ASSIGNMENT

CONCRETE DESIGN COURSE

LITERATURE REVIEW :

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONCRETE IN INDONESIA

Name : Nurul Huda 陈诺拉

Student ID : L201604160123

Dateline : November 04 2019

Class : Civil Engineering 2016

Teacher : Zheng Jianjun

Table Of Contents :

CHAPTER PAGE
1. CONCRETE INTRODUCTION I
I. Definition I
II. Composition I
III. Production II
IV. Special Types III
V. In Construction IV

2. THE HISTORY OF CONCRETE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

IN INDONESIA V
I. The History V
II. Concrete Development VI
III. Precast and Its Development within Indonesia VI

3. REFERENCES VII
1. CONCRETE INTRODUCTION
I. CONCRETE DEFINITION
Concrete, usually Portland cement concrete (for its visual resemblance to Portland stone), is
a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a
fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time—most frequently in the past a lime-based
cement binder, such as lime putty, but sometimes with other hydraulic cements, such as
a calcium aluminate cement or Portland cement. It is distinguished from other, non-
cementitious types of concrete all binding some form of aggregate together, including asphalt
concrete with a bitumen binder, which is frequently used for road surfaces, and polymer
concretes that use polymers as a binder.
When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a
fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the water and
other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like
material that has many uses. Often, additives (such as pozzolans or superplasticizers) are
included in the mixture to improve the physical properties of the wet mix or the finished material.
Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials (such as rebar) embedded to provide tensile
strength, yielding reinforced concrete.
Concrete is one of the most frequently used building materials. Its usage worldwide, ton for ton,
is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminum combined. Globally, the ready-mix concrete
industry, the largest segment of the concrete market, is projected to exceed $600 billion in
revenue by 2025

II. COMPOSITION
Concrete is a composite material, comprising a matrix of aggregate (typically a rocky material)
and a binder (typically Portland cement or asphalt), which holds the matrix together. Many types
of concrete are available, determined by the formulations of binders and the types of aggregate
used to suit the application for the material. These variables determine strength, density, as well
as chemical and thermal resistance of the finished product.
Aggregate consists of large chunks of material in a concrete mix, generally a coarse gravel or
crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along with finer materials such as sand.
A cement, most commonly Portland cement, is the most prevalent kind of concrete binder. For
cementitious binders, water is mixed with the dry powder and aggregate, which produces a semi-
liquid slurry that can be shaped, typically by pouring it into a form. The concrete solidifies and
hardens through a chemical process called hydration. The water reacts with the cement, which
bonds the other components together, creating a robust stone-like material. Other cementitious
materials, such as fly ash and slag cement, are sometimes added—either pre-blended with the
cement or directly as a concrete component—and become a part of the binder for the aggregate.
Admixtures are added to modify the cure rate or properties of the material.
Mineral admixtures use recycled materials as concrete ingredients. Conspicuous materials
include fly ash, a by-product of coal-fired power plants; ground granulated blast furnace slag, a
byproduct of steelmaking; and silica fume, a byproduct of industrial electric arc furnaces.
Structures employing Portland cement concrete usually include steel reinforcement. Such
concrete can be formulated with high compressive strength, but always has lower tensile
strength. Therefore, it is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension,
typically steel rebar.
Other materials can also be used as a concrete binder, the most prevalent alternative is  asphalt,
which is used as the binder in asphalt concrete.
The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete is mixed and
delivered, and how it is placed to form the structure.

III. PRODUCTION
Concrete production is the process of mixing together the various ingredients—water, aggregate,
cement, and any additives—to produce concrete. Concrete production is time-sensitive. Once
the ingredients are mixed, workers must put the concrete in place before it hardens. In modern
usage, most concrete production takes place in a large type of industrial facility called a concrete
plant, or often a batch plant.
In general usage, concrete plants come in two main types, ready mix plants and central mix
plants. A ready-mix plant mixes all the ingredients except water, while a central mix plant mixes
all the ingredients including water. A central-mix plant offers more accurate control of the
concrete quality through better measurements of the amount of water added, but must be placed
closer to the work site where the concrete will be used, since hydration begins at the plant.
A concrete plant consists of large storage hoppers for various reactive ingredients like cement,
storage for bulk ingredients like aggregate and water, mechanisms for the addition of various
additives and amendments, machinery to accurately weigh, move, and mix some or all of those
ingredients, and facilities to dispense the mixed concrete, often to a concrete mixer truck.
Modern concrete is usually prepared as a viscous fluid, so that it may be poured into forms,
which are containers erected in the field to give the concrete its desired shape.
Concrete formwork can be prepared in several ways, such as slip forming and steel plate
construction. Alternatively, concrete can be mixed into dryer, non-fluid forms and used in factory
settings to manufacture precast concrete products.
A wide variety of equipment is used for processing concrete, from hand tools to heavy industrial
machinery. Whichever equipment builders use, however, the objective is to produce the desired
building material; ingredients must be properly mixed, placed, shaped, and retained within time
constraints. Any interruption in pouring the concrete can cause the initially placed material to
begin to set before the next batch is added on top. This creates a horizontal plane of weakness
called a cold joint between the two batches.[54] Once the mix is where it should be, the curing
process must be controlled to ensure that the concrete attains the desired attributes. During
concrete preparation, various technical details may affect the quality and nature of the product.
 Mixing
Thorough mixing is essential to produce uniform, high-quality concrete.
 Mix Ratio
Concrete Mixes are primarily divided into two types, nominal mix and design mix
 Workability
Workability is the ability of a fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mold properly with
the desired work (pouring, pumping, spreading, tamping, vibration) and without reducing
the concrete's quality. Workability depends on water content, aggregate (shape and size
distribution), cementitious content and age (level of hydration) and can be modified by
adding chemical admixtures, like superplasticizer. Raising the water content or adding
chemical admixtures increases concrete workability. Workability can be measured by
the concrete slump test, a simple measure of the plasticity of a fresh batch of concrete
following the ASTM C 143 or EN 12350-2 test standards
 Concrete floor of a parking
garage being placed.

 Curing
Concrete must be kept moist during curing in order to achieve optimal strength
and durability.
 Techniques
During the curing period, concrete is ideally maintained at controlled temperature and
humidity. To ensure full hydration during curing, concrete slabs are often sprayed with
"curing compounds" that create a water-retaining film over the concrete. Typical films are
made of wax or related hydrophobic compounds. After the concrete is sufficiently cured,
the film is allowed to abrade from the concrete through normal use.

IV. Special Types

 Pervious
 Nanoconcrete
 Microbial
 Polymer

V. In Construction
Concrete is one of the most durable building materials. It provides superior fire resistance
compared with wooden construction and gains strength over time. Structures made of concrete
can have a long service life. Concrete is used more than any other artificial material in the
world. As of 2006, about 7.5 billion cubic meters of concrete are made each year, more than one
cubic meter for every person on Earth

 Mass Structures
 Surface finishes
 Prestress Structures
 As Cold Weather Placement
 Concrete Roads
 Energy Efficiency
 Fire Safety
 Earthquake Safety
 2. The History of Concrete and Its Development in
Indonesia

I. The History
The use of concrete and volcanic materials such as pozzolanic ash as its constituents has begun
as far back as the Greeks and Romans even before. With a mixture of lime, pozzolan and
pumice, the Romans built many infrastructures such as aqueducts, buildings, drainage and
others. In Indonesia a similar use can be seen in some of the remaining ancient buildings. Fort
Indrapatra in Aceh which was built in the 7th century by the Lamuri kingdom, the building
materials are in the form of limestone, clay, and mountain rocks.
Fort Indrapatra In Aceh

II. Concrete Development

The Development of Concrete in Indonesia following the development of it in the world,
which also include the standard. The standard itself fit with the needs of indonesia condition,
such as weather condition, topograpic condition, prevent from natural disaster, etc.
The standard was made by The Ministry of Public Works And Housing, and its called SNI
(Standar Nasional Indonesia).
And also there is The Public Works Department, always follows concrete developments
through the Institute for Building Problems Research (LPMB). Through this agency concrete
standard regulations are issued which usually adopt international regulations (code
international standards) that are adapted to the conditions of materials and types of buildings
in Indonesia.
The description of concrete according to Department Of Public Works, concrete as a mixture
of portland cement or other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water,
with or without additives forming solid mass (SK.SNI T-15-1990-03: 1).
Until now, concrete is still the main choice in making structures. This is due to: concrete
forming materials are very easy to obtain in large quantities, and the availability of labor is
quite a lot and cheap.

According to SNI-15-1990-03, for the use of concrete with a strength of not more than 10
MPa, a mixture of 1 pc: 2 psr: 3 split / 3 stone with slump should be used to measure the
work size of not more than 100 mm. Concrete works with compressive strengths up to 20
MPa may use volume dosing, but concrete works with compressive strengths of more than
20 MPa must use a heavy mixture.

III. Precast and Its development within Indonesia

A. Precast Concrete
Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or
"form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and
lifted into place ("tilt up"). In contrast, standard concrete is poured into site-specific forms and
cured on site. Precast stone is distinguished from precast concrete using a fine aggregate in the
mixture, so the final product approaches the appearance of naturally occurring rock or stone.
More recently expanded polystyrene is being used as the cores to precast wall panels. This is
lightweight and has better thermal insulation.

B. The Benefit of Precast Concrete

1. Various forms of concrete panels
2. Easy installation
3. Each concrete panel has the same strength
4. Not weather dependent
5. Save time and reduce pollution
6. Additional ingredients can be given

C. Its Development
The government continues to push the capacity of the precast concrete and prestressed
concrete industry to 50% until 2019. This is because the contribution of the Indonesian
construction market is quite large, even the largest in the ASEAN (Association of South East
Asian Nations). The amount of contribution is 60-70% of the total market in this region. While
concrete construction accounts for 40% of building materials used in projects in Indonesia.
Based on data from the Indonesian Prefabricated and Prefab Company Association (AP3I),
precast concrete production capacity shows an increasing trend every year. If in 2015 the
national precast concrete production capacity was recorded 25.30 million tons, the following year
it would increase to 26.70 million tons. In fact, last year the figure jumped to 35 million tons.
Precast concrete technology in Indonesia has been used in various infrastructure projects,
including in the Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Bekasi (Jabodebek) Light Rail Transit (LRT) project. The
LRT project is currently being developed in Jakarta, which aims to create a fast mode of
transportation in the area and reduce traffic congestion.
U-shape precursor concrete uses a cost and time efficient scheme. With good precast concrete
technology, the project development process can run quickly and funding can be efficient.
 Light Rail Transit Project
in Jakarta

Concrete Production
Companies
There are at least 4 of
Indonesia's most
popular concrete
companies. The
existence of these
companies is able to
supply concrete
needs for construction
projects both large
and small scale.
Following are 4 Indonesian concrete companies that have contributed to the supply of
construction materials.
1. Jayamix
2. Pionir Beton
3. Holcim
4. And Semen Indonesia

3. References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precast_concrete

https://okagawa-wawan.blogspot.com/2009/08/sejarah-perkembangan-beton.html

https://www.concreteshowseasia.com/2018/07/07/indonesias-government-encourage-to-use-
concrete-products-in-infrastructure-projects/

https://indonusa-conblock.com/beton-precast-pracetak/

https://alitmix.com/4-perusahaan-beton-indonesia-paling-populer/