L ,' 10.

10. She quickly opened the car windows and swaned at the bees while she was talking to
Rob on the phone.
11. Her hands lefr the steering wheel, and she lost control of the car. Her car run into a
row of mailboxes beside the road and swpped.

12. Fortunately, no one was hurt in the accident.

13. Jennifer is okay, but her car isn't. It nee& repairs.
14. When Jennifer got to work this morning, she talked to her own automobile insurance
agent.
15. That was easy to do because he works at the desk right next to hers.
I I,

I
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST

I$)
downtown yestemhay.
I & i t for eight hours larr night.
The simple past is used to talk about activities or
situations that began and ended in the past (e.g.,
yertmday, last nighr, tcuo days ago, in 1999).

(c) Bob stayed home yesterday morning.
(d) Our plane adbed on time last night.
(e) I a& breakfast this morning.
Cf) Sue took a taxi to the airport yesterday.
(g) I waa busy yesterday.
(h) They wore at home last night.
Most simple past verbs are formed by adding -ed to a
verb, as in (a), (c), and (d).
Some verbs have irregular past forms, as in @), (e), and
(f). See Chart 2-7, p. 33.
The simple past forms of be are was and wow.
 I-You-She-He-It-We-T%ey w d e d yesterday.
I-You-She-He-It-We-Thev did not (didn't) work yesterday.
I QuasnoN 1 Did I-you-she-he-it-we-they work yesterday?
SHORT Yes, I-you-she-he-it-we-they did.
ANSW~R NO, I-you-she-he-it-we-they didn't.

1 s~~rausm 1 I-She-He-It was in class yesterday.

We-You-They were in class yesterday
I-She-HcIt waa not (wasn't) in class yesterday.
We-You-Thw were not (weren't) in class yesterday.
,
", ,,
W s I-she-he-it in class yesterday? '
Hkrrs we-vou-thw in class yesterday?
Yes, I-she-he-it was. Yes, we-you-they were.
No, I-she-he-it wasn't. No, we-you-they weren't.

0 EXERCISE 2. Present and past tlme: statements and negatives.

(Chapter 1 and Charts 2-1 -r 2-3)
Directions: All of the following sentences have inaccurate information. Correct them by
(a) making a negative statement, and
(b) making an affirmative statement with accurate information.

1. Thomas Edison invented the telephone.

-r (a) Thomas Edison didn't immt the telephone.
(b)Alexander *ham Bell itwented the telephone.
2. You live in a tree.
3. You took a taxi to school today.
4. You're sitting on a soft, comfortable sofa.
5. Our teacher wrote Romeo and Juliet.
6 . Our teacher's name is William Shakespeare.
7. You were on a cruise ship inthe Mediterranean
Sea yesterday.
8. Rocks float and wood sinks.
9. The teacher flew into the classroom today.
10. Spiders have six legs.
0 EXERCISE 6. Pronunclatlon of I D endings. (Chart 2-4)
Directions: Practice saying these words. Use them in sentences.
1. answered 6. finished 11. worked
2. arrived 7. fixed 12. invited
3. continued 8. helped 13. suggested
4. ended 9. looked 14. smelled
5. explained 10. planned 15. crossed

1 2-5 SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS

IND Oi DOUBLE THE I SIMPLE
CONSONANT? FORM -ING -ED
NO (a) smile smiling smiled -ing form: Drop the -e,
hope hoping hoped add -ing.
-ed form: Just add -d.
iKo helping helped If the verb ends in two
:onsonants learn learning learned consonants, just add -ing
or -ed.
k o vowels NO (c) rain raining rained If the verb ends in two
- One heat heating heated vowels + a consonant, just
:onsonant add -inn or -ed.
h e Vowel YES ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS If the verb has one syllable
- One ( 4 stop stopping stopped and ends in one vowel +
:onsonant plan planning planned one consonant, double the
consonant to make the -ing
or -ed form.'
lW0-SYLLABLE VERBS If the first syllable of a two-
NO visiting visited syllable verb is stressed, do
offering offered not double the consonant.

YES (0 pref+ preferring preferred If the second syllable of a

admit admitting admitted two-syllable verb is suessed,
double the consonant.

(g) play leg played If the verb ends in a vowel

enjoy enlww enjoyed + y , keep the y . Do not
change the -y to 4.
(h) WOW worrying worried If the verb ends in a
study studying studied consonant + -y, keep the
-y for the -in8 form, but
change the -y to -i to make
the -ed form.

(i) die dying died -ing form: Change the -ie

tie wb tied to -y and add -ins.
-ed form: Just add -d.

*Bxceptions: D o not double "w" m "x": may mowing, maurd,j%%,/i+ing,fi*sd

 9. fail
10. file
11, drag
12, use
13. prefer
14. sign
15. point
16. appear
17. relax
18. borrow
19. aim
20. cram

- .

SIMPLE FORM SIMPLR PAST PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE

RBGUIAR finish finished finished

VERBS stop stopped stopped
hope hoped hoped
wait waited waited
play played played
uv tried tried
IRREGULAR see saw seen seeing
VERBS make made made making
sing sang sung singing
eat ate eaten eating
Put Put Put pu,hg
go went gone Wng
PRINCIPAL PAPTS OF A VERB English verbs have four principal forms or "parts!' The simple form is the
(1) the simple form form that is found in a dictionary. It is the base form with no endings on it
(no final -8, -ed, or -kg).
(2) the simple past The simple pant form ends in -ed for regular verbs. Most verbs are regular,
but many common verbs have irregular past forms. See the reference List of
irregular verbs that follows in Chart 2-7.
(3) the past participle The past participle also ends in -ed for regular verbs. Some verbs are
irregular. It is used in perfect tenses (see Chapter 4) and the passive
(Chapter 10).
(4) the present participle The present participle ends in -ins (for both regular and irregular verbs).
It is used in progressive tenses (e.g., the present progressive and the past
SIMPLE SUlPLE PAST SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST
FORM 'PAST PARTICIPLE FORM PAST PARTICIPLE

awake awoke awoken lie lay lain

be was, were been light liwlighted liwlighted
beat beat beaten lose lost lost
become became become make made made
begin began begun mean meant meant
bend bent .. 'idbent meet met met
bite bit bitten pay paid paid
blow blew blown prove proved prmdlproven
break broke broken Put PU! Put
bring brought brought quit qut quit
broadcast broadcast broadcast read read read
build built built ride rode ridden
burn burnedmurnt burnedmurnt rbg rang -g
buy bought bought me rose risen
catch caught caught run ran run
choose chose chosen say said said
come came come see saw seen
cost cost cost seek sought sought
cut cut cut sell sold sold
dig dug dug send sent sent
dive divedldove dived set set set
do did done shake shook shaken
draw drew drawn shave shaved shavedlshaven
dream dreamedldreamt dreamedldreamt shoot shot shot
drink drank drunk shut shut shut
drive drove driven sing sang sung
eat ate eaten sink sank sunk
fan fell ~.,,,~wfaUen sit sat sat
feed fed fed sleep slept slept
feel felt felt slide slid slid
fight fought fought speak spoke spoken
find found ? , , ,,found spend spent spent
fit fit fit spread spread spread
fly flew flown . stand stood stood
forget forgot Yorgotten steal stole stolen
forgive forgave forgiven stick stuck stuck
freeze froze frozen smke struck struck
9" got gotlgotten swear swore sworn
we Bave . . . given sweep swept swept
go went gone swim swam swum
grow grew grown take took taken
hmg hung hung teach taught taught
have had had tear tore tom
hear heard heard tell told told
hide hid hidden think thought thought
hit hit hit throw threw thrown
hold held held understand understood understood
hurt hurt hurt upset upset upset
keep kept kept wake wokelwaked wokenlwaked
know knew known wear wore worn
lay laid laid weave w m woven
lead led led weep wept wept
leave left left win won won
lend lent lent withdraw withdrew withdrawn
let let let write wrote written
 EXERCISE 15. Past time. (Charts 2-1 + 2-7)
Direcrions: Pair up with a classmate.
Speaker A: Tell Speaker B about your activities yesterday. Think of at least five things you
did yesterday to tell Speaker B about. Also think of two or three things you
didn't do yesterday.
Speaker B: Listen carellly to Speaker A. Make sure that Speaker A is using past tenses
correctly. Ask Speaker A questions about hidher activities if you wish. Take
notes while Student A is talking.

:9 When Speaker A finishes talking, switch roles: Speaker B tells Speaker A about hidher
activities yesterday.
Use the notes from the conversation to write a composition about the other student's
- , activities yesterday.

THE SIMPLB PAST (a) Mary waked downtown The s1MPI.B PAST is used to talk about an
yesterday. activity or situation rhar began and ended at a

4-
(b) I &fit for eight hours last pardcular time in thepasr (e.g.,yestmiq,
night. last night, days ago, in 1999), as in (a)
and (b).
9 ,

THB PAST PROGRESSIVE (c) I sat down at the d i i e r table The PAST PROGRESSIVB expresses an acriviry
8t 6:00 P.M. yesterday. Tom that was in p*og*esr (was occurring, was
came to my house at 6:10 P.M. happem'nk, at a point of time in the past
I was eating dinner when Tom (e.g., at 6:10) or at the time of another
cum. action (e.g., when Tom came).
(d) I went to bed at 10:OO. The In (c): eating was in progress at 6:lO; eating
phone rnng at 11:OO. was in progress when Tom came.
I was sloepr'ng when the FORM: wastwere + -ing.
phone mng.
(e) When the phone rang, I was sleeping. whon = at that time
(f) The phone rang while I was sleeping. while = during that time
(e) and (f) have the same meaning.

1 2-9 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

STATEMENT I-She-He-It wus working.
You-We-They were working.
NEGATNE I-She-He-It was not (wasn't) working.
You-We-They were not (weren't) working.
QUBSTI~ Wu I-she-he-it working?
Wwe you-we-they working?
SHORT Yes, I-she-he-it was. Yes, you-we-they were.
ANSWBR No, I-she-he-it wasn't. No, you-we-they weren't.