large rapid temperature changes or from unequal temperature distribution as may

result from a high heat flux

through a comparatively thick pipe or stratified twophase flow causing bowing of
the line.
301.7.3 Loads Due to Differences in Expansion
Characteristics. These loads result from differences in
thermal expansion where materials with different thermal expansion coefficients are
combined, as in bimetallic, lined, jacketed, or metallic�nonmetallic piping.
301.8 Effects of Support, Anchor, and Terminal
Movements
The effects of movements of piping supports, anchors,
and connected equipment shall be taken into account
in the design of piping. These movements may result
from the flexibility and/or thermal expansion of equipment, supports, or anchors;
and from settlement, tidal
movements, or wind sway.
301.9 Reduced Ductility Effects
The harmful effects of reduced ductility shall be taken
into account in the design of piping. The effects may, for
example, result from welding, heat treatment, forming,
bending, or low operating temperatures, including the
chilling effect of sudden loss of pressure on highly volatile fluids. Low ambient
temperatures expected during
operation shall be considered.
301.10 Cyclic Effects
Fatigue due to pressure cycling, thermal cycling, and
other cyclic loadings shall be considered in the design
of piping. See Appendix F, para. F301.10.
301.11 Air Condensation Effects
At operating temperatures below -191�C (-312�F) in
ambient air, condensation and oxygen enrichment occur.
These shall be considered in selecting materials, including insulation, and
adequate shielding and/or disposal
shall be provided.
302 DESIGN CRITERIA
302.1 General
Paragraph 302 states pressure�temperature ratings,
stress criteria, design allowances, and minimum design
values together with permissible variations of these factors as applied to the
design of piping.
302.2 Pressure�Temperature Design Criteria
302.2.1 Listed Components Having Established
Ratings. Except as limited elsewhere in the Code,
pressure�temperature ratings contained in standards for
piping components listed in Table 326.1 are acceptable
for design pressures and temperatures in accordance
with this Code. When the owner approves, provisions
of this Code may be used to extend the pressure�
temperature ratings of a component beyond the ratings
contained in the listed standard.
302.2.2 Listed Components Not Having Specific
Ratings
(a) Some of the standards for fittings in Table 326.1
(e.g., ASME B16.9 and B16.11) state that pressure�
temperature ratings are based on straight seamless pipe.
Such fittings shall be rated as calculated for straight
seamless pipe with the same allowable stresses as the
fitting and the nominal thickness corresponding to the
wall thickness or class designation of the fitting, less all
applicable allowances (e.g., thread depth and corrosion
allowance), and considering the manufacturing undertolerances of the fittings and
the pipe.
(b) For components with straight or spiral (helical
seam) longitudinal welded joints, the pressure rating as
determined for seamless pipe shall be multiplied by the
weld joint strength reduction factor, W, as defined in
para. 302.3.5(e).
(c) Other listed components not addressed in
para. 302.2.1 or 302.2.2(a) shall have their pressure�
temperature ratings established in accordance with the