POLYNOMIALS

Ch 2-1

2 Polynomials

KEY FACTS
1. A function f (x) of the form f (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + .......... + anxn
where a0, a1, a2, ........., an are real numbers, an ≠ 0 and n is a non negative integer is called a polynomial in x.
The real numbers a0, a1, a2, .........., an are called coefficients of the polynomial.
Ex. (a) 6x2 – 8x + 5 is a polynomial with integral coefficients.
9 3 4 2
(b) x + x – 8 is a polynomial with rational coefficients.
5 7
(c) 6x4 – 3 x 2 + 3 5 is a polynomial with real coefficients.
2. Types of Polynomials
1 2
● Monomial : A polynomial having only one term as 9, 2 x, x , etc.
4
● Binomial : A polynomial having only two terms as 4x – 5, 6x2 + 8x, etc.
1
● Trinomial : A polynomial having only three terms as 4x2 – 2 x +
3
3. Degree of a Polynomial :
● The degree of a polynomial in one variable is the highest exponent of the variable in that polynomial.
Degree of 9x7 – 6x5 + 4x3 + 8 is 7.
● The degree of a polynomial in more than one variable is the highest sum of the powers of the variables.
Degree of 4x5 – 6x2y4 + 8 – 3xy6 is 1 + 6 = 7.
● A polynomial is said to be linear, quadratic, cubic or biquadratic if its degree is 1, 2, 3 or 4 respectively.
● A constant is a polynomial of degree 0.
4. Division of a Polynomial by Another Polynomial.
If f (x) and g(x) are two polynomials, g(x) ≠ 0, such that f (x) = g(x). q(x) + r(x) where degree of r(x) < degree of
f (x), then f (x) is divided by g(x), and it gives q(x) as quotient and r(x) as remainder.
Note : If r(x) = 0, then the divisor g(x) is a factor of f (x).
5. Remainder Theorem : If f (x) be any polynomial of degree ≥ 1, and a be any number, then if f (x) is divided
by (x – a), the remainder is f (a).
Ex. (a) The remainder when f (x) = (5x2 – 4x – 1) is divided by (x – 1) is f (1) = 5.12 – 4.1 – 1 = 0.
(b) The remainder when f (x) = x4 + 2x3 – 3 is divided by (x + 2) is f (–2) = (–2)4 + 2.(–2)3 – 3 = 16 – 16 – 3 = –3.
6. Factor Theorem : Let f (x) be a polynomial of degree n > 0. If f (a) = 0, for any real number a, then (x – a) is
a factor of f (x).
Conversely, if (x – a) is a factor of f (x), then f (a) = 0.
Ex. f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 is exactly divisible by (x – 1) as f (1) = 13 – 6.12 + 11.1 – 6 = 0.
Ch 2-1
Ch 2-2 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – IX

7. Some useful Identities :

● (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 ● (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab
● (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2 ● (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)
● (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab ● (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
● (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b) ● a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)
● a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab) ● (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
● (a3 + b3 + c3) – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – ca – bc)
● a + b + c = 0 ⇒ a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc ● (an – bn) is divisible by (a – b) for all values of n.
● (an – bn) is divisible by (a + b) for only even values of n.
● (an + bn) is never divisible by (a – b) ● (an + bn) is divisible by (a + b) only when n is odd.
8. Note : When a polynomial f (x) is divided by (x – a) and (x – b), the respective remainders are A and B. Then, if
the same polynomial is divided by (x – a) (x – b), then the remainder will be :
A–B Ba – Ab
x+ .
a–b a–b
9. Homogeneous Expressions : If all the terms of an algebraic expression are of the same degree, then such
an expression is called homogeneous expression.
● Homogeneous expressions in (x, y) of ● Homogeneous expression in (x, y, z) of
Degree 1 → px + qy Degree 1 → px + qy + rz
Degree 2 → px2 + rxy + qy2 Degree 2 → px2 + qy2 + rz2 + sxy + tyz + uzx
Degree 3 → px3 + rx2y + sxy2 + qy3 Degree 3 → ax3 + by3 + cz3 + dx2y + exy2 + fy2z + gyz2 + hz2x + kzx2.
10. Symmetric Expression : An algebraic expression f (x, y) in two variables x, y is called a symmetric expression
if f (x, y) = f (y, x).
An algebraic expression f (x, y, z) is said to be a cyclic expression, if f (x, y, z) = f (y, z, x) = f (z, x, y)
e.g. f (a, b, c) = a(b – c) + b(c – a) + c(a – b)
● ∑ (Sigma) is used for the sum of the terms of a cyclic expression.

Ex. ∑ x ( y – z ) = x3 (y – z) + y3(z – x) + z3(x – y)

3

x, y , z

● p (Pi) is used for the product of the terms of a cyclic expression.

Ex. π (a – b) = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
a , b, c

11. Horner’s Method of Synthetic Division for Factorization

Ex. Divide 3x3 – 2x2 – 19x + 22 by (x – 2)
2 3 –2 –19 22
Sol. 0 6 8 22
Multiplier × 2 × 2 × 2
3 4 –11 0 Remainder
\ f (x) = (x – 2) + 4x – 11)(3x2
Step 1: Write the coefficients of the descending powers of x in the first horizontal row.
Step 2: The multiplier is obtained by putting the divisor (x – 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 2.
Step 3: Now below the 1st coefficient, i.e., 3 in the first horizontal row, put 0 and add 3 + 0, i.e., 3.
Now 3 × multiplier = 3 × 2 = 6 = 2nd element of 2nd horizontal row. –2 + 6 = 4
Now 4 × multiplier = 4 × 2 = 8 = 3rd element of 2nd horizontal row. –19 + 8 = – 11
POLYNOMIALS Ch 2-3
For the last element again –11 × 2 = 22 and 22 + (– 22) = 0.
The first three figures in the third row stand for the coefficients of descending powers of x of quotient and the last
entry is for the remainder.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1. For what value of p is the coefficient of x2 in the product (2x – 1) (x – k) (px + 1) equal to 0 and the constant
term equal to 2 ? (CDS 2005)
Sol. (2x – 1) (x – k) (px + 1) = (2x – 1) (px2 + x – kpx – k)
= 2px3 + 2x2 – 2kpx2 – 2kx – px2 – x + kpx + k
= 2px3 + x2 [2 – 2kp – p] –x [2k + 1 – kp] + k
Here constant term = k = 2.

Coefficient of x2 = 2 – 2kp – p = 2 – 4p – p = 2 – 5p
2
Given, 2 – 5p = 0 ⇒ p = .
5
Ex. 2. For what value of m will the expression 3x3 + mx2 + 4x – 4m be divisible by x + 2 ? (CDS 2005)
Sol. f (x) = 3x3 + mx2 + 4x – 4m
f (x) is divisible by (x + 2) if f (–2) = 0

Now f (–2) = 3(–2)3 + m(–2)2 + 4(–2) – 4m = – 24 + 4m – 8 – 4m = – 32 ≠ 0
\ No such value of m exists for which (x + 2) is a factor of the given expression.

Ex. 3. If x5 – 9x2 + 12x – 14 is divisible by (x – 3), what is the remainder ? (CDS 2011)
Sol. Let f (x) = x5 – 9x2 + 12x – 14
f (x) is divisible by (x – 3) so remainder = f (3).

\ f (3) = (3)5 – 9(3)2 + 12(3) – 14 = 243 – 81 + 36 – 14 = 184.

Ex. 4. If the expressions (px3 + 3x2 – 3) and (2x3 – 5x + p) when divided by (x – 4) leave the same remainder,
then what is the value of p ?
Sol. Let f (x) = px3 + 3x2 – 3
g(x) = 2x3 – 5x + p
When divisible by x – 4, the remainders for the given expressions are f (4) and g(4) respectively.
f (4) = p(4) 3 + 3(4)2 – 3 = 64p + 48 – 3 = 64p + 45
g(4) = 2(4)3 – 5(4) + p = 128 – 20 + p = 108 + p.
Given, f (4) = g(4) ⇒ 64p + 45 = 108 + p ⇒ 63 p = 63 ⇒ p = 1.
Ex. 5. What is/are the factors of (x29 – x24 + x13 – 1) ?
(a) (x – 1) only (b) (x + 1) only (c) (x – 1) and (x + 1) (d) Neither (x – 1) nor (x + 1)
(CDS 2008)
Sol. For (x – 1) to be a factor of the given expression, the value of expression at x = 1 is
(1)29 – (1)24 + (1)13 – 1 = 1 – 1 + 1 – 1 = 0
\ (x – 1) is a factor of x29 – x24 + x13 – 1

Similarly for (x + 1) to be the factor, the value of expression at x = – 1 is
(–1)29 – (–1)24 + (–1)13 – 1 = – 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 = – 4 ≠ 0
\ (x + 1) is not a factor of x29 – x24 + x13 – 1.

Hence, (a) is the correct option.
Ch 2-4 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – IX

Ex. 6. Which one of the following is one of the factors of x2 (y – z) + y2 (z – x) – z (xy – yz – zx) ?
(a) (x – y) (b) (x + y – z) (c) (x – y – z) (d) (x + y + z)
(CDS 2007)
Sol. x2 (y – z) + y2 (z – x) – z(xy – yz – zx)
= x2y – x2z + y2z – y2x – zxy + yz2 + z2x
= xy(x – y – z) + z2(x + y) – z (x2 – y2)
= xy(x – y – z) – z (x + y) (x – y – z) = (x – y – z) (xy – yz – zx)
Hence, (c) is the correct option.
Ex. 7. Without actual division show that 2x4 – 6x3 + 3x2 + 3x – 2 is exactly divisible by x2 – 3x + 2.
Sol. Let f (x) = 2x4 – 6x3 + 3x2 + 3x – 2 and g(x) = x2 – 3x + 2 = x2 – 2x – x + 2 = x(x – 2) – 1 (x – 2) = (x – 2) (x – 1)
For f (x) to be exactly divisible by g(x), (x – 1) and (x – 2) should be the factors of f (x), i.e.,
f (1) = 0 and f (2) = 0.
Now, f (1) = 2. (1)4 – 6.(1)3 + 3.(1)2 + 3.1 – 2 = 2 – 6 + 3 + 3 – 2 = 0
f (2) = 2.(2)4 – 6(2)3 + 3(2)2 + 3.2 – 2 = 32 – 48 + 12 + 6 – 2 = 0.
\ (x – 1) and (x – 2) are factors of f (x) ⇒ f (x) is exactly divisible by g(x).

Ex. 8. If a + b + c = 0, then what is the value of a4 + b4 + c4 – 2a2b2 – 2b2c2 – 2c2a2 ? (CDS 2005)
Sol. Given, a + b + c = 0.
Now, a4 + b4 + c4 – 2a2b2 – 2b2c2 – 2c2a2 = (a2 + b2 + c2)2 – 4a2b2 – 4b2c2 – 4c2a2
= [(a + b + c)2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca]2 – 4a2b2 – 4b2c2 – 4c2a2
= [02 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca]2 – 4a2b2 – 4b2c2 – 4c2a2
= 4a2b2 + 4b2c2 + 4c2a2 + 8ab2c + 8abc2 + 8a2bc – 4a2b2 – 4b2c2 – 4c2a2
= 8ab2c + 8abc2 + 8a2bc = 8abc (b + c + a) = 8abc. 0 = 0.
a–b b–c c–a 1+ x 1+ y 1+ z
Ex. 9. If x = ,y= ,z= , then what is the value of . . ? (CDS 2006)
a+b b+c c+a 1– x 1– y 1– z
a–b 1 a+b
Sol. x = ⇒ =
a+b x a–b
1 + x a + b + a – b 2a 1+ x a

⇒ = = ⇒ = (Applying componendo and dividendo)
1 – x a + b – a + b 2b 1– x b
1+ y b 1+ z c 1+ x 1+ y 1+ z a b c
Similarly, = , = \ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ = 1.
1– y c 1– z a 1− x 1− y 1− z b c a
3 3 3
 ( y – z – x)   (z – x – y)   ( x – y – z) 
Ex. 10. If x + y + z = 0, then what is   +  +  equal to ?
 2   2   2
3 3 3
 y – z – x  z – x – y  x – y – z
Sol.   +  + 
 2   2   2 
3 3 3
 y – ( z + x)   z – ( x + y )   x – ( y + z ) 
=   +  + 
 2   2   2 
3 3 3
 y – (– y )   z – (– z )   x – (– x) 
=   +  +  (Q x + y + z = 0)
 2   2   2 
3 3 3
 2 y   2z   2x  3 3 3
=   +   +   = y + z + x = 3xyz. (Q a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc, if a + b + c = 0)
 2   2   2 
POLYNOMIALS Ch 2-5

1
Ex. 11. If x2 – 4x + 1 = 0, then what is the value of x3 + ?
x3
Sol. x2 – 4x + 1 = 0  Roots quadratic eqn ax 2 + bx + c = 0 
 2

4 ± 16 – 4 × 1 × 1 4 ± 2 3  − b ± b – 4ac 
⇒x=
= =2± 3 = 2a 
2 ×1 2  Here a = 1, b = − 4, c = 1 
 
3
1 1  (2 – 3) × 1 

\ x3 + = (2 + 3)3 + = (2 + 3) 3
+ 
3
 = (2 + 3) + (2 – 3)
3
x3 (2 + 3) 3
 (2 + 3) (2 – 3) 
3 3 3 3
= 2 + ( 3) + 3 × 2 × 3(2 + 3) + 2 – ( 3) – 3 × 2 × 3 (2 – 3)
1
= 8 + 18 + 8 + 18 = 52. Similarly for x = 2 – 3, x3 + = 52.
x3

Ex. 12. If 1 1 2
+ = , then what is ( x 2 + y 2 ) equal to ?
y+z z+x x+ y
1 1 2
Sol. + =
y+z z+x x+ y
1 1 1 1 ( x + y ) – ( y + z ) ( z + x) – ( x + y )

⇒ – = –   ⇒  =
y+z x+ y x+ y z+x ( y + z) ( x + y) ( x + y ) ( z + x)
x–z z– y
⇒ = ⇒ ( x – z ) ( x + z ) = ( z – y ) ( z + y )   ⇒  x2 – z2 = z2 – y2 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 2z2.
y+z z+x
Ex. 13. If the sum and difference of two expressions are 5a2 – a – 4 and a2 + 9a – 10 respectively, then what is their
LCM ?
Sol. Let P and Q be the two expressions. Then,
P + Q = 5a2 – a – 4 ...(i)
P – Q = a2 + 9a – 10 ...(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii)
⇒ 2P = 6a2 + 8a – 14 ⇒ P = 3a2 + 4a – 7 = (a – 1) (3a + 7)
From (i), Q = (5a2 – a – 4) – (3a2 + 4a – 7) = 2a2 – 5a + 3 = (a – 1) (2a – 3)
\ LCM of P and Q = (a – 1) (2a – 3) (3a + 7).
Ex. 14. Without actual division, show that (x – 1)2n – x2n + 2x – 1 is divisible by 2x3 – 3x2 + x.

Sol. Let f (x) = (x – 1)2n – x2x + 2x – 1

g(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + x = x(2x2 – 3x + 1)
Now g(x) = 0 ⇒ x[2x2 – 3x + 1] = 0 ⇒ x[2x2 – 2x – x + 1] = 0
1
⇒ [2x (x – 1) –1(x – 1)] = 0 ⇒ (2x – 1) (x – 1) = 0 ⇒ x = ,1
2
1
\ For f (x) to be exactly divisible by g(x), f   = f (1) should be all zero.

2
2n 2n 2n 2n 2n 2n
1 1  1 1  1 1 1 1
f   =  – 1 –   + 2 × – 1 =  –  –   + 1 – 1 =   –  +1–1= 0
2 2  2 2  2 2 2 2
2n 2n
f (1) = (1 – 1) – 1 + 2 × 1 – 1 = 0 – 1 + 2 – 1 = 0.
\ [(x – 1) – x2n + 2x – 1] is completely divisible by 2x3 – 3x2 + x.
2n
Ch 2-6 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – IX

Ex. 15. If the HCF of (x2 + x – 12) and (2x2 – kx – 9) is (x – k), then what is the value of k ? (CDS 2008)

Sol. Since (x – k) is the HCF of (x2 + x + 12) and (2x2 – kx – 9)

(x – k) will be a factor of 2x2 – kx – 9
\ 2.k2 – k.k – 9 = 0 ⇒ k2 – 9 = 0 ⇒ k = ± 3
Also, the factors of (x2 + x – 12) = (x + 4) (x – 3) \ k = 3.

PRACTICE SHEET

LEVEL–1 remainder 6 when divided by x + 2, then the values of a, b

and c are respectively,
1. When x13 + 1 is divided by x –1, the remainder is :
(a) 1, 1, 4 (b) 2, 2, 4 (c) 3, 3, 4 (d) 4, 4, 4
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 2
2. If x3 + 5x2 + 10k leaves remainder – 2x when divided by x4
12. f (x) = – 2x3
+ 3x2
– ax + b is a polynomial such that
x2 + 2, then what is the value of k ? when it is divided by (x – 1) and (x + 1), the remainders are
respectively 5 and 19. Determine the remainder when f (x)
(a) –2 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2
is divided by (x – 2).
(CDS 2012)
4 3 3 3 4 3 (a) 6 (b) 10 (c) 2 (d) 8
3. x + xy + x y + xz + y + yz is divisible by :
2 4 3 2
13. If (x – 1) is a factor of ax + bx + cx + dx + e, then :
(a) (x – y) only (b) (x3 + y3 + z3) only
(a) a + c + e = 0 (b) ace = 1
(c) both (x + y) and (x3 + y3 + z3)
(c) b + d = 0 (d) Both (a) and (c)
(d) None of the above (CDS 2012)
4. For what value of k, will the expression (3x3 – kx2 + 4x + 16) x 2 – 3x + 2 x2 – 5x + 4
14. What is 2
÷ equal to ?
be divisible by (x – k/2) ? x – 5x + 6 x 2 – 7 x + 12
(a) 4 (b) –4 (c) 2 (d) 0 x+3 x +1
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 2
(CDS 2007) x–3 x –1
(CDS 2011)
5. When (x3 – 2x2 + px – q) is divided by (x2 – 2x – 3),
the remainder is (x – 6), What are the values of p and q 15. If the expression (px3 + x2 – 2x – q) is divisible by (x – 1)
respectively ? and (x + 1), then the values of p and q respectively are ?
(a) –2, –6 (b) 2, – 6 (c) –2, 6 (d) 2, 6 (a) 2, – 1 (b) –2, 1 (c) –2, –1 (d) 2, 1
(CDS 2009) (CDS 2010)
3 2
x + ax + bx + 4 LEVEL–2
6. If is a polynomial of degree 1 in x, then
x2 + x – 2 16. When x40 + 2 is divided by x4 + 1, what is the remainder ?
what are the values of a, b respectively ? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(a) –1, –4 (b) –1, 4 (c) 3, –4 (d) 3, 4 (CDS 2009)
(CDS 2005) 17. If the remainder of the polynomial a0 + a1x + a2x2 + .......
1/3 2/3
7. When a + b + c + 3a b + 3a b is divided by 2/3 1/3
+ anxn when divided by (x – 1) is 1, then which one of the
a1/3 + b1/3 + c1/3, what is the remainder ? following is correct ?
(a) 3a (b) 3b (c) 0 (d) c2/3 (a) a0 + a2 + ...... = a1 + a3 + ......
(CDS 2005) (b) a0 + a2 + ...... = 1 + a1 + a3 + ......
8. If the polynomials ax3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4 and x3 – 4x + a leave the (c) 1 + a0 + a2+ ...... = – (a1 + a3 + ......)
same remainder when divided by (x – 3), the value of a is : (d) 1 – a0 – a2 – ...... = a1 + a3 + ...... (CDS 2009)
(a) 2 (b) –3/2 (c) –1 (d) 4 18. The remainder when 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ........ + x1007 is divided
9. Let R1 and R2 be the remainders when the polynomials by (x – 1) is
x3 + 2x2 – 5ax – 7 and x2 + ax2 – 12x + 6 are divided by (a) 1006 (b) 1008 (c) 1007 (d) 0
(x + 1) and (x – 2) respectively. If 2R1 + R2 = 6, the value 19. A cubic polynomial f (x) is such that f (1) = 1, f (2) = 2,
of a is : f (3) = 3 and f (4) = 5, then f (6) equals :
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2 (a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 13
10. If both (x – 2) and (x – 1/2) are factors of px2 + 5x + r, then: 6 5 4 2
20. If the polynomial x + px + qx – x – x – 3 is divisible by
(a) p = 2r (b) p + r = 0 (c) p = r (d) p × r = 1 x4 – 1, then the value of p2 + q2 is :
11. If the expression ax2 + bx + c is equal to 4, when x = 0, (a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 13
leaves a remainder 4 when divided by x + 1 and leaves a (CDS 2001)
POLYNOMIALS Ch 2-7
x8 x4
21. The factors of + + 1 are : by (x + a) and (x – a), then the remainder when p(x) is
(a) (x4 + 1 – x2) (x2 + 1 + x) (x2 + 1 – x) divided by (x2 – a2) is
(b) (x4 + 1 – x2) (x2 – 1 + x) (x2 + 1 + x) (a) –2x (b) –x (c) 0 (d) 2a
(EAMCET 2003)
(c) (x4 – 1 + x2) (x2 – 1 + x) (x2 + 1 + x)
31. If 9x2 + 3px + 6q when divided by (3x + 1) leaves a remainder
(d) (x4 – 1 + x2) (x2 + 1 – x) (x2 + 1 + x) (CDS 1999)  3
22. If the polynomial x19 + x17 + x13 + x11 + x7 + x5 + x3 is divided  –  and qx2 + 4px + 7 is exactly divisible by (x + 1), then
 4
by (x2 + 1), then the remainder is : the values of p and q respectively will be :
(a) 1 (b) x2 + 4 (c) –x (d) x 7 7 7
(a) 0, (b) – , 0 (c) Same (d) , 0
23. If (x + k) is a common factor of x 2 + px + q and 4 4 4
x2 + lx + m, then the value of k is 3 2
32. What should be subtracted from 27x – 9x – 6x – 5 to make
p+q p–l q+m q–m it exactly divisible by (3x – 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) –5 (b) –7 (c) 5 (d) 7
l+m q–m q+l p–l
(CDS 2009)
24. If (x – 1) is a factor of Ax3 + Bx2 – 36x + 22 and 2B = 64A, 33. The values of a, b and c respectively for the expression
find A and B ? f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c, if f (1) = f (2) = 0 and f (4) = f (0) are :
(a) A = 4, B = 16 (b) A = 6, B = 24 (a) 9, 20, 12 (b) –9, –20, 12
(c) A = 2, B = 12 (d) A = 8, B = 16 (c) –9, 20, –12 (d) –9, –20, –12
25. When a polynomial f (x) is divided by (x – 3) and (x + 6), the 34. The remainder, when x200 is divided by x2 – 3x + 2 is
respective remainders are 7 and 22. What is the remainder (a) (2200 – 1) x + (–2200 + 2)
when f (x) is divided by (x – 3) (x + 6) ? (b) (2200 + 1) x + (–2200 – 2)
–5 7 5 7 (c) (2200 – 1) x + (–2200 – 2)
(a) x + 12 (b) – x + 14 (c) – x + 16 (d) – x + 12
3 3 3 3 (d) 2100
35. (i) For a ≠ b, if x + k is the HCF of x2 + ax + b and x2 + bx
26. If p(x) is a common multiple of degree 6 of the polynomials
f (x) = x3 + x2 – x – 1 and g(x) = x3 – x2 + x – 1, then which + a, then the value of a + b is equal to
one of the following is correct ? (a) – 2 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
(a) p(x) = (x – 1)2 (x + 1)2 (x2 + 1) (Type Raj PET 2004, Kerala PET 2004)
(b) p(x) = (x – 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1)2 (ii) If (x + k) is the HCF of ax2 + ax + b and x2 + cx + d,
(c) p(x) = (x – 1)3 (x + 1) (x2 + 1) then what is the value of k ?
(d) p(x) = (x – 1)2 (x4 + 1) (CDS 2012) b+d a+b a–b
(a) (b) (c)
27. Which one of the following is divisible by (1 + a + a5) and a+c c+d c–d
(1 + a4 + a5) individually ? (d) None of these (CDS 2008)
(a) (a2
+ a + 1) (a3
+ + 1) a2 (a3
+ a + 1) LEVEL–3
(b) (a4 – a + 1) (a3 + a2 + 1) (a3 + a – 1)
(c) (a4 + a + 1) (a3 – a2 + 1) (a3 + a + 1) (a – b)3 + (b – c)3 + (c – a)3
36. The value of is :
(a – b) (b – c) (c – a )
(d) (a2 + a + 1 ) (a3 – a2 + 1) (a3 – a + 1) (CDS 2005)
28. Consider the following statements : (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 1/3 (d) Zero
1. an + bn is divisible by a + b if n = 2k + 1, where k is a (CDS 2000)
37. If a2 = by + cz, b2 = cz + ax, c2 = ax + by, then the value of
positive integer.
x y z
2. an – bn is divisible by a – b if n = 2 k, where k is a positive + + will be:
a+x b+ y c+z
integer. Which of the statements given above is/are
correct ? 1 1 1
(a) a + b + c (b) + + (c) 1 (d) 0
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only a b c
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (CDS 2001)
(CDS 2005) 38. If x + y + z = 0, then x (y – z)3 + y (z – x)3 + z (x – y)3 equals
29. If (x – 2) is a common factor of the expressions x2 + ax + b (a) 0 (b) y + z (c) 1 (d) (z + x)2
b–d
and x2 + cx + d, then is equal to 1 1 1 1
c–a 39. If + + = , where a + b + c ≠ 0, abc ≠ 0,
(a) –2 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2 a b c (a + b + c)
(EAMCET 2004) what is the value of (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) ?
30. Let a ≠ 0 and p(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than 2. If (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
p(x) leaves remainders a and –a, when divided respectively (CDS 2005)
Ch 2-8 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – IX

x y 47. If x + y + z = 2s, then what is

40. If =
(b – c) (b + c – 2a ) (c – a ) (c + a – 2b) (s – x)3 + (s – y)3 + 3(s – x) (s – y)z equal to :
z
= , what is the value of x + y + z ? (a) z3 (b) –z3 (c) x3 (d) y3
(a − b) (a + b – 2c)
(CDS 2007)
(a) (a + b + c) (b) a2 + b2 + c2 1 1
48. If x + = p, then x6 + 6 equals to :
(c) 0 (d) 1 (CDS 2005) x x
41. If a + b + c = 0, then find the value of : (a) p6 + 6p (b) p6 – 6p
a2 b2 c2 (c) p6 + 6p4 + 9p2 + 2 (d) p6 – 6p4 + 9p2 – 2
2 + 2 + 2 (CDS 2007)
a – bc b – ca c – ab
49. If x + y + z = 0, then what is the value of :
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
1 1 1
(MAT 2005) 2 2 2
+ 2 2 2
+ 2 ?
x +y –z y +z –x z + x2 – y 2
( x – y )3 + ( y – z )3 + ( z – x )3
42. The value of is : 1
( x 2 – y 2 )3 + ( y 2 – z 2 )3 + ( z 2 – x 2 )3 (a) 2 (b) 1
x + y2 + z2
–1
(a) 1 (b) [2( x + y + z )] (c) –1 (d) 0 (CDS 2010)
(c) [(x + y) (y + z) (z + x)]–1 (d) 0 (CDS 2004) x 2
y 2
z2
50. If x + y + z = 0, then + + =
43. If a + b + c = 0, then a2 + ab + b2 is equal to : 2
2 x + yz 2
2 y + zx 2
2 z + xy
(a) b2 – bc + c2 (b) c2 – ab (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1
(c) b2 + bc + c2 (d) 0 (CDS 2004) 51. If (b + c – a)x = (c + a – b)y = (a + b – c)z = 2, then
1 1
44. If pqr = 1, the value of +  1 1   1 1  1 1 
[1 + p + q ] [1 + q + r –1 ]  y + z   z + x   x + y  is equals:
–1
   
1
+ will be equal to : (a) a2b2c2 (b) abc (c) a2b2 (d) (abc)2
[1 + r + p –1 ]
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) –2 52. If ax = (x + y + z)y, ay = (x + y + z)z, az = (x + y + z)x, then:
(CDS 2004) (a) 3(x + y + z) = a (b) 2a = x + y + z
xy xz yz (c) x + y + z = 0 (d) x = y = z = a/3
45. If a = , b= and c = , where a, b and c
x+ y x+ z y+z 1 1 1
are non-zero, then what is x equal to ? 53. If x + = a, then what is the value of x3 + x2 + 3 + 2 ?
x x x
2abc 2abc
(a) (b) (a) a3 + a2 (b) a3 + a2 – 5a
ac + bc – ab ab – ac + bc
(c) a3 + a2 – 3a – 2 (d) a3 + a2 – 4a – 2
2abc 2abc
(c) (d) (CDS 2012)
ab + bc + ac ab + ac – bc
54. If x1/3 + y1/3 + z1/3 = 0, then what is (x + y + z)3 equal to ?
(CDS 2006)
46. If a + b + c = 0, then what is the value of (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 3xy (d) 27xyz
a 2 + b2 + c2
2a 2b 2c (b – c) (c – a ) (a – b)
(a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a ) 2 55. + + + equals
a + b b + c c + a (b + c) (c + a ) (a + b)
1
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) (d) 0 (CDS 2006) (a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 3 (d) 2
3

ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (i) (b) (ii) (d) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (a)
40. (c) 41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (d) 49. (d)
50. (d) 51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (c)
POLYNOMIALS Ch 2-9

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

Now x3 + y3 + z3 + 3xy2 + 3x2y
1. Remainder when x13 + 1 is divided by (x – 1) = 113 + 1 = 2. 3 2 2 3 3
x+5 = x + 3 xy + 3 x y + y + z
2 3 2 = (x + y)3 + z3
2. x + 2 x + 5 x + 10k
2 2
x 3
+ 2x = [ x + y + z ] [( x + y ) − ( x + y ) z + z ].
–
5 x 2 – 2 x + 10k \ Given expression is completely divisible by (x + y + z),
2
+ 10 i.e., by a1/3 + b1/3 + c1/3.
−5 x − = Remainder
–2 x + 10k – 10 8. Let f (x) = ax3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4
g(x) = x3 – 4x + a.

Given, –2x + 10k – 10 = – 2x
Remainders when f (x) and g(x) are divided by (x – 3) are
⇒ 10k = 10 ⇒ k = 1.
f (3) and g(3) respectively. Now,
3. Hint. x4 + xy3 + x3y + xz3 + y4 + yz3 f (3) = a. (3)3 + 4.(3)2 + 3.3 – 4
= (x4 + xy3 + xz3) + (x3y + y4 + yz3) = 27a + 36 + 9 – 4 = 27a + 41 ...(i)
= x(x3 + y3 + z3) + y(x3 + y3 + z3) g(3) = (3)3 – 4.(3) + a = 27 – 12 + a = 15 + a ...(ii)
= (x + y) (x3 + y3 + z3) Given, f (3) = g(3)
4. Let f (x) = 3x3 – kx2 + 4x + 16. Then, f (x) will be divisible \ 27a + 41 = 15 + a ⇒ 26a = – 26 ⇒ a = – 1.
by (x – k/2) if f (k/2) = 0 9. Let f (x) = x3 + 2x2 – 5ax – 7
⇒ 3.(k/2)3 – k.(k/2)2 + 4(k/2) + 16 = 0
\ R1 = f (–1) = (–1)3 + 2. (–1)2 – 5.a. (–1) –7
3k 3 k 3 4k = –1 + 2 + 5a –7 = 5a – 6

⇒ – + + 16 = 0
8 4 2 g(x) = x3 + ax2 – 12x + 6
R2 = g(2) = (2)3 + a.(2)2 – 12.(2) + 6
3k 3 – 2k 3 + 16k + 128

⇒ =0 = 8 + 4a – 24 + 6 = 4a – 10
8
Given, 2R1 + R2 = 6 ⇒ 2(5a – 6) + (4a – 10) = 6
⇒ k3 + 16k + 128 = 0 ⇒ (k + 4) (k2 – 4k + 32) = 0
⇒ k + 4 = 0 ⇒ k = – 4. ⇒ 10a – 12 + 4a – 10 = 6
x ⇒ 14a – 22 = 6 ⇒ 14a = 28 ⇒ a = 2.
2 3 2 10. Let f (x) = px2 + 5x + r
5. x – 2 x – 3 x – 2 x + px – q
 1
x3 – 2 x 2 – 3x Since, (x – 2) and  x –  are the factors of f (x), therefore,
+ +  2
( p + 3) x – q
Given, (p + 3)x – q = x – 6 1
f (2) = 0 and f   = 0.
2
⇒ p + 3 = 1 and q = 6
\ f (2) = p × (2)2 + 5 × 2 + r = 4p + 10 + r = 0 ...(i)
⇒ p = – 2, q = 6
2
x + (a – 1)  1  1 1 p 5
f   = p ×   + 5 × + r = + + r = p +10 + 4r = 0 ...(ii)

2 3 2  2  2 2 4 2
6. x + x – 2 x + ax + bx + 4
3 2
x + x − 2x (i) and (ii) ⇒ 4p + 10 + r = p + 10 + 4r ⇒ 3p = 3r ⇒ p = r.
– − +
11. Given exp. f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
(a – 1) x 2 + (b + 2) x + 4
(a – 1) x 2 + (a – 1) x − 2(a – 1) \ When x = 0, a.0 + b.0 + c = 4 ⇒ c = 4.
− − + The remainders when f (x) is divided by (x + 1) and (x + 2)
(b – a + 3) x + (2a + 2) respectively are f (–1) and f(–2).
As the given polynomial is of degree 1, the degree of the \ f (–1) = a.(–1)2 + b.(–1) + c = 4
remainder should be less than 1, i.e., 0, i.e., the remainder ⇒ a – b + c = 4 ⇒ a – b + 4 = 4 ⇒ a – b = 0 ...(i)
has only a constant term.
f (–2) = a.(–2)2 + b(–2) + c = 6
⇒ b – a + 3 = 0 and 2a + 2 = 0 ⇒ a = – 1 ⇒ 4a – 2b + 4 = 6 ⇒ 4a – 2b = 2 ...(ii)
\ b – (–1) + 3 = 0 ⇒ b = – 4. Solving (i) and (ii) simultaneously we get, a = 1, b = 1.
\ a = – 1, b = – 4. 12. When f (x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax + b is divided by (x – 1) and
7. Let a1/3 = x, b1/3 = y, c1/3 = z. Then, (x + 1), the remainders are 5 and 19 respectively.
a + b + c + 3a1/3 b2/3 + 3a2/3 b1/3 = x3 + y3 + z3 + 3xy2 + 3x2y i.e., f (1) = 5 and f (–1) = 19
and a1/3 + b1/3 + c1/3 = x + y + z. ⇒ 1 – 2 + 3 – a + b = 5 and 1 + 2 + 3 + a + b = 19
⇒ –a + b = 3 and a + b = 13
Ch 2-10 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – IX

Adding the two equations, we get 2b = 16 ⇒ b = 8 ⇒ a = 5
\ f (x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax + b
= x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – 5x + 8
\ Remainder, when f (x) is divided by (x – 2) is equal to f (2)
\ f (2) = 24 – 2.23 + 3.22 – 5.2 + 8
Putting values of a, b, c, d in f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, we
get the polynomial f (x) = x ⇒ f (6) = 6.
20. f (x) = x6 + px5 + qx4 – x2 – x – 3
= x4 . x2 + p.x4 x + q.x4 – x2 – x – 3
As (x – 1) is a factor of f (x), so putting x4 = 1, we get
4

= 16 – 16 + 12 – 10 + 8 = 10. x2 + px + q – x2 – x – 3 = 0
13. Let f (x) = ax4 + bx4 + cx2 + dx + e be the given polynomial. ⇒ (p – 1)x + (q – 3) = 0 ⇒ p – 1 = 0 and q – 3 = 0
Then, (x2 – 1) is a factor of f (x). ⇒ p = 1 and q = 3.
⇒ (x – 1) (x + 1) is a factor of f (x) \ p2 + q2 = 1 + 9 = 10.
⇒ (x – 1) and (x + 1) are factors of f (x) 21. x8 + x4 + 1 = x8 + 2x4 + 1 – x4 (Adding and subtracting x4)
⇒ f (1) = 0 and f (–1) = 0 = (x4 + 1)2 – (x2)2 = (x4 + 1 + x2) (x4 + 1 – x2)
⇒ a + b + c + d + e = 0 and a – b + c – d + e = 0. = [(x4 + 2x2 + 1) – x2] (x4 + 1 – x2)
Adding and subtracting the two equations, we get = [(x2 + 1)2 – (x)2] (x4 + 1 – x2)
2(a + c + e) = 0 and 2(b + d) = 0 = (x2 + 1 + x) (x2 + 1 – x) (x4 + 1 – x2)
⇒ a + c + e = 0 and b + d = 0. 22. f (x) = x19 + x17 + x13 + x11 + x7 + x5 + x3
Putting x2 = – 1, we get
x 2 – 3x + 2 x2 – 5x + 4
14. 2
÷ f (x) = (x2)9.x + (x2)8.x + (x2)6.x + (x2)5.x + (x2)2.x + x2.x
x – 5x + 6 x 2 – 7 x + 12
= (–1)9x + (–1)8.x + (–1)6.x + (–1)5.x + (–1)2.x + (–1).x
( x – 1) ( x – 2) ( x – 4) ( x – 1) = – x + x + x – x + x – x = – x.
= ÷
( x – 3) ( x – 2) ( x – 3) ( x – 4) 23. Let f (x) = x2 + px + q
( x – 1) ( x – 1) ( x – 1) ( x – 3) g(x) = x2 + lx + m.
= ÷ = × = 1.
( x – 3) ( x – 3) ( x – 3) ( x – 1) Since (x + k) is a common factor of f (x) and g(x),
15. px3 + x2 – 2x – q is divisible by (x – 1) and (x + 1) f (–k) = k2 – pk + q = 0
⇒ p(1)3 + (1)2 – 2(1) – q = 0 ⇒ p – q = 1     ...(i) g (–k) = k2 – lk + m = 0
and p(–1)3 + (–1)2 – 2(–1) – q = 0 ⇒ p + q = 3   ...(ii) ⇒ k – px + q = k2 – lk + m
2

Solving (i) and (ii) p = 2, q = 1. q–m

16. Put x4 = – 1 in f (x) = x40 + 2 ⇒ q – m = (p – l)k ⇒ k =
p–l
Remainder = (x4)10 + 2 = (–1)10 + 2 = 3. 24. Since (x – 1) is a factor of Ax3 + Bx2 – 36x + 22
17. Let f (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ......... + anxn \ A(1)3 + B(1)2 – 36(1) + 22 = 0
Given, f (1) = 1 ⇒ A + B = 14 ...(i)
⇒ a0 + a1 + a2 + ........ + an = 1
and 2B = 64A ⇒ 2B = (26)A ⇒ B = 6A ...(ii)
⇒ 1 – a0 – a2 – ........ = a1 + a3 + ........ .
\ From (i) and (ii) A = 2, B = 12.
18. Required remainder = f (1)
25. The function f (x) is not known. Here,
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 ......... + 1 (1008 times)
a = 3, b=–6
= 1008 × 1 = 1008.
A = 7, B = 22 [Refer to Key Fact 8]
19. Let the cubic polynomial be :
A–B Ba – Ab
f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d. \ Required remainder = x+
a–b a–b
Given, f (1) = 1 ⇒ a + b + c + d = 1 ....(i)
f (2) = 2 ⇒ 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 2 ...(ii) 7 – 22 22 × 3 – 7 × (–6) –5
= x+ = x + 12 .
f (3) = 4 ⇒ 27a + 9b + 3c + d = 3 ...(iii) 3 – (–6) 3 – (–6) 3
f (4) = 5 ⇒ 125a + 25b + 5c + d = 5 ...(iv) 26. f (x) = x3 + x2 – x – 1
g(x) = x3 – x2 + x – 1
(ii) – (i) ⇒ 7a + 3b + c = 1 ...(v)
f (x) . g(x) = (x3 + x2 – x – 1) . (x3 – x2 + x – 1)
(iii) – (ii) ⇒ 19a + 5b + c = 1 ...(vi)
5 4 3 5 4 3 2
(iv) – (iii) ⇒ 98a + 16b + 2c = 2 ...(vii) = x6 – x + x – x + x – x + x − x
(vi) – (v) ⇒ 12a + 2b = 0 ⇒ 6a + b = 0 ...(viii) – x 4 + x3 – x 2 + x – x3 + x 2 − x + 1
(vii) – 2 (vi) ⇒ 60a + 6b = 0 ⇒ 10a + b = 0 ...(ix) = x6 – x4 – x2 + 1
Solving (viii) and (ix), we get a = 0 ⇒ b = 0 \ p(x) = x6 – x4 – x2 + 1
Putting a = 0, b = 0 in (v), we, get c = 1 = x4 (x2 – 1) – (x2 – 1) = (x2 – 1) (x4 – 1)
Also from (i), a = 0, b = 0, c = 1 ⇒ d = 0. = (x – 1) (x + 1) [(x2)2 – 1]
= (x – 1) (x + 1) [(x2 – 1) (x2 + 1)]
POLYNOMIALS Ch 2-11
= (x – 1) (x + 1) [(x – 1) (x + 1) (x2
+ 1)] (3x – 1), the remainder obtained on division should be
2 2 2
= (x – 1) (x + 1) (x + 1). subtracted. 3 2
 1 1 1 1
27. The given expression has to be divided by (1 + a + a5) Remainder =  f +  = 27 ×   – 9 ×   – 6 × –5
and (1 + a4 + a5) individually, so highest power of a is  3 3 3 3
5 + 5 = 10, followed by 5 + 4 = 9, and both are positive.  1
Q 3 x –1 = 0 ⇒ x = 
 3
In options (a) and (d) the highest power of a is 8, hence       = 1 – 1 – 2 – 5 = – 7.
these options are not acceptable. 33. Given, f (x) = x3 + lx2 + mx + n.
The only choices are (b) and (c), but in option (c) a10 is f (1) = f (2) = 0 ⇒ (x – 1) and (x – 2) are factors of f (x).
positive but a9 is negative and in (b) both a10 and a9 are Since, f (x) is polynomial of degree 3, it shall have three
positive. Hence (b) is the correct option. linear factors. So, let the third factor be (x – k).
28. Statement (1) is correct as for k = 1, n = 2 × 1 + 1 = 3. Then, f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – k)
\ a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab) which is divisible by ⇒ f (x) = x3 + lx2 + mx + n = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – k)
(a + b), statement (2) is also correct as for k = 1, n = 2,
Given, f (4) = f (0)
\ a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b) which is divisible by (a – b).
⇒ (4 – 1) (4 – 2) (4 – k) = (–1) (–2) (–k)
29. (x – 2) is a common factor of (x2 + ax + b) and (x2 + cx + d)
⇒ 24 – 6k = – 2k ⇒ 4k = 24 ⇒ k = 6
⇒ 4 + 2a + b = 0 ...(i)
\ f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 6) = (x2 – 3x + 2) (x – 6)
and 4 + 2c + d = 0 ...(ii)
= x3 – 9x2 + 20x – 12
b–d
\ 2a + b = 2c + d ⇒ b – d = 2(c – a) ⇒ = 2. \ x3 + lx2 + mx + n = x3 – 9x2 + 20x – 12
c–a
⇒ l = – 9, m = 20, n = – 12.
30. Let rx + t be the remainder, q(x) be the quotient when p(x)
is divided by x2 – a2. 34. Let x200 = (x2 – 3x + 2). Q(x) + lx + m ...(i)
\ p(x) = (x2 – a2). qx + rx + t ...(i) where, Q(x) = quotient and (lx + m) is the remainder
Given, p(x) leaves remainders a and –a respectively when Now (x2 – 3x + 2) = 0 ⇒ (x – 1) (x – 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 1, 2.
divided by (x + a) and (x – a). Substituting x = 1 in (i), we have,
\ p(–a) = a and p(a) = – a 1200 = 0. Q.(x) + l + m ...(ii)
Putting x = – a in (i), we get Similarly, for x = 2,
p(–a) = 0. q(–a) + (– ra + t) 2200 = 0. Q(x) + 2l + m ...(iii)
⇒ a = – ra + t ...(ii) \ l + m = 1, 2l + m = 2200
Putting x = a, in (i), we get Solving we get, l = 2200 – 1 and m = 2 – 2200
­Hence remainder = lx + m = (2200 – 1) x + (–2200 + 2).
p(a) = 0.q (a) + (ra + t)
⇒ –a = ra + t ...(iii) 35. (i) Since x + k is the HCF of the given expressions,
\ Adding (ii) and (iii), we get 2t = 0 ⇒ t = 0 ⇒ r = –1 therefore, x = – k will make each expression zero.
\ Required remainder = rx + t = – x. k2 – ak + b = 0 ...(i)
31. Given, (9x2 + 3px + 6q), when divided by (3x + 1) leaves a k2 – bk + a = 0 ...(ii)
3 Solving (i) and (ii) by the rule of cross multiplication,
remainder –
4 k2 k 1
 3  2 3 2 2
= =
\ f(x) = 9x + 3px + 6q –  –  =  9 x + 3 px + 6q + 
2 −a + b b − a − b +a
 4  4 b−a
From last two relations, k = = −1
is exactly divisible by (3x + 1) − (b − a )
2
 1  1  1 3 k2 1 ( −1) 2 1
\ f  –  = 0 ⇒ 9  –  + 3 p.  –  + 6q + = 0
\ 2 2
= ⇒ 2 2
=
 3  3  3 4 −a + b − b + a −a + b − b +a
7 1 −1
⇒ 6q – p + = 0 ⇒ = ⇒ a + b = − 1.
4 (b − a ) (b + a ) (b − a )
⇒ 24q – 4p + 7 = 0 ...(i) (ii) Hint. ak2 – ak + b = 0
Now, the expression g(x) = qx2 + 4px + 7 is exactly divisible k2 – ck + d = 0
by x + 1 Solving by the rule of cross multiplication,
⇒ g(–1) = 0 ⇒ q – 4p + 7 = 0 ...(ii) k2 k 1
= =
7 − ad + bc b − ad − ac + a
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get q = 0, p = .
4 b − ad bc − ad
⇒k=
, .
32. To make f (x) = 27x3 – 9x­2 – 6x – 5 exactly divisible by a (1 − c) b − ad
Ch 2-12 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – IX

a3
36. Since a + b + c = 0 ⇒ + + = 3abc. b3 c3 x y
So, as (a – b) + (b – c) + (c – a) = 0 40. Let =
(b – c) (b + c – 2a ) (c – a ) (c + a – 2b)
⇒ (a – b)3 + (b – c)3 + (c – a)3 = 3(a – b) (b – c) (c – a) z
3(a – b) (b – c) (c – a ) = = k.
\ Given expression = = 3. (a – b) (a + b – 2c)
(a – b) (b – c) (c – a )
37. a2 = by + cz ⇒ a2 + ax = ax + by + cz Then, x = k(b – c) (b + c – 2a)
⇒ a(a + x) = ax + by + cz ...(i) y = k(c – a) (c + a – 2b)
Similarly, b2 = cz + ax ⇒ b(b + y) = ax + by + cz ...(ii) z = k(a – b) (a + b – 2c)
and c2 = ax + by ⇒ c(c + z) = ax + by + cz ...(iii)
\ x + y + z = k(b – c) (b + c – 2a) + k(c – a) (c + a – 2b)
x y c
Hence, + + + k(a – b) (a + b – 2c)
a+ x b+ y c+ z
= k(b2 – c2 – 2ab + 2ca) + k(c2 – a2 – 2bc + 2ab)
ax by cz
=
+ + + k (a2 – b2 – 2ca + 2bc)
a (a + x) b(b + y ) c(c + z )
= k(b2 – c2 – 2ab + 2ca + c2 – a2 – 2bc + 2ab + a2 – b2
x.a y.b z.c
= + + – 2ca + 2bc)
ax + by + cz ax + by + cz ax + by + cz
= k × 0 = 0.
ax + by + cz
=
= 1. 41. a + b + c = 0
ax + by + cz
⇒ a2 = (b + c)2 or a = – b – c

38. Now, x + y + z = 0
⇒ x = –y – z, y = – x – z, z = – x – y a2 b2 c2

\ Given expression = 2
+ 2
+ 2
\ x (y – z)3 + y (z – x)3 + z (x – y)3 a – bc b – ca c – ab
= (– y – z) (y – z)3 + (– z – x) (z – x)3 + (– x – y) (x – y)3 (b + c) 2 b2 c2
= + +
= – (y + z) (y – z)3 – (z + x) (z – x)3 – (x + y) (x – y)3 (b + c) – bc 2 2
b + c(b + c) 2
c + b(b + c)
= – [(y2 – z2) (y – z)2 + (z2 – x2) (z – x)2 + (x2 – y2) (x – y)2] 2 2
(b + c) b c2
= – [(y2 – z2) (y2 – 2yz + z2) + (z2 – x2) (z2 – 2xz + x2) = + +
b 2 + c 2 + bc b 2 + c 2 + bc c 2 + b 2 + bc
+ (x2 – y2) (x2 – 2xy + y2)]
4 4 2 2 4 4 b 2 + c 2 + 2bc + b 2 + c 2 2(b 2 + c 2 + bc)
= – [( y – z ) – 2 yz ( y – z ) + ( z – x ) = = = 2.
b 2 + c 2 + bc (b 2 + c 2 + bc)
– 2 xz ( z 2 – x 2 ) + ( x 4 – y 4 ) – 2 xy ( x 2 – y 2 )]
( x – y )3 + ( y – z )3 + ( z – x )3
42.
= 2yz (y2 – z2) + 2xz (z2 – x2) + 2xy (x2 – y2) ( x 2 – y 2 )3 + ( y 2 – z 2 )3 + ( z 2 – x 2 )3
= 2 (y3z – yz3 + z3x – x3z + x3y – xy3) 3( x – y ) ( y – z ) ( z – x)
=
= 2 [x3 (y – z) + y3 (z – x) + z3 (x – y)] 3( x – y 2 ) ( y 2 – z 2 ) ( z 2 – x 2 )
2

= 2 [– (y – z) (z – x) (x – y) . (x + y + z)] Q a + b + c = 0 ⇒ a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc 
= 0. ( x + y + z = 0)  
 Here ( x − y ) + ( y − z ) + ( z − x) = 0 
1 1 1 1  2 2 2 2 2 2 
39. + + = and ( x − y ) + ( y − z ) + ( z − x ) = 0 
a b c a+b+c
3( x – y ) ( y – z ) ( z – x)
 bc + ac + ab  =
⇒ (a + b + c)   = 1 3( x + y ) ( x – y ) ( y + z ) ( y – z ) ( z + x) ( z – x)
 abc
1
⇒ (a + b + c) (bc + ac + ab) = abc = = [( x + y ) ( y + z ) ( z + x )]–1
( x + y ) ( y + z ) ( z + x)

⇒ abc + a2c + a2b + b2c + abc + ab2 + bc2 + ac2 + abc = abc
43. If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0
⇒ a2(c + b) + bc(c + b) + ab(c + b) + ac(c + b) = 0
⇒ (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) + c3 = 3abc

⇒ (b + c) (a2 + bc + ab + ac) = 0
⇒ (– c) (a2 – ab + b2) + c3 = 3abc
[ (a + b) = – c]
⇒ (b + c)
(a2 + ab + bc + ac) = 0
⇒ a2
– ab + b2 – c2 = – 3ab
⇒ (b + c) [a(a + b) + c(a + b)] = 0

⇒ a2 – ab + b2 + 2ab – c2 = – 3ab + 2ab

⇒ (b + c) (a + b) (c + a) = 0.

= a2 + ab + b2 = c 2 – ab.
POLYNOMIALS Ch 2-13

1 1 1
44. –1
+ –1
+ a 2 + b2 + c2
1+ p + q 1+ q + r 1 + r + p –1 =
2 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) – (2ab + 2bc + 2ca)
1 1 1
= + +
1 1 1 a 2 + b2 + c2
1+ p + 1+ q + 1+ r + =
q r p 2 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
q r p a 2 + b2 + c2 1
= + + = = .
q + pq + 1 r + qr + 1 p + pr + 1 2
3 (a + b + c ) 2 2
3
q r p 47. x + y + z = 2s
= + + [Q pqr = 1]
1 1
q + + 1 r + + 1 p + pr + 1 Also, (s – x) + (s – y) + (– z) = 2s – (x + y + z)
r p = 2s – 2s = 0.
qr pr p ⇒ (s – x)3 + (s – y)3 + (– z)3 – 3 (s – x) (s – y) (– z) = 0
= + +
qr + 1 + r pr + 1 + p p + pr + 1 Q a + b + c = 0 
⇒ a 3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0 
qr pr p  
= + +
1 pr + 1 + p p + pr + 1 3 3
⇒ (s – x) + (s – y) + 3 (s – x) (s – y) (z) = z 3
+1+ r
p 2
1  1 2
pqr pr p 48. Given, x + = p ⇒ x +  = p
= + + x  x
1 + p + pr pr + 1 + p p + pr + 1
2 1 1
pqr + pr + p 1 + pr + p ⇒ x +
2
+ 2 = p2 2
⇒ x + 2
= p2 – 2
= = = 1. x x
1 + p + pr 1 + p + pr
3
 2 1  2 3
yz ⇒  x + 2  = ( p – 2)

45. Given, c = ⇒ cy + cz = yz ⇒ yz – cz = cy ⇒ z ( y – c) = cy  x 
y+z
6 1  1 
cy ⇒ x +
+ 3  x2 + 2 6 2 2
 = p – 8 + 6 p ( p – 2)
⇒z= x6  x 
y–c
6 1
xz bx ⇒ x +
+ 3 ( p 2 – 2) = p 6 – 8 + 6 p 2 ( p 2 – 2)

Also b = ⇒z= x6
x+z x–b
1
cy bx
6
⇒ x + = p6 – 6 p4 – 9 p 2 – 2

\ = ⇒ cyx – cyb = bxy – bxc x6
y–c x–b 49. Given, x + y + z = 0 ⇒ x + y = – z
⇒ cyx – cyb – bxy = – bxc
⇒ x2 + y2 + 2xy = z2 ⇒ x2 + y2 = z2 – 2xy
⇒ – y(bx + bc – cx) = – bxc
1 1 1 1
\ 2 = 2 = =–
bxc x +y –z2 2
z – 2 xy – z 2
– 2 xy 2 xy
⇒y=

bx + bc – cx
1 1 1 1
xy ax Similarly, =– and 2 =–

Now, a = ⇒y= . y 2 + z 2 – x2 2 yz z + x2 – y 2 2 zx
x+ y x–a
bxc ax 1 1 1

\ =
\ 2 2 2
+ 2 2 2
+
bx + bc – cx x – a x +y –z y +z –x z + x2 – y 2
2

⇒ abx2 + abcx – acx2 = bx2c – abcx

1 1 1 1 z + x + y
= – – – = –  =0
⇒ 2abcx = x2 (bc + ac – ab) ⇒ x =
2abc 2 xy 2 yz 2 zx 2  xyz 
(bc + ac – ab) [ x + y + z = 0]
46. a + b + c = 0 ⇒ (a + b + c)2 = 0 50. x + y + z = 0 ⇒ x = – y – z ...(i)
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = 0 y = – x – z ...(ii)
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 = – (2ab + 2bc + 2ca) z = – x – y ...(iii)
a 2 + b2 + c2 x2 y2 z2
Now, Now, + +
(a – b) 2 + (b – c) 2 + (c – a) 2 2 x 2 + yz 2 y 2 + zx 2 z 2 + xy
a 2 + b2 + c2 x2 y2 z2
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 = + +
a + b – 2ab + b + c – 2bc + c + a – 2ca x 2 + x . x + yz y 2 + y . y + zx z 2 + z . z + xy
Ch 2-14 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – IX

52. ax
. . = (x + y + z)x + y + z
ay az
x2 y2
= + ⇒ ax + y + z = (x + y + z)x + y + z
x 2 + x (– y – z ) + yz y 2 + y (– x – z ) + zx ⇒ a = (x + y + z)
z2 Now, (x + y + z)y = ax (given)
+ 2 ⇒ (x + y + z)y = (x + y + z)x ⇒ y = x
z + z (– x – y ) + xy
Similarly, y = z and z = x.
x2 y2 x+ y+z a
= 2
+ 2
\x=y=z=
= .
x – xy – xz + yz y – yx – zy + zx 3 3

z2 1
+ 53. Given, x + = a.
2
z – zx – zy + xy x
1 1  3 1   2 1 
Now, x3 + x2 + 3 + 2 =  x + 3  +  x + 2 
x2 y2 x x  x   x 
= +
x ( x – y ) – z ( x – y ) y ( y – x) – z ( y – x)  1 
3
1  1
2
=  x +  – 3  x +  +  x +  – 2
z2  x  x  x
+
z ( z – x) – y ( z – x) = a3 – 3a + a2 – 2 = a3 + a2 – 3a – 2.
54. If x1/3 + y1/3 + z1/3 = 0, then
x2 y2 z2
= + + (x1/3)3 + (y1/3)3 + (z1/3)3 = 3x1/3 y1/3 z1/3
( x – y ) ( x – z ) ( y – x) ( y – z ) ( z – x) ( z – y )
Q a + b + c = 0 
  
x2 y2 z2 3 3 3
⇒ a + b + c = 3abc 
= – – –
1/3
⇒ x + y + z = 3x  y  z 1/3 1/3
( x – y ) ( z – x) ( x – y ) ( y – z ) ( z – x) ( y – z )
Now taking the cube of both the sides, we have
 x 2 ( y – z ) + y 2 ( z – x) + z 2 ( x – y ) 
= −   (x + y + z)3 = (3x1/3 y1/3 z1/3)3 = 27 xyz.
 ( x – y ) ( y – z ) ( z – x)  55. Given expression
 − ( x – y ) ( y – z ) ( z – x)  2a (b + c) (c + a ) + 2b (a + b) (c + a ) + 2c (a + b) (b + c)
  =
= –   = – (–1) = 1. (a + b) (b + c) (c + a )
 ( x – y ) ( y – z ) ( z – x) 
Factorising the numerator. (b – c) (c – a ) (a – b)
+
51. Given, (b + c – a) x = (c + a – b) y = (a + b – c) z = 2 (b + c) (c + a ) (a + b)
2 2 2 2a (bc + c 2 + ab + ac) + 2b (ac + bc + a 2 + ab)
⇒ x=
;y= ;z=
+ 2c (ab + b 2 + ac + bc) + (bc – c 2 – ab + ac) (a – b)
(b + c – a ) (c + a – b ) (a + b – c) =
(b + c) (c + a ) (a + b)
1 b+c–a 1 c+a–b 1 a+b–c

\ = ; = ; = 2abc + 2ac 2 + 2a 2b + 2a 2 c + 2abc + 2b 2 c + 2ba 2
x 2 y 2 z 2
+ 2ab 2 + 2abc + 2cb 2 + 2ac 2 + 2bc 2 + abc – ac 2
 1 1   c + a – b a + b – c  2a – a 2b + a 2 c – b 2 c + bc 2 + ab 2 – abc
\  + =
+ = =a =
 y z  2 2  2 (b + c) (c + a ) (a + b)
 1 1   a + b – c b + c – a  2b 6abc + 3ac 2 + 3a 2 b + 3a 2 c + 3b 2 c + 3ab 2 + 3bc 2
 + =
+ = =b =
z x  2 2  2 (b + c) (c + a ) (a + b)
 1 1   b + c – a a + c – b  2c
 x + y  = 
+ = =c 3 [2abc + ac 2 + a 2 b + a 2 c + b 2 c + ab 2 + bc 2 ]
  2 2  2 =
(b + c) (c + a ) (a + b)
1 11 11 1
\  +   +   +  = a . b . c = abc.
3 (b + c) (c + a ) (a + b)
 y z z x x y = = 3.
(b + c) (c + a ) (a + b)

SELF ASSESSMENT SHEET

1. (xn – an) is divisible by (x – a) (c) 5a2 + 9a + 17 = 0 (d) a = 131
(a) for all values of n (b) for even values of n (CDS 2004)
3. When x3 + 2x2 + 4x + b is divided by (x + 1), the quotient
(c) for odd values of n (d) only for prime values of n
is x2 + ax + 3 and the remainder is – 3 + 2b. What are the
2. If (x + 1) is a factor of x4 + 9x3 + 7x2 + 9ax + 5a2, then : values of a and b respectively ?
(a) a = 137 (b) 5a2 – 9a – 1 = 0 (a) 1, 0 (b) –1, 0 (c) 1, 1 (d) –1, –1
(CDS 2005)
POLYNOMIALS Ch 2-15
x3 x3
4. If + px + q and + qx + p have a common factor, then 1
which of the following is correct ? 8. If y = x + , then x4 + x3 – 4x2 + x + 1 = 0 can be reduced
x
(a) p + q = 0 (b) p + q – 1 = 0 to which one of the following ? (x ≠ 0)
(c) (p + q + 1) = 0 (d) p – q + 1 = 0 (a) y2 + y – 2 = 0 (b) y2 + y – 4 = 0
(CDS 2005) (c) y2 + y – 6 = 0 (d) y2 + y + 6 = 0
3 3 3
5. (2x – 3y) + (3y – 4z) + (4z – 2x) can be factorised into (CDS 2006)
which one of the following ? 2 2 2
9. If x = y + z, y = z + x, z = x + y, then what is the value of :
(a) (2x + 3y + 4z) (2x – 3y – 4z)
1 1 1
(b) (2x + 3y – 4z) (2x – 3y + 4z) + + ?
x +1 y +1 z +1
(c) (2x – 3y) (3y – 4z) (4z – 2x)
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 2
(d) 6 (2x – 3y) (3y – 4z) (2z – x) (CDS 2005) (CDS 2007)
6. If ax3 + bx2 + x – 6 has (x + 2) as a factor and leaves a
(a 2 – b 2 )3 + (b 2 – c 2 )3 + (c 2 – a 2 )3
remainder 4, when divided by (x – 2), the value of a and b 10. on simplification is
respectively are : (a – b)3 + (b – c)3 + (c – a)3
(a) 1, –2 (b) 2, 1 (c) 0, 2 (d) 1, –1 equal to :
7. If 4x2 – 6x + m is divisible by x – 3, which one of the (a) 1 (b) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
following is the greatest divisor of m ?
(c) (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) (d) 0
(a) 9 (b) 12 (c) 18 (d) 36
(CDS 2006)
ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

2. Let f (x) = x4 + 9x3 + 7x2 + 9ax + 5a2. 4. Let the common factor be x – a, then x = a will make the
given expressions zero, i.e.,
If (x + 1) is a factor of f (x), then
a2 + pa + q = 0
f (–1) = 0 ⇒ (–1)4 + 9 (–1)3 + 7 (–1)2 + 9a (–1) + 5a2 = 0
a2 + qa + p = 0
⇒ 1 – 9 + 7 – 9a + 5a2 = 0 ⇒ 5a2 – 9a – 1 = 0. Solving by the rule of cross-multiplication, we have
3. Let f (x) = x3 + 2x2 + 4x + b.
α2 α 1
When divided by (x + 1), the remainder = f (–1) 2 2
= =
p −q q− p q− p
Given, remainder = – 3 + 2b From, last two relation, a = 1.
\ –3 + 2b = f (–1) = (–1)3 + 2 (–1)2 + 4 (–1) + b
⇒ –3 + 2b = –1 + 2 – 4 + b p2 − q2
⇒ a2 =
⇒ 1 = – (p + q) ⇒ p + q + 1 = 0.
⇒ –3 + 2b = –3 + b. q− p
This is only possible when b = 0. 5. Since (2x – 3y) + (3y – 4z) + (4z – 2x) = 0, therefore,
\ f (x) = x3 + 2x2 + 4x. (2x – 3y)3 + (3y – 4z)3 + (4z – 2x)3
Now dividing f (x) by (x + 1), we see that                    Take out 2 common
x2+x+3
x + 1 x3 + 2x2 + 4x = 3.(2x – 3y)(3y – 4z) (4z – 2x)
x3 + x2 = 6.(2x – 3y)(3y – 4z)(2z – x).
– – 6. Let f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + x – 6
x2 + 4x
(x + 2) is a factor of f (x) ⇒ f (–2) = 0
x2 + x
\ f (–2) = –8a + 4b – 2 – 6 = 0
– –
3x ⇒ –8a + 4b – 8 = 0 ⇒ –2a + b = 2 ...(i)
3x + 3 (x – 2) leaves a remainder 4, when dividing f (x) ⇒ f (2) = 4
– – \ f (2) = 8a + 4b + 2 – 6 = 4 ⇒ 8a + 4b – 8 = 0

–3
⇒ 2a + b = 2
...(ii)
\ Quotient = x2 + ax + 3 = x2 + x + 3 ⇒ a = 1.
\ From (i) and (ii) b = 2, a = 0.

Ch 2-16 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – IX

7. If f (x) =4x2 – 6x + m is divisible by (x – 3), then f (3) = 0 9. x2 = y + z ⇒ x2 + x = x + y + z

2
⇒ 4 (3) – 6.3 + m = 0 ⇒ 36 – 18 + m = 0 ⇒ m = –18. x 1
⇒ x (x + 1) = x + y + z ⇒
=
The greatest divisor of m = 18. x + y + z x +1
8. x4 + x3 – 4x2 + x + 1 = 0 1 y 1 z
Similarly, = and =
2 1 1 y +1 x + y + z z +1 x + y + z
⇒ x + x–4+ + 2 =0
x x
1 1 1 x y
2 1 1
\ + + = +
⇒ x + 2 + x+ –4=0 x +1 y +1 z +1 x+ y+z x+ y+z
x x
z x+ y+z
 1 
2
1 + = = 1.
⇒ x +  – 2+x +  – 4=0
x+ y+z x+ y+z
 x  x
 1  10. Use the identity, if a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
⇒ y2
+ y – 6 = 0 Q x + = y 
 x 