted were:
a) All the observations should be independent.
b) The different effects in the model should be additive.
c) Error involved in the population should be distributed normally and independently
with mean zero and variance.
Table 3.4:- Analysis of variance
Sources of Degrees of Sum of Mean sum Expected F- Calculated
variation freedom Squares of squares mean
(S.V.) (d.f.) (SS) (MS) squares
Replications r-1 SSr MSr
Genotypes g-1 SSg MSg rσ2g + σ2e MSg/MSe
Error (r-1) (g-1) SSe MSe σ2e
Total rg-1
Where,
r = Number of replications
g = Number of genotypes
MSr, MSg and MSe stood for mean sum of squares due to replications, genotypes and
error, respectively.
σ2g = Genotypic variance of character
σ2r = Variance due to replications
σ2e = Error variance of character
16
The genotypic and phenotypic variances were calculated by adopting the following formulae:
MSg − MSe
Genotypic variance (σ2g) =
r
Phenotypic variance = σ2g + σ2e
3.4.2 Parameters of variability
i) Mean (x̅)
The mean value of each character was worked out by dividing the total sum
of values with corresponding number of observations.
1
x=
Where,
x̅ = Simple mean
xi = Individual value
n = Number of observations
ii) Range
The lowest and the highest values of each character were recorded.
iii) Standard error of mean (S.E. m)
Standard error of mean was calculated with the help of error mean squares
from the analysis of variance table given as under:
S.E. (m) =
Where,
S.E. = Standard error
MSe = Error mean sum of squares
r = Number of replications
iv) Critical difference (CD)
For every character, the critical difference as the difference of any two mean
values in order to compare the treatment means was calculated using the following
formula:
S.E. (d) =
CD at 5 or 1% = × ‘t’
17
Where,
‘t’ is the tabulated value at error degree of freedom at 5 or 1% level of
significance as the case may be.
v) Coefficient of variation (C.V.)
The coefficient of variation being a standardized form of variance is useful
for comparing the extent of variance between different characters with different
scales (Singh and Choudhary, 1977). According to Burton and Dewane (1953),
genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were estimated based on the
estimates of genotypic and phenotypic variances.
σ ×
Genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV %) =
σ ×
Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV %) =
Where,
x̅ = General mean
σ2g = Genotypic variance
σ2p = Phenotypic variance
The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were categorized as per the
method suggested by Shivasubramanian and Menon (1973):
0-10%= Low
10-20% = Moderate
>20% = High
vi) Heritability (broad sense)
Heritability in broad sense was calculated as the ratio of genotypic variance to the
phenotypic variance and expressed as percentage (Falconer, 1981).
σ
Heritability (h2) = × 100
σ
The calculated heritability was classified into three groups as suggested by Johnson et
al. (1955):
0-30% = Low
30-60% = Moderate
>60% = High
vii) Expected genetic advance (GA)
Genetic advance was worked out by adopting the following formula given by
Johnson et al. (1955):
GA = k ×h2×σ2p
18
Where,
h2 = Heritability in broad sense
k = Selection differential (= 2.06) at 5% intensity of selection (Lush, 1949)
√σ2p = Phenotypic standard deviation
viii) Genetic advance as per cent of mean (GAM)
Genetic advance as per cent of mean for each character was worked out as
suggested by Johnson et al. (1955):
GAM = × 100
̅
Where,
GA = Genetic advance
x̅ = General mean
0-10% = Low
10-20% = Moderate
>20 % = High
3.4.3 Correlation coefficient analysis
The correlation coefficients among all possible character combinations at phenotypic
‘r (p)’ and genotypic ‘r (g)’ level were estimated by employing the formulae given by Al-
Jibouri et al. (1958).
( )
Genetic correlation rxy (G) =
( )× ( )
( )
Phenotypic correlation rxy (P) =
( )× ( )
Where,
(G) = Genotypic co-variance between character ‘x’ and ‘y’
( ) =Phenotypic co-variance between character ‘x’ and ‘y’
( ) = Genotypic variance of character ‘x’
( ) = Phenotypic variance of character ‘x’
( ) = Genotypic variance of character ‘y’
( ) = Phenotypic variance of character ‘y’
The significance of correlation was tested against standardized tabulated values with
(n-2) d.f., where ‘n’ is the number of genotypes.
3.4.4 Path coefficient analysis
The path coefficient analysis was performed as per the formula given by Wright
(1921) and adopted by Dewey and Lu (1959). Standard path coefficients, also referred as the
19
standardized partial regression coefficients, were calculated. These values were obtained by
solving the following set of ‘p’ simultaneous equations using OPSTAT software.
P01 + P02 r12 + -----+ P0P r1P = r01
P01 + P12 r12 + -----+ P0P r2P = r02
P01 + r1P + P02 r2P + ------+ P0P = r0P

Where,
P01, P02, ------ P0P are the direct effects of variables 1,2------p on the dependent
variable 0 and r12, r13, ------ r1P------rP(P-1) are the possible correlation coefficients
between various independent variables and r01, r02, r03 ---- r0P are the correlations
between dependent and independent variables.
The indirect effects of the ith variable via jth variable are attained as (Poj x rij). The
contribution of remaining unknown factor is measured as the residual factor, which is
calculated as given below:
P20X = 1 - [P201+ 2P01P02r12 + 2P01P03r13 + ------+ P202 + 2P02P03r23 + ------+ P20P]
Residual factor = √ (P20X)
20
CHAPTER–IV
RESULTS
The data recorded for various morphological and seed quality traits on 24 genotypes
of sesame were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The results have been
described under the following sub-heads:
4.1 Analysis of variance
4.2 Mean performance and range
4.3 Variability and heritability parameters
4.4 Correlation coefficient analysis
4.5 Path coefficient analysis
4.6 Disease incidence
4.1 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
The mean sum of squares with respect to various morphological and seed quality
traits have been given in Table 4.1 (a) and Table 4.1 (b), respectively. Highly significant
mean sum of squares due to genotypes for all the morphological and seed quality characters
except shoot length and seedling dry weight, indicated the presence of sufficient genetic
variability among the genotypes under study.
4.2 MEAN PERFORMANCE AND RANGE
The mean values of the morphological and seed quality traits for 24 genotypes of
sesame have been given in Table 4.2 (a) and Table 4.2 (b), respectively and described as
under:
4.2.1 MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS
4.2.1.1 Days to flowering (50%)
Genotype HT 9907 recorded maximum days to 50% flowering (45 days) and Shekhar
with minimum (36 days) with overall mean of 41 days. Genotypes, HT 20, OC 201, HT 24,
RT 54, Pragati, NC 187, HT 9913 and T 78 were early in flowering (<41 days) than the
overall mean value, while genotypes RT 125, HT 15, OC 251, TKG 22, KMR 60 and HT 2
(LC) were late in flowering (>41 days).
4.2.1.2 Days to maturity
Genotype TKG 22 recorded maximum days to maturity (95 days), whereas genotype
Shekhar with minimum days (82 days) and the overall mean as 91 days. Genotypes, namely,
OC 201, RT 54, Pragati, NC 187, HT 9913, T 78 and KMR 41 matured earlier (<91 days) as
compared to the overall mean value; whereas, genotypes viz. RT 125, HT 15, JLS 110-12,
OC 251, HT 9907, HT 2000, HT 45, KMR 60, HT 2 (LC) and HTC 1 (black) matured later
(>91 days) than the average.
21
Table 4.1 (a):- Analysis of variance for various morphological traits in sesame
Mean sum of squares
1000
Days to Days to Plant No. of Biological Harvest Seed
S.V. d.f. No. of No. of Seed
flowerin maturit height seeds/capsul yield/plan index yield/plant
branches/plant capsules/plant weight
g (50%) y (cm) e t (g) (%) (g)
(g)
Replications 2 2.18 2.89 155.75 0.57 69.70 0.43 0.07 17.40 9.71 2.77
Genotypes 23 10.48* 21.28** 667.18** 2.98** 327.81** 82.31** 0.38** 613.79** 36.79** 22.15**
Error 46 5.56 6.12 120.74 0.52 107.27 12.94 0.03 55.87 5.00 4.00
C.V. (%) 5.70 2.72 7.71 11.56 13.81 7.02 5.43 9.09 15.48 15.95
**Significant at P = 0.01 Level *Significant at P = 0.05 Level

Table 4.1 (b):- Analysis of variance for various seed quality traits in sesame
Mean sum of squares
Shoot Seedling
S.V. d.f. Standard Root length Seedling dry Seedling vigour Seedling vigour
length length
germination (%) (cm) weight (mg) index I index II
(cm) (cm)
Replications 2 32.89 0.62 1.19 3.42 0.14 27832.54 308.19
Genotypes 23 109.33** 0.30 1.65** 2.66** 0.17 49708.07** 2833.21**
Error 46 24.89 0.18 0.52 0.81 0.82 9680.69 787.33
C.V. (%) 5.69 10.51 12.55 9.20 10.14 11.42 11.31
** Significant at P = 0.01 Level *Significant at P = 0.05 Level
22
Table 4.2 (a):- Mean performance of various morphological traits in different genotypes of sesame
Genotypes DF DM PH NBP NCP NSC 1000 SW BYP HI SYP
CST 2001-9 40.00 91.00 167.00 5.43 79.10 47.30 3.18 107.62 11.54 12.41
RT 125 41.00 93.00 150.00 5.83 76.80 44.17 3.10 89.09 10.76 9.50
HT 15 43.00 93.00 141.53 7.17 80.67 47.43 3.13 95.33 12.61 12.04
HT 20 41.00 91.00 154.10 7.27 91.60 58.30 3.27 80.86 21.34 17.27
OC 201 39.00 90.00 155.87 5.10 61.70 43.53 3.14 67.59 13.64 9.19
JLS 110-12 43.00 93.00 158.80 4.63 56.20 52.57 3.11 74.40 13.68 10.18
OC 251 43.00 94.00 133.80 6.17 66.07 50.53 4.08 94.38 14.19 13.28
HT 24 41.00 91.00 117.63 7.03 84.00 54.90 3.57 99.48 16.04 16.08
RT 54 41.00 91.00 132.93 7.17 82.07 53.77 3.22 83.99 16.35 13.65
Pragati 40.00 89.00 160.13 6.97 60.57 46.90 3.20 102.31 8.56 8.59
NC 187 40.00 87.00 156.77 5.23 79.50 44.60 3.25 62.18 19.90 12.35
Shekhar 36.00 82.00 154.27 6.87 75.00 60.23 3.11 85.04 15.90 13.43
HT 9913 40.00 91.00 123.47 5.33 71.23 53.77 3.55 77.35 14.24 11.02
TKG 22 44.00 95.00 137.03 5.20 80.10 45.97 2.75 81.03 10.17 8.18
HT 9907 45.00 94.00 127.63 7.40 61.43 50.93 4.14 97.03 13.19 12.85
T 78 39.00 90.00 123.33 5.07 81.47 56.70 3.56 81.43 20.39 16.52
HT 2000 42.00 91.00 129.73 7.73 92.70 53.00 3.66 94.99 18.65 17.73
HT 45 43.00 93.00 146.23 5.47 75.30 58.93 3.33 59.41 19.28 11.34
KMR 60 43.00 90.00 116.10 5.30 60.97 44.27 3.62 59.32 16.93 9.94
HT 9316 41.00 91.00 137.47 7.93 91.07 48.93 3.35 96.00 15.57 14.91
HT 1 (LC) 41.00 90.00 143.10 6.13 82.80 54.00 3.05 71.38 19.16 13.71
HT 2 (LC) 43.00 91.00 154.17 6.50 73.43 48.10 2.87 64.64 14.99 9.69
HTC 1 (black) 43.00 93.00 136.73 7.33 70.83 51.70 3.98 67.61 21.37 14.22
KMR 41 43.00 93.00 162.27 5.70 64.97 60.07 3.34 85.58 15.02 12.85
Mean 41.39 91.07 142.50 6.25 74.98 51.28 3.36 82.45 15.56 12.54
S.E. (m) 3.89 4.08 18.12 1.19 17.08 5.93 0.30 12.36 3.97 3.30
C.D. (5%) 1.36 1.43 6.34 0.42 5.98 2.08 0.11 4.33 1.39 1.16
C.V. (%) 5.70 2.72 7.71 11.56 13.81 7.02 5.43 9.09 15.48 15.95
DF = Days to flowering (50%), DM = Days to maturity, PH = Plant height (cm), NBP = No. of branches/plant, NCP = No. of capsules/plant, NSC = No. of
seeds/capsule, 1000 SW = 1000-seed weight (g), BYP = Biological yield/plant (g), HI = Harvest index (%), SYP = Seed yield/plant (g)
23
Table 4.2(b):- Mean performance for seed quality traits in different genotypes of sesame
Genotypes SL RL SdL SdW VG 1 VG 2 SG
CST 2001-9 4.30 5.33 9.63 2.88 879.86 262.93 91.33
RT 125 3.65 5.02 8.67 2.73 723.32 227.77 83.33
HT 15 4.31 5.12 9.43 2.55 798.00 215.89 84.67
HT 20 4.78 7.16 11.95 3.24 1132.29 307.58 94.67
OC 201 4.26 6.68 10.93 2.87 1049.60 275.20 96.00
JLS 110-12 3.80 4.92 8.72 2.82 719.77 233.36 82.67
OC 251 4.06 6.53 10.59 3.17 896.29 266.24 84.67
HT 24 4.00 5.52 9.52 2.60 817.93 223.87 86.00
RT 54 4.30 6.36 10.66 2.97 981.22 272.85 92.00
Pragati 4.16 5.61 9.77 2.85 824.02 240.79 84.67
NC 187 4.05 5.15 9.21 2.67 794.71 230.55 86.67
Shekhar 3.78 5.84 9.62 2.89 853.11 256.37 88.67
HT 9913 4.10 6.62 10.72 3.08 1012.75 291.61 94.67
TKG 22 3.85 5.35 9.20 2.82 670.80 204.17 72.00
HT 9907 4.18 6.88 11.06 3.02 1034.53 282.57 93.33
T 78 4.08 5.18 9.26 2.42 791.12 206.09 84.67
HT 2000 3.55 5.48 9.03 2.31 776.65 198.30 86.00
HT 45 3.88 4.37 8.26 2.82 727.31 248.21 88.00
KMR 60 3.82 5.10 8.91 3.00 798.43 267.85 90.00
HT 9316 4.35 6.79 11.13 3.01 1056.04 285.28 94.67
HT 1 (LC) 4.16 6.38 10.54 2.39 993.54 224.50 94.00
HT 2 (LC) 3.32 5.66 8.98 2.98 815.43 270.72 90.67
HTC 1 (black) 4.14 5.28 9.42 2.92 816.69 252.87 86.67
KMR 41 3.62 5.87 9.49 2.81 710.73 209.59 74.67
Mean 4.02 5.76 9.78 2.87 861.42 252.05 87.69
S.E. (m) 0.24 0.42 0.52 0.17 56.81 16.20 2.88
C.D. (5%) NS 1.19 1.48 0.47 162.23 46.26 8.23
C.V. (%) 10.51 12.55 9.20 10.14 11.42 11.31 5.69
SG=Standard germination (%), SL = Shoot length (cm), RL = Root length (cm), SdL = Seedling length (cm), SdW = Seedling dry weight (mg),
VG 1 = Seedling vigour index I, VG 2 = Seedling vigour index II, NS = Non Significant
24
4.2.1.3 Plant height (cm)
Highest plant height was recorded for the genotype CST 2001-9 (167.00 cm), while the
shortest for KMR 60 (116.10 cm) and the overall mean was 142.50 cm. The genotypes, namely, OC
201, NC 187, JLS 110-12, Pragati, Shekhar, HT 45, HT 1 (LC), HT 20 and KMR 41 showed higher
plant height (>142.50 cm) than mean value, while the genotypes, HT 15, HT 24, OC 251, HT 9913,
HT 9907, HT 2000, HT 9316,TKG 22, RT 125, RT 54, HTC 1 (black) and T 78 had lesser plant height
(<142.50 cm) than mean value.
4.2.1.4 Number of branches/plant
Maximum number of branches per plant were recorded for genotype HT 9316 (7.93) and
minimum for JLS 110-12 (4.63), while the overall mean was 6.25. The genotypes, viz. RT 125, HT 15,
HT 2000, HT 20, HT 2 (LC), OC 201, HT 24, RT 54, Pragati, Shekhar, HT 9907 and HTC 1
(black)had higher number of branches per plant than the overall mean value, while the genotypes, RT
125, CST 2001-9, OC 251, OC 201, HT 9913, TKG 22, NC 187, T 78, HT 45, KMR 60, HT 1 (LC)
and KMR 41 had lesser number of branches per plant.
4.2.1.5 Number of capsules/plant
The maximum number of capsules per plant was observed for genotype HT 2000 (92.70) and
the lowest for JLS 110-12 (56.20). The overall mean was 74.98. The genotypes with higher number of
capsules per plant over the mean value were TKG 22, T 78, CST 2001-9, RT 125, HT 15,HT 45, HT
20, RT 54, HT 24, NC 187, Shekhar, HT 9316, and. The remaining genotypes, e.g. CST 2001-9, JLS
110-12, OC 251, Pragati, OC 201, HTC 1 (black), HT 9907, HT 2000, KMR 60, HT 2 (LC), HT 1
(LC), HT 9907 and KMR 41 had lower capsules.
4.2.1.6 Number of seeds/capsule
Genotype Shekhar had the maximum number of seeds per capsule (60.23) and the lowest in
genotype OC 201 (43.53). The overall mean was 51.28. The genotypes, namely, HT 20, JLS 110-12,
HT 24, RT 54, KMR 41, HT 9913, T 78, HT 2000, HT 45, HT 1 (LC) and HTC 1 (black) showed
higher number of seeds per capsule than the mean value. Remaining genotypes, CST 2001-9, RT 125,
HT 15, OC 251, Pragati, NC 187, TKG 22, HT 9907, KMR 60, HT 9316 and HT 2 (LC) had lower
number of seeds per capsule.
4.2.1.7 1000-seed weight (g)
Genotype HT 9907 had the maximum 1000-seed weight (4.14 g), while minimum for TKG 22
(2.75 g). The overall mean value was 3.36 g. The genotypes, namely, HT 24, HT 9913, OC 251, T 78,
HT 2000, KMR 60 and HTC 1 (black) showed higher 1000-seed weight than the overall mean value.
The rest of the genotypes, namely, CST 2001-9, RT 125, HT 15, HT 20, OC 201, JLS 110-12, RT 54,
Pragati, NC 187, Shekhar, HT 45, HT 9316, HT 1 (LC), HT 2 (LC) and KMR 41 had lower 1000-seed
weight as compared to mean value.
4.2.1.8 Biological yield/plant (g)
The maximum biological yield per plant was recorded for the genotype CST 2001-9 (107.62
g) and minimum for KMR 60 (59.32 g). The overall mean value was recorded 82.45g. The genotypes,
RT 125, HT 15, OC 251, HT 24, RT 54, Pragati, Shekhar, HT 9907, HT 2000, HT 9316 and KMR
25
41showed higher biological yield per plant than the overall mean value, while genotypes, HT 20, OC
201, JLS 110-12, NC 187, HT 9913, TKG 22, T78, HT 45, HT 1 (LC), HT 2 (LC) and HTC 1 (black)
had lower biological yield per plant than overall mean value.
4.2.1.9 Harvest index (%)
Genotype HTC 1 (black) had highest harvest index (21.37 %), while minimum for Pragati
(8.56 %). The overall mean was recorded as 15.56 %. Genotypes, HT 20, HT 24, RT 54, NC 187,
Shekhar, T 78, HT 2000, HT 45, KMR 60 and HT 9316 exhibited higher harvest index than the mean
value, while genotypes CST 2001-9, RT 125, HT 15, OC 201, JLS 110-12, OC 251, HT 9913, TKG
22, HT 9907, HT 2 (LC) and KMR 41had lower harvest index than overall mean.
4.2.1.10 Seed yield/plant (g)
The seed yield/plant was highest for the genotype HT 2000 (17.73 g) and lowest for TKG 22
(8.18 g). The overall mean value was recorded as 12.54 g. Genotypes HT 20, OC 251, HT 24, RT 54,
Shekhar, HT 9907, T 78, HT 9316, HT 1 (LC), HTC 1 (black) and KMR 41 showed higher seed
yield/plant than the overall mean value. The remaining genotypes CST 2001-9, HT 15, OC 201,
Pragati, RT 125, JLS 110-12, RT 54, HT 9913, HT 45, KMR 60 and HT 2 (LC) had lesser seed yield.
4.2.2 SEED QUALITY CHARACTERS
4.2.2.1 Standard germination (%)
Genotype OC 201 (96%) recorded highest standard germination and lowest for TKG 22
(72%). The overall mean was recorded as 87.69 per cent. The genotypes CST 2001-9, HT 20, RT 54,
Shekhar, HT 9913, HT 9907, HT 45, KMR 60, HT 9316, HT 1 (LC) and HT 2 (LC) exhibited higher
standard germination (>87.69 %) than the overall mean value. Remaining genotypes, viz., RT 125, HT
15, JLS 110-12, OC 251, HT 24, Pragati, NC 187, T 78, HT 2000, HTC 1 (black) and KMR 41 had
lower standard germination (<87.69 %) than the overall mean.
4.2.2.2 Shoot length (cm)
It was recorded highest for the genotype HT 20 (4.78 cm) and minimum for HT 2 (LC) (3.32
cm). The overall mean value was recorded as 4.02 cm. The genotypes CST 2001-9, HT 15, OC 251,
RT 54, Pragati, NC 187, HT 9913, HT 9907, T 78, OC 201, HT 9316, HT 1 (LC) and HTC 1
(black)showed higher shoot length (>4.02 cm) than the overall mean value. Remaining genotypes RT
125, JLS 110-12, HT 24, Shekhar, TKG 22, HT 2000, HT 45, KMR 60 and KMR 41 had shorter shoot
length (<4.02 cm).
4.2.2.3 Root length (cm)
Genotype HT 20 (7.16 cm) recorded maximum root length and minimum for HT 45 (4.37
cm). The overall mean was 5.76 cm. The genotypes OC 201, OC 251, RT 54, Shekhar, HT 9913, HT
9907, HT 9316, HT 1 (LC) and KMR 41 exhibited root length value higher (>5.76 cm) than the
overall mean value. Remaining genotypes CST 2001-9, RT 125, HT 15, JLS 110-12, HT 24, Pragati,
NC 187, TKG 22, T 78, HT 2000, KMR 60, HT 2 (LC) and HTC 1 (black) exhibited shorter root
length (<5.76 cm) than overall mean value.
26
4.2.2.4 Seedling length (cm)
The seedling length was recorded maximum for the genotype HT 20 (11.95 cm) and minimum
for HT 45 (8.26 cm). The overall mean was 9.78 cm. Genotypes OC 201, OC 251, RT 54, HT 9913,
HT 9907, HT 9316 and HT 1 (LC) expressed larger seedling length (>9.78 cm) than the overall mean
value, while the rest of the genotypes CST 2001-9, RT 125, HT 15, JLS 110-12, HT 24, Pragati, NC
187, TKG 22, T 78, HT 2000, KMR 60, HT 2 (LC), HT 1 (LC) and KMR 41 had smaller seedling
length (<9.78 cm).
4.2.2.5 Seedling dry weight (mg)
It was recorded maximum for the genotype HT 20 (3.24 mg) and minimum for HT 2000 (2.31
mg). The overall mean value was recorded as 2.83 mg. The genotypes CST 2001-9, OC 251, OC 201,
RT 54, Pragati, Shekhar, HT 9913, HT 9907, KMR 60, HT 9316, HT 2 (LC) and HTC 1 (black) had
higher seedling dry weight (>2.83 mg) than the overall mean, whereas the remaining genotypes RT
125, HT 15, JLS 110-12, HT 24, NC 187, TKG 22, T 78, HT 45, HT 1 (LC) and KMR 41 had lower
seedling dry weight (<2.83 mg).
4.2.2.6 Seedling vigour index I
It was maximum for the genotype HT 20 (1132.29) and minimum for TKG 22 (670.80). The
overall mean was 861.42. The genotypes CST 2001-9, OC 201, OC 251, RT 54, HT 9913, HT 9907,
HT 9316 and HT 1 (LC) had showed higher values (>861.42) than the overall mean value. Remaining
genotypes RT 125, HT 15, JLS 110-12, HT 24, NC 187, TKG 22, T 78, HT 45, KMR 60, HT 2 (LC),
HTC 1 (black) and KMR 41 had lesser values (<861.42) than overall mean.
4.2.2.7 Seedling vigour index II
It was maximum for the genotype HT 20 (307.58) and minimum for HT 2000 (198.30). The
overall mean was 248.13. The genotypes CST 2001-9, OC 201, OC 251, RT 54, Shekhar, HT 9913,
HT 9907, HT 45, KMR 60, HT 9316, HT 2 (LC) and HTC 1 (black) had higher values (>248.13) than
the overall mean value. Remaining genotypes RT 125, HT 15, JLS 110-12, HT 24, Pragati, NC 187,
TKG 22, T 78, HT 1 (LC) and KMR 41 had lesser values (<248.13) than overall mean value.
4.3 Variability and heritability parameters
From the experimental results, the mean, range, genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV),
phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as per cent of
mean for various morphological and seed quality characters have been given in Table 4.3 (a) and
Table 4.3 (b), respectively. It is clearly evident from the range as explained earlier that considerable
amount of variation was present among genotypes for all the characters, except shoot length and
seedling dry weight. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than the genotypic
coefficient of variation (GCV), which indicated the role of environmental factors on the expression of
various plant traits studied in the present investigation.
Lower GCV (3.10%) and PCV (6.48%) values were recorded for this character. This character
exhibited low heritability (22.81%) and low genetic advance as per cent of mean (3.05%).
27
Days to maturity showed low values of GCV (2.45%) and PCV (3.67%). This character
exhibited moderate heritability (45.21%) and low genetic advance as per cent of mean (3.42%).
This character exhibited low value of GCV (9.47%) and moderate value of PCV (12.21%).
High value of heritability (60.14%) and moderate genetic advance (15.13%) were observed for this
character.
This character showed moderate values of GCV (14.47%) and PCV (18.52%). High
heritability (61.03%) and genetic advance (23.29%) were observed for this character.
This character showed moderate values of GCV (11.44%), PCV (17.93%), heritability
(40.67%) and genetic advance (15.02%).
Low GCV (9.38%) and moderate PCV (11.71%) values were recorded for this character.
This character exhibited high heritability (64.12%) and moderate value of genetic advance (15.47%).
4.3.1.7 1000-seed weight (g)
The character 1000-seed weight showed moderate values of GCV (10.10%) and PCV
(11.47%). High values of heritability (77.55%) and moderate value of genetic advance (18.32%) were
observed for this character.
The biological yield per plant showed moderate values of GCV (16.54%) and PCV (18.86%).
High values of heritability (76.90%) and genetic advance (29.88%) were observed for this character.
This character exhibited high values of GCV (20.93%), PCV (25.39%), heritability (67.94%)
and genetic advance as per cent of mean (35.54%).
28
Table 4.3 (a):- Estimates of mean performance, range, genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV),
heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance (GA) as per cent of mean for morphological traits in sesame
Coefficient of variation (%) Genetic advance as

Heritability (%)
Morphological traits Mean ± SE Range per cent of mean
Genotypic Phenotypic (broad sense)
(%)
(GCV) (PCV)
Days to flowering (50%) 41.39±1.93 36.00-45.00 3.10 6.48 22.81 3.05
Days to maturity 91.07±2.02 82.00-95.00 2.45 3.67 45.21 3.42
Plant height (cm) 142.50±8.97 116.10-167.00 9.47 12.21 60.14 15.13
Number of branches/plant 6.25±0.59 4.63-7.93 14.47 18.52 61.03 23.29
Number of capsules/plant 74.98±8.46 56.20-92.70 11.44 17.93 40.67 15.02
Number of seeds/capsules 51.28±2.94 43.53-60.23 9.38 11.71 64.12 15.47
1000-seed weight (g) 3.36±0.15 2.75-4.14 10.10 11.47 77.55 18.32
Biological yield/plant (g) 82.45±6.10 59.32-107.62 16.54 18.86 76.90 29.88
Harvest index (%) 15.56±1.83 8.56-21.37 20.93 25.39 67.94 35.54
Seed yield/plant (g) 12.54±1.63 8.18-17.73 19.61 25.28 60.19 31.34
29
Table 4.3 (b):- Estimates of mean performance, range, genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV),
heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance (GA) as per cent of mean for seed quality traits in sesame
Coefficient of variation (%) Genetic advance as
Heritability (%)
Seed quality traits Mean ± SE Range Genotypic Phenotypic per cent of mean
(broad sense)
(GCV) (PCV) (%)
Standard germination (%) 87.69±4.07 72.00-96.00 6.05 8.31 53.07 9.08
Shoot length (cm) 4.02±0.35 3.32-4.78 4.96 11.62 18.18 4.35
Root length (cm) 5.76±0.59 4.37-7.16 10.67 16.47 41.95 14.23
Seedling length (cm) 9.78±0.73 8.26-11.95 8.03 12.21 43.25 10.88
Seedling dry weight (mg) 2.87±0.23 2.31-3.17 4.27 10.65 16.07 3.53
Seedling vigour index I 861.42±80.33 670.80-1132.29 13.41 17.61 57.95 21.03
Seedling vigour index II 252.05±23.06 198.30-307.58 8.59 14.12 37.00 10.76
30
This character exhibited moderate value of GCV (19.61%) and higher value of PCV
(25.28%). High heritability (60.19%) and high genetic advance (31.34%) were observed for
this character.
4.3.2 SEED QUALITY TRAITS
Lower GCV (6.05%) and PCV (8.31%) values were recorded for this character. This
character exhibited moderate heritability value of (53.07%) and low genetic advance as per
cent of mean (9.08%).
Shoot length showed low value of GCV (4.96%) and moderate value of PCV
(11.62%). This character exhibited low heritability (18.18%) and genetic advance (4.35%).
This character exhibited moderate values of GCV (10.67%) and PCV (16.47%),
heritability (41.95%) and genetic advance as per cent of mean (14.23%).
This character showed low value of GCV (8.03%) and moderate value of PCV
(12.21%). Moderate values of heritability (43.25%) and genetic advance (10.88%) were
observed.
The seedling dry weight showed low value of GCV (4.27%) and moderate value of
PCV (10.65%). Low values of heritability (16.07%) and genetic advance (3.53%) were
observed.
This character exhibited moderate values of GCV (13.41%) and PCV (17.61%).
Moderate heritability (57.95%) whereas higher value of genetic advance (21.03%).
This character exhibited low value of GCV (8.59%) and moderate value of PCV
(14.12%). Moderate values of heritability (37.00%) and genetic advance (10.76%) were
observed.
The results of correlation studies between different morphological and seed quality
characters have been presented in Table 4.4 (a) and Table 4.4 (b), respectively. The genotypic
correlation coefficients have shown higher magnitude than their corresponding phenotypic
correlation coefficients, thereby, revealing a good amount of strong inherent association
between different attributes.
31
Table 4.4 (a):- Phenotypic (above diagonal) and genotypic (below diagonal) correlation coefficients among morphological traits in sesame
Morphological traits DF DM PH NBP NCP NSC 1000 SW BYP HI SYP

DF 0.750** -0.183 0.058 0.017 -0.166 0.206 -0.017 0.051 0.019
DM 0.970** -0.178 -0.011 -0.055 -0.111 0.111 0.080 -0.136 -0.102
PH -0.337** -0.213 -0.124 -0.098 -0.027 -0.454** 0.019 -0.241* -0.278*
NBP 0.078 -0.136 -0.255* 0.322** 0.119 0.201 0.359** 0.177 0.410**
NCP -0.509** -0.232* -0.233* 0.552** 0.160 -0.182 0.199 0.314** 0.480**
NSC -0.203 -0.164 -0.079 0.224 0.266* 0.148 0.027 0.366** 0.449**
1000 SW 0.378** 0.310** -0.639** 0.356** -0.196 0.183 0.152 0.253* 0.368**
BYP -0.156 0.099 -0.015 0.539** 0.229 0.008 0.164 -0.447** 0.274*
HI -0.267* -0.324** -0.263* 0.156 0.545** 0.589** 0.345** -0.499** 0.696**
SYP -0.384** -0.217 -0.357** 0.616** 0.821** 0.690** 0.493** 0.267* 0.682**
* Significant at P = 0.05 Level ** Significant at P = 0.01 Level
DF = Days to flowering (50%) DM = Days to maturity

PH= Plant height (cm) NBP = No. of branches per plant
NCP = No. of capsules per plant NSC = No. of seeds per capsule
1000 SW = 1000 seed weight (g) BYP = Biological yield per plant (g)
HI = Harvest index (%) SYP = Seed yield per plant (g)
32
Table 4.4 (b):- Phenotypic (above diagonal) and genotypic (below diagonal) correlation coefficients among seed quality traits in sesame
Seed quality traits SL RL SdL SdW VG 1 VG 2 SG
SL 0.347** 0.667** 0.324** 0.614** 0.413** 0.306**
RL 0.815** 0.930** 0.387** 0.848** 0.524** 0.427**
SdL 0.891** 0.989** 0.434** 0.913** 0.578** 0.459**
SdW 0.171 0.603** 0.515** 0.371** 0.844** 0.157
VG 1 0.924** 0.928** 0.960** 0.527** 0.703** 0.775**
VG 2 0.596** 0.751** 0.739** 0.861** 0.835** 0.659**
SG 0.807** 0.663** 0.724** 0.462** 0.891** 0.849**
* Significant at P = 0.05 Level ** Significant at P = 0.01 Level
SG = Standard germination (%) SL = Shoot length (cm)

RL = Root length (cm) SdL = Seedling length (cm)
SdW = Seedling dry weight (mg) VG 1 = Seedling vigour index I
VG 2 = Seedling vigour index II
33
Days to flowering (50%) had a significant and positive correlation with days to
maturity (0.970 and 0.750) at both genotypic and phenotypic level; and with 1000-seed
weight (0.378) at genotypic level. But, it had significant and negative genotypic correlation
with harvest index (-0.267) plant height (-0.337) and number of capsules per plant (-0.509).
Days to maturity showed a significant and positive correlation with days to flowering
(50%) (0.970 and 0.750) at both genotypic and phenotypic levels respectively and with 1000-
seed weight (0.310) at genotypic level, but it had significant and negative genotypic
correlation with harvest index (-0.324) and number of capsules per plant (-0.232).
Plant height exhibited significant and negative correlation with 1000-seed weight (-
0.639 and -0.454); seed yield per plant (-0.357 and -0.278), harvest index (-0.263 and -0.241)
at both genotypic and phenotypic level; and with number of branches per plant and number of
capsules per plant at genotypic level.
Number of branches per plant exhibited significant and positive correlation with
number of capsules per plant (0.552 and 0.322); biological yield per plant (0.539 and 0.359)
and seed yield per plant (0.616 and 0.410) at both genotypic and phenotypic level and with
1000-seed weight (0.356) at genotypic level.
Number of capsules per plant had significant and positive correlation with number of
branches per plant (0.552 and 0.322); harvest index (0.545 and 0.314) and seed yield per plant
(0.821 and 0.480) at both genotypic and phenotypic level, and with number of seeds per
capsule (0.266) at genotypic level.
Number of seeds per capsule showed significant and positive correlation with harvest
index (0.589 and 0.366); and seed yield per plant (0.690 and 0.449) at both genotypic and
phenotypic level.
4.4.1.7 1000-seed weight (g)
1000-seed weight showed a significant and positive correlation with harvest index
(0.345 and 0.253) and seed yield per plant (0.493 and 0.368) at both genotypic and
phenotypic level. But, it had a significant and negative phenotypic correlation with plant
height (-0.454).
34
Biological yield per plant showed significant and positive correlation with number of
branches per plant (0.539 and 0.359); seed yield per plant (0.267 and 0.274) but significant
and negative correlation with harvest index (-0.499 and -0.447) at both genotypic and
phenotypic level.
Harvest index revealed significant and positive correlation with number of capsules
per plant (0.545 and 0.314); number of seeds per capsule (0.589 and 0.366); 1000-seed weight
(0.345 and 0.253) and seed yield per plant (0.682 and 0.696) at both genotypic and
phenotypic level. But, it had a significant and negative genotypic and phenotypic correlation
with plant height (-0.263 and -0.241).
Seed yield per plant revealed significant and positive correlation with number of branches per
plant (0.616 and 0.410); number of capsules per plant (0.821 and 0.480); number of seeds per
capsule (0.690 and 0.449); 1000-seeds weight (0.493 and 0.368); biological yield per plant
(0.267and 0.274); harvest index (0.682 and 0.696) at both genotypic and phenotypic level.
Standard germination showed significant and positive correlation with shoot length
(0.807 and 0.306); root length (0.663 and 0.427); seedling length (0.724 and 0.459); seedling
vigour index I (0.891 and 0.775) and seedling vigour index II (0.849 and 0.659) at both
genotypic and phenotypic level and with seedling dry weight (0.462) at genotypic level only.
Shoot length had significant and positive correlation with root length (0.815 and
0.347); seedling length (0.891 and 0.667); seedling vigour index I (0.924 and 0.614); seedling
vigour index II (0.596 and 0.413) and standard germination (0.807 and 0.306) at both
genotypic and phenotypic level.
Root length revealed significant and positive correlation with shoot length (0.815 and
0.347); seedling length (0.989 and 0.930); seedling vigour index I (0.928 and 0.614); seedling
vigour index II (0.751 and 0.524) and standard germination (0.663 and 0.427) at both
genotypic and phenotypic level.
Seedling length had significant and positive correlation with shoot length (0.891 and
0.667); root length (0.989 and 0.930); seedling dry weight (0.515 and 0.434); seedling vigour
index I (0.960 and 0.913); seedling vigour index II (0.739 and 0.578) and standard
germination (0.724 and 0.459) at both genotypic and phenotypic level.
35
Seedling dry weight showed significant and positive correlation with root length
(0.603 and 0.387); seedling length (0.515 and 0.434); seedling vigour index I (0.527 and
0.371); seedling vigour index II (0.861 and 0.844) at both genotypic and phenotypic level and
with standard germination (0.462) at genotypic level.
Seedling vigour index I had significant and positive correlation with shoot length
(0.924 and 0.614); root length (0.928 and 0.413); seedling length (0.960 and 0.913); seedling
dry weight (0.527 and 0.371); standard germination (0.891 and 0.775) and seedling vigour
index II (0.835 and 0.703) at both genotypic and phenotypic level.
Seedling vigour index II revealed significant and positive correlation with shoot
length (0.596 and 0.413); root length (0.751 and 0.524); seedling length (0.739 and 0.578);
seedling dry weight (0.861 and 0.844); standard germination (0.849 and 0.659) and seedling
vigour index I (0.835 and 0.703) at both genotypic and phenotypic level.
Simple correlation coefficient values do not make a complete picture of rather
complex situation of association among different characters, so, the assessment of real
contribution of each individual character towards seed yield per plant is important to decide
about selection indices. Path coefficient analysis provides more realistic picture of the
relationship among the characters. The path coefficient analysis reveals whether the
association of each individual character with yield is due to its direct effect on yield or is a
consequence of indirect effects via other component characters. Thus, path coefficient is
essential to know the effectiveness of selection for simultaneous improvement in these
characters.
In the present study, path coefficient analysis was done on the basis of genotypic
correlation coefficients for morphological and seed quality characters and the results are
presented in Table 4.5 (a) and Table 4.5 (b), respectively.
Direct effects
The critical evaluation of path coefficient in Table 4.5(a), with diagonal values as
direct effects and off-diagonal values as indirect effects of yield attributing characters on seed
yield, indicates that harvest index had the highest direct and positive effect (1.086) on seed
yield per plant, followed by biological yield per plant (0.847), number of seeds per capsules
(0.071), days to flowering (0.068) and number of capsules per plant (0.022).
36
Indirect effects
 Days to flowering (50%) had positive indirect effect on yield via days to maturity,
plant height, while has negative indirect effect on yield via number of branches per
plant, number of seeds per capsule, biological yield per plant, harvest index, number
of capsules per plant and 1000-seed weight.
 Days to maturity had positive indirect effect on yield via plant height, number of
branches per plant, biological yield per plant, days to flowering (50%) while has
negative indirect effect via, harvest index, number of capsules per plant, number of
seeds per capsule and 1000-seed weight.
 Plant height had positive indirect effect on yield via number of branches per
plantand 1000-seed weight while has negative indirect effect via number of seeds per
capsule, biological yield per plant,days to maturity, number of capsules per plant,
days to flowering (50%) and harvest index.
 Number of branches per plant had positive indirect effect on yield via, days to
flowering (50%), plant height, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per
capsule, biological yield per plant and harvest index while has negative indirect effect
via, days to maturity and 1000-seed weight.
 Number of capsules per plant had positive indirect effect on yield via, plant height,
number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, biological yield per plant and harvest
index while has negative indirect effect via, days to flowering (50%), days to maturity
and number of branches per plant.
 Number of seeds per capsule had positive indirect effect on yield via, plant height,
number of capsules per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index while has
negative indirect effect via, days to maturity, number of branches per plant, 1000-
seed weight and days to flowering (50%).
 1000-seed weight had positive indirect effect on yield via, days to flowering (50%),
days to maturity, plant height, number of seeds per capsule, harvest index and
biological yield per plant while has negative indirect effect via, number of capsules
per plant and number of branches per plant.
 Biological yield per plant had positive indirect effect on yield via, days to maturity,
plant height, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule while has
negative indirect effect via, number of branches per plant,1000-seed weight, days to
flowering (50%) and harvest index.
 Harvest index had positive indirect effect on yield via, plant height, number of seeds
per capsule, number of capsules per plant, while has negative indirect effect via,
number of branches per plant, days to flowering (50%), days to maturity, 1000-seed
weight and biological yield per plant.
37
Table 4.5 (a):- Path coefficient analysis for morphological traits in sesame for seed yield
Morphological traits DF DM PH NBP NCP NSC 1000 SW BYP HI
Days to flowering (50%) 0.068 0.072 -0.023 0.005 -0.035 -0.014 0.026 -0.011 -0.018
Days to maturity 0.005 0.005 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.001 0.000 -0.002
Plant height (cm) 0.035 0.022 -0.104 0.027 0.024 0.008 0.066 0.002 0.027
No. of branches/plant -0.002 0.004 0.007 -0.029 -0.016 -0.007 -0.010 -0.016 -0.005
No. of capsules/plant -0.011 -0.005 -0.005 0.012 0.022 0.006 -0.004 0.005 0.012
No. of seeds/capsule -0.014 -0.012 -0.006 0.016 0.019 0.071 0.013 0.001 0.042
1000-seed weight (g) -0.043 -0.035 0.072 -0.040 0.022 -0.021 -0.113 -0.018 -0.039
Biological yield/plant (g) -0.132 0.084 -0.013 0.457 0.194 0.007 0.139 0.847 -0.423
Harvest index (%) -0.290 -0.352 -0.285 0.170 0.593 0.640 0.374 -0.542 1.086
Genotypic correlation with SYP -0.384** -0.217 -0.357** 0.616** 0.821** 0.690** 0.493** 0.267* 0.682**
Residual effect = 0.03004 * Significant at P = 0.05 Level ** Significant at P = 0.01 Level
DF = Days to flowering (50%) DM = Days to maturity

PH = Plant height (cm) NBP = No. of branches per plant
NCP = No. of capsules per plant NSC= No. of seeds per capsule
1000 SW = 1000-seed weight (g) BYP = Biological yield per plant (g)
HI = Harvest index (%) SYP = Seed yield per plant (g)
38
Table 4.5 (b):- Path coefficient analysis for seed quality traits in sesame for standard germination
Seed Quality traits SL RL SdL SdW VG 1 VG 2
Shoot length (cm) 0.872 -0.710 -0.777 -0.149 -0.805 -0.519
Root length (cm) -1.306 -1.602 -1.584 -0.966 -1.486 -1.203
Seedling length (cm) 0.236 0.262 0.265 0.137 0.255 0.196
Seedling dry weight (mg) -0.010 -0.034 -0.029 -0.057 -0.030 -0.049
Seedling vigour index I 1.103 2.857 2.957 1.623 3.080 2.572
Seedling vigour index II -0.088 -0.111 -0.109 -0.127 -0.124 -0.148
Genotypic correlation with SG 0.807** 0.663** 0.724** 0.462** 0.891** 0.849**
Residual effect = -0.01721 * Significant at P = 0.05 Level ** Significant at P = 0.01 Level
RL = Root length (cm) SL = Shoot length (cm)

SdL = Seedling length (cm) SdW = Seedling dry weight (mg)
VG 1 = Seedling vigour index I VG 2 = Seedling vigour index II
SG = Standard germination (%)
39
Direct effects
The critical evaluation of path coefficient in Table 4.5(b), with diagonal values as
direct effects and off-diagonal values as indirect effects of characters contributing to standard
germination, indicated that seedling vigour index I had the highest direct and positive effect
(3.080) on standard germination, followed by shoot length (0.872), seedling length (0.265),
seedling dry weight (-0.057), seedling vigour index II (-0.148) and root length (-1.602).
Indirect effects
 Shoot length had positive indirect effect on standard germination via, seedling length
and seedling vigour index I while has negative indirect effect via, root length,
seedling dry weight and seedling vigour index II.
 Root length had positive indirect effect on standard germination via, seedling length
and seedling vigour index I while has negative indirect effect via, seedling vigour
index II, shoot length and seedling dry weight
 Seedling length had positive indirect effect on standard germination via seedling
vigour index I while has negative indirect effect via shoot length, root length,
seedling dry weight and seedling vigour index II.
 Seedling dry weight had positive indirect effect on standard germination via,
seedling length and seedling vigour index I while has negative indirect effect via,
shoot length, root length and seedling vigour index II
 Seedling vigour index I had positive indirect effect on standard germination via
seedling length while has negative indirect effect via root length, seedling dry weight,
shoot length and seedling vigour index II.
 Seedling vigour index II has positive indirect effect on standard germination via
seedling length and seedling vigour index I while has negative indirect effect via
shoot length, root length and seedling dry weight.
4.6 DISEASE INCIDENCE
4.6.1 Phyllody Incidence (%)
Genotype Shekhar had highest phyllody incidence (15.63%) and lowest for RT 125
(4.33%). The overall mean was recorded as 8.73%. Genotypes viz., RT 125, HT 15, HT 20,
JLS 110-12, OC 251, HT 24, RT 54, Pragati, NC 187, HT 9913, HT 9907, T 78, HT 45, KMR
60, HT 9316, HTC 1 (black) and KMR 41 were found resistant against to phyllody disease
while, genotypes viz., CST 2001-9, OC 201, Shekhar, TKG 22, HT 2000, HT 1 (LC) and HT
2 (LC) were moderate resistant to phyllody disease. None of the genotypes were found
immune.
40
4.6.2 Leaf curl Incidence (%)
Genotype NC 187 had highest leaf curl incidence (10.37%). The overall mean was
1.85% and range (0 – 10.37%). Genotypes viz., RT 125, OC 201, OC 251, HT 9913, TKG 22,
HT 9907, T 78, KMR 60, HT 1 (LC), HT 2 (LC) and KMR 41 were found immune against
leaf curl disease and genotypes viz., CST 2001-9, HT 15, HT 20, JLS 110-12, HT 24, RT 54,
Shekhar, HT 2000 and HT 45 were found resistant against leaf curl disease, while genotype
NC 187 was moderately resistant to leaf curl disease.
4.6.3 Charcoal rot incidence (%)
Genotype KMR 41 had highest charcoal rot incidence (31.28%) while lowest for
KMR 60 (2.33%). The overall mean was 14.29%. Genotypes viz., JLS 110-12, NC 187, HT
9913, TKG 22, T 78, HT 45, KMR 60 and HT 2 (LC) were found resistant to charcoal rot and
genotypes viz., CST 2001-9, RT 125, OC 251, Shekhar, HT 9907, HT 2000, HT 9316 and HT
1 (LC) were found moderately resistant to charcoal rot disease while genotypes, namely, HT
15, HT 20, OC 201, HT 24, HTC 1 (black) and KMR 41 were moderately susceptible to
charcoal rot disease. None of the genotypes were found immune.
41
Table 4.6:- Disease incidence (%) of Phyllody, Leaf curl and Charcoal rot disease in different genotypes of sesame
PHYLLODY DISEASE LEAF CURL DISEASE CHARCOAL ROT DISEASE
Genotypes
Disease incidence (%) Disease Reaction Disease incidence (%) Disease Reaction Disease incidence (%) Disease Reaction
CST 2001-9 14.97 MR 4.13 R 11.26 MR
RT 125 4.33 R 0.00 I 13.00 MR
HT 15 8.27 R 0.90 R 21.03 MS
HT 20 8.83 R 3.63 R 23.37 MS
OC 201 13.43 MR 0.00 I 29.03 MS
JLS 110-12 8.50 R 4.30 R 8.49 R
OC 251 5.13 R 0.00 I 13.77 MR
HT 24 7.47 R 1.90 R 27.12 MS
RT 54 6.37 R 1.33 R 16.33 MR
Pragati 8.43 R 4.83 R 17.86 MR
NC 187 9.43 R 10.37 MR 6.00 R
Shekhar 15.63 MR 6.30 R 10.57 MR
HT 9913 7.87 R 0.00 I 8.61 R
TKG 22 10.40 MR 0.00 I 7.67 R
HT 9907 7.27 R 0.00 I 15.83 MR
T 78 5.27 R 0.00 I 4.47 R
HT 2000 11.47 MR 5.33 R 11.73 MR
HT 45 6.93 R 2.00 R 6.00 R
KMR 60 8.80 R 0.00 I 2.33 R
HT 9316 4.50 R 0.00 I 10.97 MR
HT 1 (LC) 10.67 MR 0.00 I 14.91 MR
HT 2 (LC) 12.40 MR 0.00 I 6.38 R
HTC 1 (black) 5.83 R 1.63 I 25.03 MS
KMR 41 7.27 R 0.00 I 31.28 MS
Mean 8.73 1.85 14.29
Range 4.33-15.63 0.0-10.37 2.33-31.28
C.D. (5%) 1.97 0.85 7.01
SE(m) 0.69 0.30 2.46
I = Immune, R = Resistance, MR = Moderately Resistance, MS = Moderately Susceptible, S = Susceptible, HS = Highly Susceptible
42
CHAPTER –V
DISCUSSION
The experimental results of the present investigation are discussed as below:

5.1 VARIABILITY ANALYSIS
Mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for all the characters
except shoot length and seedling dry weight, thereby, indicated the existence of substantial
genetic variation among genotypes for these characters studied. Kumhar et al. (2008),
Sumathi and Muralidharan (2010), Menzir (2012), Khairnar and Monpara (2013), Vanishree
et al. (2013), Ismaila and Usman (2014), Abate et al. (2015), Lal et al. (2016), Bamrotiya et
al. (2016) and Teklu et al. (2017) also reported significant differences for these characters.
The presence of sufficient variability indicated that the materials of sesame under study were
good enough for further study.
The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than the genotypic
coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters studied, which reflected the role of
environment in the expression of the observed traits, similar observations were also reported
by Abate et al. (2015), Meenakumari and Ganesamurthy (2015), Bamrotiya et al. (2016),
Saxena and Bisen (2016), Soury et al. (2016) and Saxena and Bisen (2017). In the present
study, high PCV & GCV estimates were observed for harvest index and seed yield per plant.
Similar findings were also reported by Sumathi and Muralidharan (2010), Gangadhara et al.
(2012), Khairnar and Monpara (2013), Vanishree et al. (2013), Mahmoud and Ghareeb
(2015), Saxena and Bisen (2016), Soury et al. (2016), Bamrotiya et al. (2016), Saxena and
Bisen (2017) and Teklu et al. (2017). Low GCV estimates were observed for all seed quality
characters, except root length and seedling vigour index I. Similar finding were also reported
by Ahmed et al. (2013) for these characters in sesame. The results obtained for PCV and
GCV of morphological characters showed that there is considerable possibility of further
improvement through hybridization followed by appropriate selection for these characters.
Heritability (broad sense) was found higher for plant height, number of branches per
plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, biological yield per plant, harvest
index and seed yield per plant, which indicated that these characters were least influenced by
the environmental effects and high capacity of the characters for transmission to subsequent
generation. Similar results for one or more character were reported by Kumhar et al. (2008),
Sumathi and Muralidharan (2010), Khairnar and Monpara (2013), Meenakumari and
Ganesamurthy (2015), Soury et al. (2016), Bamrotiya et al. (2016), Saxena and Bisen (2016)
and Saxena and Bisen (2017) in sesame. Days to maturity, number of capsules per plant,
standard germination, root length, seedling length and seedling vigour index I had moderate
43
value of heritability (broad sense). Similar finding were also reported in sesame by Ahmed et
al. (2013), Vanishree et al. (2013) and Bamrotiya et al. (2016) for one or more characters.
High genetic advance coupled with high heritability were observed for number of
branches per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and seed yield per plant indicated
that these traits were governed largely through additive effects of genes and improvement in
these characters can be achieved through simple phenotypic selection. Similar finding were
also reported by Babu et al. (2005), Sudhakar et al. (2007), Gangadhara et al. (2012),
Khairnar and Monpara (2013), Siva et al. (2013),Vanishree et al. (2013), Soury et al. (2016),
Saxena and Bisen (2016), Bamrotiya et al. (2016) and Saxena and Bisen (2017) for one or
more characters in sesame. The characters, days to maturity, standard germination and
seedling dry weight exhibited moderate heritability with low genetic advance may be due to
non-additive gene action. Similar observations were made in sesame by Abate et al. (2015)
for days to maturity and plant height, Ahmed et al. (2013) for standard germination and
seedling dry weight and Bamrotiya et al. (2016) for days to maturity. High heritability
coupled with moderate genetic advance were observed for plant height, number of seeds per
capsule and 1000-seed weight indicating equal importance of additive and non- additive gene
actions. Similar observations were reported by Sumathi and Muralidharan (2010) and Saxena
and Bisen (2016) for one or more characters in sesame. Moderate heritability accompanied
with moderate genetic advance was observed for number of capsules per plant, root length,
seedling length and seedling vigour index II, which indicated the role of non-additive gene
action in the expression of these traits and selection may not be effective at early stage.
Similar results were reported in sesame by Meenakumari and Ganesamurthy (2015) and
Soury et al. (2016).
Magnitudes of genotypic correlation coefficients for all the characters were higher
than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients, which indicated the presence of
inherent or genetic association among various characters. Therefore, selection on the basis of
the phenotype would be effective. Similar observations in sesame were made by Sumathi et
al. (2007) and Hika et al. (2014). Seed yield per plant exhibited significant and positive
genotypic and phenotypic correlation with number of branches per plant, number of capsules
per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, biological yield per plant and
harvest index indicating their importance in increasing yield. Similar results for one or more
characters were reported by many researchers, Gnanasekaran et al. (2008), Vanishree et al.
(2011), Khairnar and Monpara (2013), Hika et al. (2014), Ismaila and Usman (2014), Abate
et al. (2015), Mustafa et al. (2015), Meenakumari and Ganesamurthy (2015), Bamrotiya et al.
(2016), Saxena and Bisen (2016), Lal et al. (2016), Abhijatha et al. (2017) and Ozcinar and
Sogut (2017).
44
For seed quality characters, standard germination showed a significant and positive
correlation with shoot length, root length, seedling length, seedling vigour index I and
seedling vigour index II, which indicated that by increasing these attributes, standard
germination will be increased, thus these parameters are suggestive of good plant stand and
ultimately seed yield.
Partitioning of genotypic correlations between seed yield per plant and its component
characters revealed that the direct effects were, in general, of higher magnitude than that of
their indirect effects for characters viz., number of seeds per capsule, biological yield per plant
and harvest index.
The critical evaluation of path coefficient for morphological traits, indicated that
harvest index had the highest direct and positive effect on seed yield per plant, followed by
biological yield per plant, number of seeds per capsule, days to flowering (50%), number of
capsules per plant, while1000-seed weight had the highest negative and direct effects on seed
yield per plant followed by plant height and number of branches per plant. Similar results for
one or more characters were reported by Tomar et al. (1999), Shi et al. (2001), Sumathi et al.
(2007), Sumathi and Muralidharan (2010), Gnanasekaran et al. (2008), Yol et al. (2010),
Vanishree et al. (2011), Khairnar and Monpara (2013), Abate et al. (2015), Mustafa et al.
(2015), Saxena and Bisen (2016), Bamrotiya et al. (2016), Lal et al. (2016) and Abhijatha et
al. (2017). The residual effect (0.03004) indicates that the component characters under study
were responsible for about 97% of variability in seed yield per plant.
Among seed quality characters seedling vigour index I had the highest direct and
positive effect on standard germination, followed by shoot length and seedling length; while
root length had the highest negative and direct effect on standard germination followed by
seedling vigour index II and seedling dry weight. The residual effect (-0.01721) indicate that
the component characters under study were responsible for about 98% of variability in
standard germination.
So far from the combined results of correlation coefficient and path coefficient
analysis, it may be concluded that harvest index, number of capsules per plant, biological
yield per plant and number of seeds per capsules are major components of seed yield and
should be given top priority while formulating a selection strategy for improvement of yield
in sesame. Similar results were also reported by Sumathi et al. (2007), Sumathi and
Muralidharan (2010), Vanishree et al. (2011), Khairnar and Monpara (2013), Hika et al.
(2014), Abate et al. (2015), Mustafa et al. (2015), Lal et al. (2016), Saxena and Bisen (2016)
and Bamrotiya et al. (2016) for one or more characters in sesame. On the other hand, seedling
vigour index I, shoot length and seedling length are major components of standard
45
germination which can be taken into consideration to improve plant population through
increasing germination per cent, ultimately resulting in higher seed yield.
5.4 DISEASE INCIDENCE
Four genotypes of sesame namely JLS 110-12, HT 9913, T 78 and KMR 60 were
found either resistant or immune for three diseases studied during investigation. These
genotypes may be taken for crossing programme with high yield genotypes namely HT 2000,
T 78 and HT 24 to develop high yielding and resistant genotypes.
46
CHAPTER –VI
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The present investigation entitled, “Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

genotypes for seed yield and other traits under rainfed conditions” conducted with 24
genotypes of sesame from different agro-ecological origins. These genotypes were grown in
randomized block design in three replications at Dryland Research Area during Kharif, 2016
in five row plots of 4 m length at 45 cm spacing and 10 cm plant to plant distance. Data were
recorded on five randomly selected plants for various morphological characters to study the
variability, correlation and path analysis. The seed quality characters were estimated in seed
quality testing laboratory of Department of Seed Science and Technology. The experimental
data was subjected to statistical analysis as per standard procedure. The experimental results
are summarized below:
A) MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS:
 Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the genotypes for all
the characters, indicating a wide range of variability useful for further selection and
improvement.
 High GCV and PCV were recorded for harvest index and seed yield per plant.
 High heritability (broad sense) estimates for all the characters, except days to
flowering (50%), days to maturity and number of capsules per plant which
indicated that these characters were least influenced by the environmental effects
and high capacity of the characters for transmission to subsequent generation.
 High genetic advance along with high heritability (broad sense) were observed for
number of branches per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and seed
yield per plant, indicating their usefulness in genetic amelioration in sesame.
 Correlation coefficient and path coefficient analysis revealed that number of
capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, harvest index and biological yield
per plant as major components of seed yield and thus given top priority while
formulating a selection strategy for improvement of yield in sesame.
B) SEED QUALITY CHARACTERS:
 Analysis of variance suggested enough differences among the genotypes for all the
seed quality characters except shoot length and seedling dry weight for further
selection and improvement.
 Moderate GCV and PCV were recorded for root length and seedling vigour index
I.
47
 Moderate heritability (broad sense) were observed for standard germination, root
length, seedling length, seedling vigour index I and seedling vigour index II, which
suggested that selection should be delayed to more advance generation for these
traits.
 Moderate heritability along with low to moderate genetic advance as per cent of
mean was observed for standard germination, root length, seedling length, seedling
vigour index I and seedling vigour index II, which indicated the equal contribution
of additive and non-additive effects of genes.
 Correlation and path coefficient analysis suggested that seedling vigour index I,
shoot length and seedling length are major components of standard germination
which could increase the seed yield.
C) DISEASE INCIDENCE:
 Phyllody Disease: Resistance to moderately resistance disease reactions were
recorded for phyllody disease. Majority of genotypes exhibited resistance reaction,
while seven genotypes recorded moderately resistant, none of the genotypes was
found immune.
 Leaf curl Disease: Immune to moderately resistance reactions were recorded for
leaf curl disease. Thirteen genotypes showed immune reaction, while, ten
genotypes were resistant and one genotype was found moderately resistant.
 Charcoal rot Disease: Resistance to moderately susceptible reactions were
recorded for charcoal rot disease. Eight genotypes exhibited resistance reaction; ten
genotypes were moderately resistant; while six were moderately susceptible.
48
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vi
ABSTRACT
Title of thesis : Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
genotypes for seed yield and other traits
under rainfed conditions
Full name of the degree holder : Manjeet
Admission No. : 2015A74M(R)
Title of degree : M.Sc. (Genetics & Plant Breeding)
Name and address of major advisor : Dr. P.K. Verma
Principal Scientist (PB)
Department of Agronomy (DLA Unit)
CCS Haryana Agricultural University,
Hisar, Haryana
Degree awarding University : CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
Haryana (India)
Year of award of degree : 2017
Major subject : Genetics & Plant Breeding
Total number of pages in thesis : 48 + vi
Number of words in the abstract : 265
Keywords: Sesame, heritability, PCV, GCV, genetic advance, correlation and path
coefficient
The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes
for seed yield and other traits under rainfed conditions” was conducted during Kharif, 2016 to
evaluate 24 genotypes of sesame to determine the magnitude of variability for various morphological
and seed quality parameters as well as to study the character association between seed yield and its
contributing traits. Analysis of variance revealed considerable amount of variability among genotypes
for most of the characters under study. Among morphological traits, GCV & PCV were highest for
seed yield per plant and harvest index. High to moderate heritability (broad sense) was recorded for
most of the traits under study while high genetic advance as per cent of mean coupled with high
heritability (broad sense) were observed for number of branches per plant, biological yield per plant,
harvest index and seed yield per plant. Seed yield per plant showed significant and positive correlation
with number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-
seed weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index while standard germination showed significant
and positive correlation with all the seed quality traits. Harvest index, biological yield per plant,
number of seeds per capsule and number of capsules per plant had positive direct effect on seed yield
per plant. So, combined results of correlation coefficient and path analysis revealed that number of
capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, harvest index and biological yield per plant are major
components of seed yield and shoot length, seedling length and seedling vigour index I are major
components of standard germination.
MAJOR ADVISOR SIGNATURE OF STUDENT
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : MANJEET
Date of birth : 05th Feb., 1994

Place of birth : Durjanpur, Bhiwani (Haryana)
Mother’s name : Smt. Ramkali
Father’s name : Sh. Rajender Singh
Permanent address : V.P.O. Durjanpur, Distt. Bhiwani (Haryana)
Mobile number : +919053127937
E-mail address : manjeetsingh125033@gmail.com
Academic qualifications:
Year of %age of
Degree University/Board Subjects
passing Marks
Hindi, Eng., Math., Science,
Matriculation HBSE, Bhiwani 2009 70.0
Social Sci., and Physical Edu.
HBSE, Bhiwani Physics, Chemistry, Biology,

10+2 2011 74.4
Eng. and Hindi
Botany, Zoology, Bio-Tech.,

B.Sc. KU, Kurukshetra 2014 65.6
Chemistry, Sanskrit and English
M.Sc. (G & PB) CCS HAU, Hisar 2017 80.0 Genetics and Plant Breeding
I, hereby, declare that all the information given in the resume is true to the best of my
knowledge.
Dated:
Place: MANJEET
UNDERTAKING OF COPYRIGHT
I, Manjeet, Admission No. 2015A74M, hereby undertake that I give the full
copyright of my thesis entitled “Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes for
seed yield and other traits under rainfed conditions” to the Chaudhary Charan Singh
Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar.
I also undertake that the patent, if any, arising out of the research work conducted
during the programme shall be filed by me only with due permission of the competent
authority of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar.
SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT

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Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.

DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Dr. P.K. VERMA

MAJOR ADVISOR EXTERNAL EXAMINER

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

DEAN, POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

Chapter No. Description Page No.

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-11

III MATERIALS AND METHODS 12-20

VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 47-48

Table No. Description Page No.

Rainfall during kharif, 2016 at DLA Research Farm, CCS HAU,

3.2 List of 24 genotypes under study 13

3.3 Scale used for screening of genotypes for disease reaction 15

3.4 Analysis of variance 16

4.1 (a) Analysis of variance for various morphological traits in sesame 22

Mean performance of various morphological traits in different

Mean performance of seed quality traits in different genotypes of

Estimates of mean performance, range, genotypic coefficient of

Estimates of mean performance, range, genotypic coefficient of

Phenotypic (above diagonal) and genotypic (below diagonal)

Phenotypic (above diagonal) and genotypic (below diagonal)

Path coefficient analysis of morphological traits in sesame for

Path coefficient analysis of seed quality traits in sesame for

Disease incidence (%) of Phyllody, Leaf curl and Charcoal rot

DF Days to flowering (50%)

Malnutrition and under-nutrition are serious problems in the developing countries of

Numerous reports on genetic variability, correlation coefficient and path coefficient

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS:

3.2 SEED QUALITY TRAITS:

Disease incidence (%) = × 100

Disease Reaction Disease Incidence (%)

Resistant (R) 1-10

Moderately Resistant (MR) 11-20

Moderately Susceptible (MS) 21-40

Susceptible (S) 41-60

Highly Susceptible (HS) > 60

P01 + r1P + P02 r2P + ------+ P0P = r0P

**Significant at P = 0.01 Level *Significant at P = 0.05 Level

** Significant at P = 0.01 Level *Significant at P = 0.05 Level

Coefficient of variation (%) Genetic advance as

Days to flowering (50%) 41.39±1.93 36.00-45.00 3.10 6.48 22.81 3.05

Days to maturity 91.07±2.02 82.00-95.00 2.45 3.67 45.21 3.42

Plant height (cm) 142.50±8.97 116.10-167.00 9.47 12.21 60.14 15.13

Number of branches/plant 6.25±0.59 4.63-7.93 14.47 18.52 61.03 23.29

Number of capsules/plant 74.98±8.46 56.20-92.70 11.44 17.93 40.67 15.02

Number of seeds/capsules 51.28±2.94 43.53-60.23 9.38 11.71 64.12 15.47

1000-seed weight (g) 3.36±0.15 2.75-4.14 10.10 11.47 77.55 18.32

Biological yield/plant (g) 82.45±6.10 59.32-107.62 16.54 18.86 76.90 29.88

Harvest index (%) 15.56±1.83 8.56-21.37 20.93 25.39 67.94 35.54

Seed yield/plant (g) 12.54±1.63 8.18-17.73 19.61 25.28 60.19 31.34

Standard germination (%) 87.69±4.07 72.00-96.00 6.05 8.31 53.07 9.08

Shoot length (cm) 4.02±0.35 3.32-4.78 4.96 11.62 18.18 4.35

Root length (cm) 5.76±0.59 4.37-7.16 10.67 16.47 41.95 14.23

Seedling length (cm) 9.78±0.73 8.26-11.95 8.03 12.21 43.25 10.88

Seedling vigour index I 861.42±80.33 670.80-1132.29 13.41 17.61 57.95 21.03

Seedling vigour index II 252.05±23.06 198.30-307.58 8.59 14.12 37.00 10.76

Morphological traits DF DM PH NBP NCP NSC 1000 SW BYP HI SYP

* Significant at P = 0.05 Level ** Significant at P = 0.01 Level

DF = Days to flowering (50%) DM = Days to maturity

Seed quality traits SL RL SdL SdW VG 1 VG 2 SG

SL 0.347** 0.667** 0.324** 0.614** 0.413** 0.306**

SL 0.347 0.667 0.324 0.614 0.413 0.306

RL 0.815 0.930 0.387 0.848 0.524 0.427

SdL 0.891 0.989 0.434 0.913 0.578 0.459

SdW 0.171 0.603 0.515 0.371 0.844 0.157

VG 1 0.924 0.928 0.960 0.527 0.703 0.775

VG 2 0.596 0.751 0.739 0.861 0.835 0.659

SG 0.807 0.663 0.724 0.462 0.891 0.849