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8
Heat
Loss
in
Thin
Fins
8-1 What is Fin?
Fin is an extended surface, added onto a surface of a structure to
enhance the rate of heat transfer from the structure.
Example: The fins fitted around a motorcycle engine block.
Thin rectangular fins used in heat sink design for microelectronic cooling.
8-1-2 Ultra-Thin Rectangular Fin
Global coordinate
Local coordinate
8-5 Temperature Function
The temperature varies from T1 at node 1 to T2 at node 2 in an element.
To predict temperature at any point between the two nodes we need to
establish a temperature function.
For simplicity, it is assumed that the temperature varies linearly within the
element. Therefore, we establish a linear temperature function in the
form, T (ξ ) = N 1T1 + N 2T2 = [N ]{T }
e
(8-2)
e e ke ⎡ 1 −1⎤ W
[kT ] fin = [kT ]wall = ⎢ −1 (8-4)
le ⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ m2 K
where k is thermal conductivity of the fin material (W/m K) and le is the element
length.
8-7 Element Heat Transfer Matrix
In thin fins, heat is dissipated primarily by convection heat transfer.
The effect of conduction through the fin is represented by the conductivity
matrix [kT] just established.
To include the effect of convection heat transfer, we need to establish a
heat transfer matrix, [hT].
It can be shown that the element heat transfer matrix is given by,
e hl ⎡ 2 1 ⎤ W
[hT ] ≈ e ⎢1 (8-5)
3t ⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ m2 K
where,
h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
le = element length (m)
t = thickness of the fin (m)
Exercise 8-1
A circular rod of diameter D = 5 mm and length L = 190 mm has it’s base
maintained at Tb = 100°C. It is made of copper with thermal conductivity k
= 398 W/m K. The surface of the rod is exposed to ambient air at
temperature T∞ = 25°C, with convection heat transfer coefficient, h = 100
W/m2K. Model the rod using two elements. Assemble the global: a)
conductivity matrix;
b) heat transfer matrix due to convection. Assume thickness, t ≈ 0.8D.
e hl T ⎧1⎫ W (8-6)
{r∞ } ≈ e ∞ ⎨ ⎬
t ⎩1⎭ m2
where,
T∞ = ambient temperature (in K);
h = convective heat transfer coefficient
( in W/m2K);
t = thickness of the fin (in m);
le = element length (in m).
8-9 System of Linear Equations
The system of linear equations (SLEs) for a single element, can be
written in a condensed matrix form as,
Global coordinate
Exercise 8-3
Reconsider Exercise 8-2. a) Apply the boundary conditions; b) Solve the
modified global system of linear equations for the unknown temperature
distribution in the rod.
We have,
⎡ ⎡ 1 −1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎤ ⎧T1 ⎫
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 360
⎢ −1
⎢ 2 −1 0 ⎥⎥ 9 × 3.33 ×10−2 ⎢1
⎢ 4 1 0 ⎥⎥ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎪T2 ⎪
+ ⎨ ⎬
⎢ 3.33 × 10−2 ⎢ 0 −1 2 −1⎥ 3 × 0.001 ⎢ 0 1 4 1 ⎥ ⎥ ⎪T3 ⎪
⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎣ 0 0 −1 1 ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 1 ⎩T4 ⎪
2 ⎦ ⎥⎦ ⎪ ⎭
⎧1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪
9 × 3.33 × 10−2 × 20 ⎪ 2 ⎪
= ⎨ ⎬
0.001 ⎪ 2 ⎪
⎩1 ⎪
⎪ ⎭
8. Impose the thermal boundary conditions.
Given, T1 = 235 °C. Using the elimination method, we delete the 1st row
and column of the global SLEs, and modify the right side term accordingly.
We have,
⎡ ⎡ 1 −1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎤ ⎧T1 ⎫
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 360
⎢ −1
⎢ 2 −1 0 ⎥⎥ 9 × 3.33 ×10−2 ⎢1
⎢ 4 1 0 ⎥⎥ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎪T2 ⎪
+ ⎨ ⎬
⎢ 3.33 × 10−2 ⎢ 0 −1 2 −1⎥ 3 × 0.001 ⎢ 0 1 4 1 ⎥ ⎥ ⎪T3 ⎪
⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎣ 0 0 −1 1 ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 1 ⎩T4 ⎪
2 ⎦ ⎥⎦ ⎪ ⎭
⎧1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪
9 × 3.33 × 10−2 × 20 ⎪ 2 ⎪
= ⎨ ⎬
0.001 ⎪ 2 ⎪
⎩1 ⎪
⎪ ⎭
9. Write the modified system of linear equations
Imposing the boundary condition, the system of linear equations is
reduced to,
⎡ ⎡ 2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 4 1 0 ⎤ ⎤ ⎧T2 ⎫
⎢ 360 ⎢ −1 ⎥ 9 × 3.33 × 10−2 ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎢ 3.33 × 10 −2 ⎢ 2 −1⎥ + ⎢ 4 1 ⎥⎥ ⎥ ⎨T3 ⎬
3 × 0.001 ⎪T ⎪
⎢⎣ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 2 ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦ ⎩ 4 ⎭
−2
⎧ 2 ⎫
9 × 3.33 × 10 × 20 ⎪ ⎪
= ⎨ 2 ⎬
0.001 ⎪1 ⎪
⎩ ⎭
⎧ −1⎫ ⎧1 ⎫
360 × 235 ⎪ ⎪ 9 × 3.33 × 10 −2 × 235 ⎪ ⎪
− −2 ⎨
0 ⎬ − ⎨0 ⎬
3.33 × 10 ⎪ ⎪ 3 × 0.001 ⎪0 ⎪
0
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
10. Solve the modified system of linear equations
Solving the modified system of linear equations yields the unknown
global nodal temperatures,
⎧T2 ⎫ ⎧ 211.7 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ o
⎨T3 ⎬ = ⎨197.0 ⎬ C
⎪T ⎪ ⎪192.2 ⎪
⎩ 4 ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
11. Compute the heat loss from each element
⎡ 235 + 211.7 ⎤
H1 = 9 × ⎢ − 20 ⎥ × 2 × 1× 3.33 × 10−2 = 121.9 W
⎣ 2 ⎦
⎡ 211.7 + 197 ⎤
H 2 = 9 × ⎢ − 20 ⎥ × 2 × 1× 3.33 × 10−2 = 110.5 W
⎣ 2 ⎦
⎡197 + 192.2 ⎤
H 3 = 9 × ⎢ − 20 ⎥ × 2 × 1× 3.33 × 10 −2 = 104.7 W
⎣ 2 ⎦
12. Compute the total heat loss
The total heat loss from the fin is,
H = H1 + H 2 + H 3
H = 121.9 + 110.5 + 104.7
H = 337.1 W