Introduction to Thermal Fluid Sciences

Thermal sciences can be loosely defined as the sciences

that deal with heat.
The physical sciences that deal with energy and the
transfer, transport, and conversion of energy are referred
to as thermal-fluid sciences
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 Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics can be defined as science of energy.

Conservation of
energy principle
states that during
an interaction
energy can change
one form to
another but the
total amount of
energy remains
constant.
 Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is an expression of
conservation of energy principle and it states that energy
is a thermodynamic property.
The second law of thermodynamics states that energy
has quality as well as quantity and actual processes occur
in the direction of decreasing quality of energy
Classical thermodynamics is the macroscopic approach
to the study of thermodynamics that does not require the
knowledge of the behavior of individual particles
A more elaborate approach, based on the average
behavior of large groups of individual particles is called
statistical thermodynamics
 Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is the science that deals with the form of
energy that can be transferred from one system to
another as a result of temperature difference.
Thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat
transfer but the science of heat transfer deals with the
rate of heat transfer.
The laws of thermodynamics lay the
framework of the science of heat
transfer.
 Heat Transfer
The basic requirement for heat transfer is that there
should be a temperature difference.
The rate of heat transfer in certain direction depends on
the magnitude of the temperature gradient.
The larger the temperature gradient, the higher the rate
of heat transfer
 Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with
both stationary and moving bodies under the influence of
forces.
The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest
is called statics while the branch that deals with bodies in
motion is called dynamics.
The subcategory fluid mechanics is defined as the
science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid
statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the interaction
of fluid with other solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred to as
fluid.
Solid: can resist an applied shear by deforming. Stress
is proportional to strain
Fluid: deforms continuously under applied shear.
Stress is proportional to strain rate
 Fluid Mechanics
Stress is defined as force per unit area.
The normal component of a force acting on a surface
per unit area is called normal stress, and the tangential
component of a force acting on a surface per unit area is
called shear stress.
Pressure is the force per unit area, where the force is
perpendicular to the area.
 Differences between liquids and gases
 Although liquids and gases both share the common
characteristics of fluids, they have many distinctive
characteristics of their own.
 A liquid is difficult to compress and, for many purposes, may
be regarded as incompressible.
 A given mass of liquid occupies a fixed volume, irrespective
of the size or shape of its container, and a free surface is
formed if the volume of the container is greater than that of
the liquid.
 A gas is comparatively easy
to compress.
 A given mass of gas has no
fixed volume and will
expand continuously unless
restrained by a containing
vessel. It will completely fill
any vessel in which it is
placed and, therefore, does
not form a free surface. 10
 Dimensions and Units
 Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
 The arbitrary magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are
called units.
 Some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L, and
temperature T are selected as primary dimensions.
 Other such as veocity ⱴ, energy E, and volume V are
selected as secondary dimensions.

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