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Christian Rudio
Product Manager
Johnson Controls, Inc
Trends and Topics
Industry Trends
Energy Costs
Green building movement
Globalization – impact of Europe, Canada
Manufacturer support and new products
Topics
Fundamentals
Basic economics – the case for heat pumps
Heat pump water distribution systems
Heat pump arrangements
Application examples
Other heat recovery
Questions
2
Basic Refrigeration Cycle
Heat is rejected
Hot liquid
2
Condenser Hot high-
3 pressure gas
3
What is a heat pump?
Definition: A heating device that moves heat from low to high temperature.
Reversing type: Reversing systems change refrigerant flow direction with a reversing valve.
Each heat exchanger can act as an evaporator or a condenser depending on refrigerant flow
direction.
Non-reversing type: Evaporator and condenser do not change roles.
Heat is produced
Hot liquid
2
Condenser Hot high-
3 pressure gas
4 1
Evaporator
Cold low-
Cold liquid
pressure gas
Heat is absorbed
4
When is a chiller not a chiller?
When machine is making hot water, it’s a heat pump, cold water is by-product.
When machine is making cold water, it’s a chiller, hot water is by-product.
Control condenser water temp or evaporator water temp – not both simultaneously.
4 1 4 1
Evaporator Evaporator
Cold low- Cold low-
Cold liquid Cold liquid
pressure gas pressure gas
Heat is absorbed Heat is absorbed
5
Heat Pump vs. Energy Recovery
Hot liquid
2
Condenser Hot high-
3 pressure gas
Work in
Expansion Compressor
Valve
4 1
Evaporator
Cold low-
Cold liquid
pressure gas
Heat is absorbed
6
Other energy recovery methods
Water to Water Heat Pumps offer the most heat recovery, low first cost, direct control of
water temperature and most comply with ASHRAE 90.1 efficiency standards when operating
as a chiller
7
The COP Advantage
Coefficient of Performance
For a heat pump, COP = (Heat output) / (Work input)
For electric resistive heaters, COP = 1. Heat output is equal to electrical power input.
For fuel burning heaters with heat exchangers (like boilers), COP < 1.
For heat pumps, COP > 1, often 2 < COP < 6.
How can heat pumps “produce” more heat than the input power?
Because heat pumps move heat from one place to another. The largest part of the
heating effect comes from heat that is pumped; not created, produced, or converted
from fuel.
(∆Q = heat removed from
cooling load and ∆W is work
Heating COP is calculated as: input to compressors)
How can heat pumps be more efficient than the chiller they’re based on?
Therefore chiller COP will be slightly lower than heat pump COP for the same machine.
8
The COP Advantage
Simultaneous Heating and Cooling
Combined COP
When machine is providing useful heating and cooling, combined COP is:
Because
Substitute for
Yields
Compared to
The benefit of combined heating and cooling is more than double the cooling COP for
the same given conditions.
9
Specific Savings Example
Quick cost analysis based on 165 ton positive displacement heat pump:
Heating Temperature 110 F 125 F, 390 gpm
Evaporator water from 54 F 44 F
(Illinois 2008 utility rates)
10
Water Distribution Systems
11
Dedicated Heating Loop Example
12
Heat Pump Arrangements
Single Unit or Multiple Parallel Units
One unit or a team of parallel units make hot water.
– Advantages: Relatively simple piping and controls. Higher flow capacity.
– Disadvantages: Can only control hot or cold side. Limited temperature difference.
Heat
Load
Hot water
Warm water Hot water Warm water
Heat
Load
Heat
Sink
Cold water Controlled Controlled Cold water
Cool water Heat
Single Unit Sink
Cool water
Multiple Units in Parallel
13
Heat Pump Arrangements
Series Counterflow Units
Two chillers with series flow through the condensers and evaporators
– Advantages: Larger temperature differences are possible. Can control cooling with
one machine and heating with the other.
– Disadvantages: More complicated. Controls are critical. Flow must be the same
through both machines (machines similar or identical size).
Heat
Load
100 F 130 F
115 F (controlled)
50 F
40 F 60 F
(controlled) Cooling
Load
14
Applications: Hot Water Preheat
Hospitals/Universities/Schools/Laboratories/Offices
– Buildings with fairly constant heating and cooling load profiles that require simultaneous
heating and cooling.
– Boiler feed water and/or domestic hot water is preheated to reduce fuel consumption.
Heat Pump
15
Heat Pump Arrangements
Cascade Chillers
– Advantages: Large temperature difference between heating and cooling loads. Can
control high and low temperature sides simultaneously.
– Disadvantages: More complicated. Condenser water treatment is critical. Controls
are critical. Geographically or seasonally limited (cooling tower temperatures).
Heat
Load
110 F 120 F
50 F 60 F
50 F from 60 F to
cooling tower cooling tower
Large Chiller(s)
36 F 46 F
Cooling
Load
Cascade Arrangement
16
Applications: Perimeter Reheat
Hospitals/Universities/Laboratories
– Buildings with fairly constant heating and cooling load profiles that require simultaneous
heating and cooling.
– VAV or perimeter heating loop primary heat source is heat pump; boiler used to
supplement as necessary for heating demand
– Previous economic example a good representation of Perimeter Reheat (50% run hours)
Supplemental
Boiler
17
Applications: Hotel
Water
Heaters
Heat
Exchanger
18
Application Economics: Hotel
19
Application Example: Process/Manufacturing
Process/Manufacturing
– Process applications often have continuous and simultaneous heating and cooling needs.
– A series counter-flow arrangement allows for larger temperature differences and good
control on both hot and cold sides.
Heat
Load
Mixing Tank
Process Water Return Process Water Supply
20
Application Economics: Process/Manufacturing
Process/Manufacturing
– Brewery in IL runs continuously and can use heat pumps for 8000 hours per year
21
Application Consideration
Water temperature
22
Application Consideration
Water temperature
$15,000 Annual Savings for lower HWT – and more cooling capacity
23
Design Considerations
Profile heating and cooling load profiles for properly designed system
Buffer tanks can be critical between cascade and series systems, to add thermal mass
during quick temperature changes
Control schemes must be carefully considered to avoid hunting
When preheating domestic hot water, double heat exchanger must be used
Water quality must be controlled as higher temperatures can accelerate fouling
Ground source should give careful consideration for water quality in evaporator
Ground source typically leverage only heating or cooling COP, not combined
Manufacturers can provide guidelines for equipment – temperature, flow limits – and
application advice
24