CHAPTER 5 - DATA MANAGEMENT

LESSON 1: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Basic Concepts and Definitions

 Statistics → is a body of knowledge that involves the use of scientific methods and
techniques in collecting, presenting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical
figures.

The following are important concepts and terms in the study of statistic:

1. Variable. It is differentiating property of subjects or respondents that vary from one

situation to another.
Example: gender, religion, salary, socio-economic status, etc.

Variables can be classified as qualitative or quantitative.

a. Qualitative variables express characteristics that cannot be measured
numerically.

b. Quantitative variable are amounts or values that can be counted or measured,

and analyzed using the four fundamental operations.
 Discrete variable can be counted numerically. Hence, it takes a whole
number value
 Continuous Variable are measured on a scale. Hence, it can be expressed
as fractions, decimals, integers, or percent.

2. Observation. It is any characteristic, value, or information about the variable.

3. Data. This refers to the set of observations gathered from subjects or respondents.

4. Indicator. These are data that directly measure the variables being studied.

5. Population. This is the group of all individuals, subjects, or objects considered in the
study.

6. Sample. This is a representative portion taken from the population where data is actually
taken.

7. Parameters. These are the attributes or properties that are common for every member
in a population.

8. Univariate Analysis. This is the simplest form of data analysis involving only one
variable.

9. Bivariate Analysis. It is form of data analysis involving two variables. It is used to

explain the relationship or difference between two variables.
Statistical Inquiry
The statistical inquiry follows the scientific method in logically analyzing and critically
evaluating data to solve a particular problem. This involves the following steps:

Step 1. Define the problem.

Step 2. Gather or collect relevant data.

Step 3. Manage or organize the collected data.

Step 4. Use text, tables, or graphs, to present data.

Step 5. Analyze, verify, and test data using appropriate statistical tools.

Graph for Quantitative Data

1. Bar Graph. This device is constructed to compare data sizes and frequencies. It
consists of rectangular bars of equal widths aligned horizontally or vertically.

2. Pie Chart. This statistical device shows the part or division of the categories to the
whole.

3. Line Graph. This is a graphical device that is effective in showing a trend over a period
of time.

4. Pictograph. This graphical presentation of data uses symbols or pictures that

represent a standard value.

5. Stem and Leaf Plots. This kind of graph presents the data using the actual numerical
values of each data point.

Measures of Central Tendency

Most commonly used measures of central tendency are:
 Mean. The balance point of a data set . it is most reliable but the most sensitive
measure of average.

 Median. The middle value in an ordered set of data, which is not affected by extreme
values or outliers.

 Mode. The most frequently occurring value. It is not affected by extreme values.

“Math is language that you use to describe statistics, but really it’s about
collecting information and putting it in order that makes sense”
-Lauren Stamille-