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Internship report 2019-20
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 About organization

Internship program is the most efficient and effective way to increase the knowledge. The
Bachelor of Engineering study requires that each student conducts an Internship program in
their area of engineering and submit a report on it in consultation with the faculty member
supervising the same. As a part of this, internship was carried out under SAI
CONSTRUCTIONS.
This internship program gives the practical knowledge about the Construction of a Building.
It gives the exposure to learn various methods of construction that are in practice, various
machineries or equipments used, time management, skill development, site management. The
reason to choose to follow an internship is because to get benefit from the experience. This
helped to learn, improve and develop new sets of skills. This outdoor experience provided
with a more in-depth and hands on experience on Civil Engineering Construction. It provided
an opportunity to question, understand and absorb the logic behind the construction
techniques, and methodology that are followed in site.
I had successfully undergone the training for duration of one month. The internship report in
broad-spectrum contains various aspects in which try to explain my One month experience in
Construction Company. The content of all chapters is broadly explained and it is constructed
from the practical basis of the site work.
1.2 VISION
To be the most preferred and trusted service provider in construction and infra structure
sector, catering to the needs of all the segments of society.
1.3 MISSION
To deliver high-quality eco-friendly construction works with its own skilled workforce,
within specified time, at fair value
Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 1

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1.4 ABOUT THE COMPANY
BUILDER AND DEVOLUPER : SOMASHEKHAR A M
OFFICEADDRESS : SAICONSTRUCTION
#05,12th Main, kuvempuroad, Hemanna layout,

Kogilu, Yelahanka, BENGALURU-560064.
EMAILID :saiconstructions2014@gmail.com
SAI CONSTRUCTIONS has delivered a large number of projects in the past and received
review and applications from numerous prestigious authorities and other organizations
associated with the construction of school, college, hostel, hospitals, conventional halls etc

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1.5 Main products and services
1) Designing – sub team

a. Design preparation service
b. Job list preparation and approval service
c. Checking and approval of design
d. Adaptation of design
e. Consultation service
2) Contract and construction administrations sub-team
f. Preparation of bid document
g. Contract agreement
h. selling of bid document
3) Payment service
a) Preparation of bid document
b) Interim payment
c) Final payment
d) Payment certificate
4) Construction material’s price escalation service
5) Temporary & final construction acceptance service
6) Construction material’s market price assessment
7) Laboratory service
i. Site surveying service
j. Soil test service Construction material test service

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CHAPTER 2
ABOUT DEPARTMENT
2.1 Introduction
A tender is allotted for the various companies and they put the bid on the site construction
with certain procedure. With the tender being given to any of the company the
constructional procedure starts. Then construction begins starting from site clearance,
mobilization of materials, construction equipment and labors. The consulting work
includes so many tasks such as inspecting of the site, quality control and safety of workers.
In the site works executed based on the agreement between the client and the contractor.
This document is called contract document so the consultant checks every trade of work is
executed based on the contract document and the working methodology. Drawings and
design also from the consultant side.
2.1.1 Flow in the Section

He working flow of the organization is that consultant and the contractor has many
advantages in order to work every task closely and to solve problems arise between them. In
every work there is a work flow whatever small is the section, in my working site the work
flow was look like the chart below. As shown in the chart every work was executed based on
this flow.
1) Design and supervision team
The team includes structural engineer, architectural engineers, sanitary engineers, electrical
engineers and other experienced engineers in other professions. The design and
supervision team is a team from the consultant side which guide every work executed in
that site and gives supervision for the contractor based on the drawing and the specification
(bill of quantity).
This team mostly comes to the site when there is a misunderstanding on drawings, working
techniques, drawing detailing error, and for meeting between the three parties. The team
provides continuous service to the project from start to finish, establishing and maintaining
the quality and integrity of each design.

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1. Resident Manager
Position is responsible for multiple construction projects or a single project of a

large scale requiring multiple disciplines. This includes reviewing design; supervising
construction progress and scheduling starting up process systems/equipment or facilities
for turning over to the owner's personnel. Supervise field staff and contractors on the site
with responsibility for quality construction in accordance with plans and specifications.
He/she also responsible for approval of change orders, invoices, and payment applications
which may include final payment. So, the resident engineer mostly control every work as
much as possible in terms of their quality, cost and time. Testing of materials delivered at
site and safety of workers starting from managers to daily labors also the duty of the
resident engineer.
2. Project Engineer
The project manager has so many responsibilities at the site and in our site these position Is
accountable for the contractor or the owner and are appointed by the owner of the
construction company. The main duty of the manager is Manages the whole site work
execution, Makes payment to sub contract workers, Approves material request, Analyses
the work processes, Executes sub-contracting agreements, Reviews and checks the reports
made by the office engineer.
3. Site Engineer
Site engineer is accountable for the following tasks and responsibilities:
1) Studying the work plan submitted by the contactor and suggests any modifications.
2) To watch and inspect the construction work and as sure that it is done in full
accordance with the drawings, technical specifications and bills of quantities.
3) Supervising the works on site in accordance with the contract documents and using
the template and procedure established by the consultant.
4) Inspecting and testing materials prior to their use at site as per sample approved by the
consultant and ensuring removal of rejected material out from site.
5) Ensuring the correct implementation of the works according to technical
specifications, to designs and quality of materials

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6) Checking of layout and setting out of buildings with respect to existing structures and
site levels.
7) Checking and testing of completed works before they are covered by the contractor,
taking photos on a regular basis and also on account of defective work.
8) Ensuring that health and safety measures are adopted and followed to the full extent.
9) Prepare weekly report and suggest and instruct additional safety measures if needed

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CHAPTER -3
3.1 TASKSPERFORMED
3.1.1 Post tension slab
Post tension slab is a combination of conventional slab reinforcement and additional

protruding high-strength steel tendons, which are consequently subjected to tension after the
concrete, has set. This hybridization helps achieve the formation of a much thinner slab with
a longer span devoid of any column-free spaces. In this article we study about the working
principle, components, construction and advantages of post tension slab.
Working Principle of Post Tensioning
Fig 3.1: Typical Details of Post Tension Slab
We all know that concrete has a high compressive strength and steel has a high tensile
strength, and when their combination is used to bear loads, the efficiency increases manifold.

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When a heavy live load is brought upon a structure, its concrete slab undergoes tension,
which leads to the formation of cracks and ultimately deformation occurs. To mitigate this
problem, post tensioned steel tendons are inserted at the time of concreting and tensioned
after concreting with conventional rebars.
When these post tensioned steel tendons are stressed, the concrete is squeezed, in other terms,
the concrete is compacted which increases the compressive strength of the concrete and at the
same time the steel tendons that are pulled increase the tensile strength. As a result, the
overall strength of the concrete increases.
3.1.2 Components of Post Tensioning Slab
1. Ducts
Thin sheet metal pipes with claw coupling or welded overlapped seam supplied in lengths of
5 and 6 m respectively are used as a standard. Ducts are connected to each other by an
external screw coupling and sealed with PE tape. Plastic ducts are also available in the market
these days which are water tight, frictionless and fatigue resistant
Fig 3.2: Type of Ducts used to encase steel tendons.

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2. Tendons
The basic element of a post-tensioning system is called a tendon. A post-tensioning tendon is

made up of one or more pieces of prestressing steel, coated with a protective coating, and
housed inside a duct or sheathing.
Fig 3.3: Steel tendons used in Post Tensioning of Slab.
The prestressing steel is manufactured as per the requirements of ASTM A-416 and typical
strand sizes are 0.50 and 0.60 inch in diameter. A typical steel strand used for post-tensioning
will yield about 243,000 psi. In contrast, a typical piece of rebar will yield about 60,000 psi.
3. Anchors
Anchors are used to anchor the tendons into the concrete while terminating or joining two
tendons. Main function of anchorage is to transfer the stressing force to the concrete once the
stressing process is completed.

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Fig 3.4: Slab Anchor.
3.1.3 Construction of Post Tensioned Slab
1. The installation of post tensioning tendons in the concrete and stressing it requires
skilled labors and personnel who are certified in doing the tensioning works.
2. The tendons are laid down along with the conventional rebars. The position of laying
of the tendons is decided by the engineer. These tendons are encased in plastic or steel
ducts so that they do not come in contact with the water in concrete.
3. One end of the tendons are anchored with the help of anchor and the other end is left
open with plastic pocket former, where the tendons are stressed. Couplers are used in
between if any construction joint is formed.
4. Concrete is poured and the alignment of these tendons is taken care of so as to let
their positions unaltered. Once after the concrete has achieved its 75% of strength,
that is around 20 – 23 days, these tendons are stressed with the help of stressing
jacks.
5. The tensioning is done to a force equal to 80% of a strand’s tensile strength. For a
typical ½-inch grade 270 strand, the strand is tensioned to a force of 33,000 pounds.
As the tensioning comes into effect, the steel gets elongated, and the concrete is
compressed.
6. When the proper tensioning force is reached, the prestressing steel is anchored in
place. The anchors are designed to provide a permanent mechanical connection,
keeping the steel in tension, and the concrete in compression.

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7. The extra tendons that are left out at one end are trimmed and non shrink grouting is
put in the anchor pocket.
3.1.4 Advantages of Post Tension Slab
1. Architectural Benefits
Post-Tensioned Slab has an advantage over others as it makes a very efficient base for floor
design with thin slabs and column less spaces in larger spans. It provides an architect the
freedom to work freely with his designs.
2. Commercial Spaces
Post-tensioning results in thinner concrete slabs making the valuable savings in floor to floor
height available as additional floors. This can provide extra rentable space within the same
overall building height.
3. Reduces Dead load
As the post-tensioned slabs have lesser thickness, the quantity of concrete and reinforcement
used is reduced up to 20% – 30% when compared to conventional concrete slabs.
4. Structural Durability
Post-Tensioned slabs show reduced cracking, improved durability and lower maintenance
costs. Their deflection can be controlled by varying the amount of post-tensioning to balance
any portion of applied loads immediately after stressing.

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5. Popularity
The demand for Post-Tensioned slabs, throughout the world, continues to increase because of
the significant benefits for developers, architects, engineers, contractors and end users.
3.1.5 Difference between post tensioning slab and normal slab
A normal slab is basically a RCC (Reinforce Cement Concrete) slab where as a post
tensioned slab is the PSC (Prestressed Concrete) slab.
A PSC is applied with a compressive stress on the cross section in advance before the
application of loading on the member so that the stresses after loading are fully or partially
balanced by the pre-stresses (stresses developed due to the tensioning of steel wires,
cables, bars, strands etc.).
1. The dead load of PSC member is lesser than RCC member and hence PSC beam or
PSC slab transfers less load on columns.
2. The shear resistance of PSC member is more and the full area of concrete is
utilized.
3. The most important is that the deflection and cracks in PSC members are much
lesser compare to a RCC member. (As higher the horizontal compressive force
acting on the member lesser will be the deflection).
3.1.6 Types of prestressing:-
1. Pre-tensioning: Steel tendon is tensioned before the construction of member and

then the concrete member is casted over it. The tendon is cut off after getting the
required strength of concrete (28 days) to transfer the prestress on the concrete
member.
I. The minimum grade required for pre tensioning isM-40.
II. The bond b/w concrete and steel is fully effective in pre tensioned member and
hence loss in pre stress due to friction is not present.

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2. Post-tensioning: The concrete member is first casted by leaving a hollow duct along
the centroidal axis. Steel tendon is tensioned after getting full strength of concrete (28
days) in the hollow duct provided and anchored at the ends of member.
I. The space remain in the duct is filled with mortar by grouting.

II. The minimum grade required for post tensioning isM-30.
III. The bond b/w concrete and steel is not effective in post tension member and hence
loss in pre stress due to friction is present.
IV. The stressing force is transfer from end bearing in post tension member and the
zone where variation of stress is present is called end block zone.
3.2 Construction of Foundation – Depth, Width, Layout and Excavation
Procedure for construction of foundation starts with decision on its depth, width and marking
layout for excavation and centerline of foundation. Foundation is the part of structure below
plinth level in direct contact of soil and transmits load of super structure to soil. Generally it
is below the ground level. If some part of foundation is above ground level, it is also covered
with earth filling. This portion of structure is not in contact of air, light etc., or to say that it is
the hidden part of the structure.
Footing is a structure constructed in brickwork, masonry or concrete under the base of a wall
or column for distributing the load over a large area.

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Fig 3.5 layout of column

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Fig 3.6 Excavation for footing
3.2.1 Depth of Foundation

Depth of foundation depends on following factors:
1. Availability of adequate bearing capacity
2. Depth of shrinkage and swelling in case of clayey soils, due to seasonal changes
which may cause appreciable movements.
3. Depth of frost penetration in case of fine sand and silt.
4. Possibility of excavation near by
5. Depth of ground water table
6. Practical minimum depth of foundation should not be less than 50 cm. to allow
removal of top soil and variations in ground level.
Hence the best recommended depth of foundation is from 1.00 meter to 1.5 meter from
original ground level.

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Fig 3.7 Depth of foundation
3.2.2 Width of Foundation /Footings

The width of footings should be laid according to structural design. For light loaded buildings
such as houses, flats, school buildings etc. having not more than two storey’s, the width of
foundation is given below:
1. The width of footing should not be less than 75 cm for one brick thick wall.
2. The width of footing should not be less than 1 meter for one and half brick wall.
3.2.3 Processes involved in Construction of Foundation

The processes executed in the foundation works are given below:
1. Excavation of earth work in trenches for foundation.
2. Laying out cement concrete.
3. Laying the footing in case of raft or column construction.

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4. Laying Anti termite treatment.
5. Laying Brick work up to plinth level.
6. Laying Damp proof course on the walls.
7. Refilling of earth around the walls
8. Refilling of earth in the building portion up to the required height according to plinth
level.
Fig 3.8 Compacting pcc bed
3.2.4 Precautions while designing a Foundation
1. A foundation should be designed to transmit combined dead load, imposed load and
wind load to the ground.
2. Net loading intensity of pressure coming on the soil should not exceed the safe
bearing capacity.
3. Foundation should be designed in such a way that settlement to the ground is limited
and uniform under whole of the building to avoid damage to the structure.
4. Whole design of the foundation, super structure and characteristics of the ground
should be studied to obtain economy in construction work.

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3.2.5 Processes involved in Construction of Foundation

The depth and width of foundation should be according to structural design.
1. The depth of the foundation should not be less than 1 meter in case the design is not
available.
2. The length, width and depth of excavation should be checked with the help of center
line and level marked on the marking pillars.
3. The excavated material/ earth should be dumped at a distance of 1 meter from the
edges.
4. Work should be done on dry soil.
5. Arrangement of water pump should be made for pumping out rainwater.
6. The bottom layer of the foundation should be compacted.
7. There should be no soft places in foundation due to root sets.
8. Any soft/ defective spots should be dug out and be filled with concrete/ hard material
3.2.6 The following procedure is recommended for demarcation of a building.
1. For layout of a building baseline is marked on the ground either from center line of
the road or from any permanent building nearby. This line helps to mark out the front
of a building. Side baseline is also marked with the help of side structure or road or it
can be marked with the help of first baseline or boundary of the plot.
2. Fix temporary pegs at the center line of walls/columns on both sides of walls and
columns in front and backside.
3. Fix peg at the center line of walls/columns on both sides of wall and columns in left
and right side of front of building.
4. Check diagonals of the square or rectangle formed after fixing pegs.

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5. Construct marking pillars with pegs at a distance of 1.5 meter to 2 meters and their
top surface should be plastered.
6. Mark center line on the top of marking pillars with the help of thread (Soot) or with
the Theodolite in big projects and the diagonal and other dimension should be
checked.
7. Level marking pillars on all corners of building and the top level is fixed at a
proposed plinth level.
8. Mark the foundation of walls/columns according to drawing on the ground with the
help of centerline marked on the marking pillars.
9. Mark foundation trenches on the ground with chalk powder.
10. Excavate the foundation of the walls /columns up to required level and the excavation
must be checked with the help of center line and level marking pillars to avoid any
complication later on.
3.2.7 Materials used during Setting up of Layout
1. Leveling Instrument
2. Long Nails
3. Hammer
4. Right Angle
5. Steel Tape
6. Thin Cotton Thread
7. Size stone
8. Cement
9. Total station

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Fig 3.9 Using total station for leveling
3.3 BEAM:
A Beam is a structural element that primarily resists the loads coming on it and transfers
the same to the columns safely. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. Beams are
traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, but any
structures such as automobile frames machine frames and other structural systems contain
beam structures that are designed to carry the loads. Beam may be of concrete or steel or
wooden, it mainly depends on load coming over the beam and type of building.

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3.3.1 Types of beams:
a) Simply supported beam

b) Cantilever beam
c) Continuous beam
d) Overhanging beam
3.3.2 Plinth beam Specifications:
1) PB 1
Depth: 18’’ inch
Width : 8’’
Top Bars used: 12dia 2#
Spacing of stirrups for 2L 8 mm dia – 8’’ inches

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Fig 3.10 Plinth beam Plan

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3.3.3 Types of RCC Columns and its Construction Methods
There are various types of RCC Column based on its shape, length and forces. Function and
construction methods are discussed here for these types of column.
Column is a vertical member which takes complete load of the beam, slabs and the entire
structure and the floor and other area of the building is adjusted as per the requirement of the
client or owner.
The size of the columns, quantity of cement sand and aggregate to be mixed, the number of
steel bars to be placed, spacing between the stirrups is all mentioned in the structural drawing
which is designed by structural designer as per the actual load on the column and considering
the factor of safety.
A column is a vertical member which effectively takes load by compression. Basically

column is a compression member as load acts along its longitudinal axis. Bending moment
may occur due to wind earthquake or accidental loads.
Column transfers the load of the structure of slabs beams above to below, and finally load is
transferred to the soil. Position of the columns should be so that there are no tensile stresses
developed at the cross section of the columns. Columns location should be such that it hides
in the walls partially or fully.
1. Types of RCC Column based on Shapes
a) Circular for exposed outside for good architecture view
b) Square or rectangular traditional for any structure
2. Types of RCC Column based on length
a) Short column – if/B<=1

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b) Long column – if L/B >12

Where L is the height of the column, B is width
Generally, floor height is approximately 3 m or 10 feet, L/B ratio will be less than 12, so in
maximum cases short column is placed. In case where height of floor is more than 3 m or 10
feet, we need to check L/B ratio so result may be long or short column. Generally, on long
column there are more forces generated so should be designed carefully.
3. Types of RCC Column based on moments
a) Biaxial column: Designed for axial load and moment in 2directions
b) Uniaxial columns: Designed for axial load and moment in 1direction

Generally, in a building corner most columns are biaxial columns and side column is uniaxial
column and internal columns can be any of these.
3.3.4 Construction Methods of RCC Columns
1. Construction of RCC columns involve following four steps:
Column layouts
Column reinforcement work
Column form work
Pouring of concrete

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3.3.5 Layout of Columns
Column layouts are done by laying rope in the grid lines and mark the location of columns
Fig 3.11 column layout

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3.3.6 Column Reinforcement
Fig 3.12 column reinforcement details

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1. Column reinforcement works needs following checklist onsite:
I. Check the numbers and diameter of vertical bars
II. Spacing between vertical bars
III. Check Development length which depends on diameter of bar
IV. Lapping in alternate bars should come at same height.
V. Lapping should not come inside beam or slab.
VI. Lapping should be at l/3 or 2l/3 of column as per structural notes
VII. Spacing between stirrups is as per the drawing
VIII. Hook should be bend properly at right angles.
IX. Check the stirrups corner. Vertical bar should come at right angle edge of stirrup
properly bound with binding wire.
3.3.7 Column Formwork
Columns carry the load of structure and hence they are critical. It is important to align them
for verticality so that load is transmitted properly. The column shuttering should be strong
enough to take the pressure of fresh concrete and remain in position during concreting.
1. Some Guidelines on column shuttering
I. To hold the concrete shuttering firmly in place and for proper alignment a concrete
pad called starter is cast before fixing the shuttering. The thickness is about 45 mm to
60 mm and dimensions are precisely the same as the dimensions of proposed column.
The starter should be cured for a day or 2 so that it is hard enough to fix the shuttering
around it.
II. Column box or shuttering for columns is made of plywood sheets or steel sheets
fabricated with adequate stiffeners.

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III. Thin films of oil or grease should be applied to inner surface of the shuttering to
enable easy removal of the column after the concrete hardens.
IV. Shuttering should be properly aligned to its verticality and diagonals to be checked to
ensure accuracy in dimensions.
V. Formwork has to be thoroughly supported with props size before pouring the concrete
so that it does not moves horizontally or vertically during concreting.
VI. The gaps near the shuttered joints should be sealed with plaster or a piece of wood to
prevent any leakage of slurry.
VII. Appropriate space is to be provided in the inner face of the shutter and reinforcement
by fixing cover blocks of about 40mm.
VIII. It is preferable to remove shutters after 24 hrs. of casting and if they need to be
removed earlier, it should not be removed within sixteen hours.
IX. The removal of shutters has to be done gently without jerks so that edges of columns
are not damaged.
X. Care should be taken regarding fixing and supports of column shuttering to prevent it
from movement during concreting.
XI. Diagonals of the shuttering to be checked to ensure dimensional accuracy.
3.3.8 Concreting of RCC Column
Concreting of an RCC column can be done
a) Manually
b) With the help of machine or pump

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FIG 3.13 Transit mixer
1. Following points to be followed during and after concreting:
I. For less quantity machine mix concrete is done and for larger quantity ready mix
concrete (RMC) is ordered.
II. Approval of placing concrete whether by pump or manually has to be taken from
client.
III. Concrete should be poured up to slab bottom; the remaining column gets concreted
during pouring of slab &beam.
IV. Mechanical vibrator to be compulsorily used in the column but excess vibration can
cause segregation. Each layer should be thoroughly compacted.
V. Target slump to be 160 mm.
VI. Height of pouring concrete should not exceed 1.5m.
VII. Construction joint should be avoided in the column.
VIII. Proper cover as per structural drawings to be maintained.

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IX. Temperature should be below 30 degree while pouring concrete.
X. After the pouring of concrete and vibrating it with the help of a vibrator the
horizontality and verticality of column to be checked
3.4 Assemble and Erect Formwork for Slab
The form work shall be designed to with stand construction loads such as fresh concrete
pressure and weight of workers and operator sand their machines. Guide to Formwork for
Concrete ACI 347-04 shall be followed for the design of formworks. Moreover, there are
various construction aspects that need to be considered during the erection of formworks. For
example, it should be positioned correctly, lined and leveled, joints sealed adequately, and
prevent protruding of nails into the concrete etc…Furthermore, different materials such as
wood, steel, and aluminum can be used for the formworks of concrete floor slab.
Fig. 3.14 : Concrete Floor Slab Formwork
Finally, there are several common formwork construction deficiencies that site engineer
needs to be aware of and prevent their occurrence otherwise formwork failure may occur.
These construction deficiencies are provided below:

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I. Poor or lack of formwork examination during and after concrete placement to identify
uncommon deflections or other indications of possible failure that could be corrected
II. Inadequate nailing, bolting, welding, or fastening
III. Improper lateral bracing
IV. Construct formwork that does not comply with form drawings
V. Lackofproperfieldinspectiontoensurethatformdesignhasbeenproperlyinterpreted by
form builders
VI. Use of damaged or inferior lumber having lower strength than needed.
3.4.1 Reinforcement for Slab
Prior to the placement of reinforcement for concrete floor slab construction, inspect and
check forms to confirm that the dimensions and the location of the concrete members
conform to the structural plans.
Added to that, the forms shall be properly cleaned and oiled but not in such amount as to run
onto bars or concrete construction joints.
Design drawings provides necessary reinforcement details, so it only needs understanding to

use designated bar size, cutting required length, and make necessary hooks and bents.
After preparation is completed, steel bars are placed into their positions with the provision of
specified spacing and concrete cover.
The concrete cover and spacing for floor slabs can be maintained by introducing spacers and
bars supporters. Wires are used to tie main reinforcement and shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement (distribution reinforcement).
It should be known that incorrect reinforcing steel placement can lead to serious concrete
structural failures. Improper concrete cover exposes reinforcement bars to danger and
jeopardize concrete-steel bond.
Finally after all requirements of reinforcement placements (positions, concrete cover,

spacing, and correct bars size; length; hooks; and bending) are finalized, then site engineer
can order concreting.

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Fig. 3.15 : Provision of concrete cover for reinforcement bars in slab
3.4.2 Pouring of concrete

Mixing, transporting, and handling of concrete shall be properly coordinated with placing and
finishing works. In floor slab, begin concrete placing along the perimeter at one end of the
work with each batch placed against previously dispatched concrete.

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Fig. 3.16 : pouring of concrete
Concrete should be deposited at or as close as possible to its final position in order to prevent
segregation. So Concrete placement in large and separate piles ,then moving them
horizontally into final position shall be prevented.
More over site engineer shall monitor concreting properly, and look for sign soft problems.
For example, loss of grout is the indication of improper sealing and movement of joints.
Added to that, cracking, excessive deflection, level and plumb, and any movement shall be
checked and tackled to prevent further problems.
Further more, fresh concrete should be compacted adequately in order to mould it within the
forms and around embedded items and reinforcement and to eliminate stone pockets,
honeycomb, and entrapped air. Vibration, either internal or external, is the most widely used
method for consolidating concrete.
Lastly, slabs could be finished in many ways based on floor application. Helpful information
about forms before, during, and after concreting can be found in ACI 311.1R.

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Chapter 4
OUTCOMES
To provide an environment for the students in communication with different

workers or employees and clients, to improve skills of working in a site, upgrading
the theoretical knowledge, improve their leadership skill, team playing skill and etc.
4.1 Improving practical skill
The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So,
acquirement of practical knowledge at the site is helpful to get that practical or real work
in the site and totally different from the actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus
some knowledge in the site which helped to work with the site environment or site
peoples.
Some of the practical knowledge gained from the internship was:

1) Construction of formwork and false work for some reinforced concrete structure were
understood and use of such formwork was noticed.
2) Bar bending, positioning, splicing and tying, according the specified drawing was also
carried out at site which helped in understanding the application of such tasks.
3) Casting and pouring of reinforced concrete structure and equipment used for casting
were also observed.
4) . The practical knowledge in terms of those listed aspects of concrete.
5) Different construction equipment (machines) and their use in construction site

gave a clear picture to know how equipment‘s are used in the site including
their specific purpose..
4.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge
It also helped to upgrade or increase knowledge that are already known. Trying to integrate
the practical knowledge with that of the theory learned in the class in different place in order
to get more knowledge than the theory learned on the class. The internship class also played
an interesting role in terms of upgrading a theoretical knowledge and learning from the site.
Some of this was known better:
1) Quantity surveying
2) Structural design of shear wall and its advantage
3) Construction equipment
4) Report writing
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4.3 Upgrading communication skill

In the site communication with other workers like engineers, skilled and non-skilled workers,
Forman etc. helped in upgrading interpersonal skills among the clients, employees etc.
Understood the basic way of dealing with workers, clients etc. and also understood the way to
do it.
4.4 Improving team playing skill
Team works, team playing skill for effective completion of tasks and increasing productivity
was really enhanced. This also gave the really good environment to improve and consult the
personals related to skill development and team work.
4.5 Improving leadership skill
Internship also gave a opportunity to understand the personal values like confidence, effective
communication and devotion. Various tasks performed like guiding the labours,giving the
total estimate of the single unit home, managing the manpower at site etc really improved the
leadership skill. Monitoring the specifics tasks and materials quantity gave the confidence to
deal with practical scenario.
4.6 Work ethics and related issues
It also played an important role in enhancing and upgrading the work ethics like the
commitment towards the job, the responsibilities to be handled, appreciation of the work
flow, honesty, and accountabilities. During internship program, managed to do handling of
the job description with a high spirit and enthusiasm. Punctuality was also heavily improved
as the tasks to be performed were on time and the responsibility was to be there.
4.7 Entrepreneurship skill
Entrepreneurship skill was highly improved due to the observance to senior engineers,
supervisors, directors etc dealing with each and every aspect of the site and management. It
also gave a boost regarding the entrepreneurship skill motivation to peruse the the job and a
career in a better and smoother way. It was also very helpful in knowing the values of time,
money, responsibility etc.So, It was a really a wonderful time being in this internship in every
way.

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4.8 Conclusions
The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the reality work
at the field of construction or civil engineering work. All who take the internship class go to
companies that already working either as a consultant or acontractor.The responsibilities of the
hosting company are to teach student and shape them in the four week as a real site workers. The
hosting company is a consultant team and they help students who took the internship session in
this company in acquiring different knowledge in different positions. They collaborate with the
contractors to teach that section they believe that the civil engineering and work is more
important for us than the consulting office. This program played an important role to break the
conventional thought that field works can be only implemented by students who hold a degree or
people who have an experience in building construction. Ability to acquire a high level of
confidence to deal with problems that arise in a building construction. Internship session in SAI
CONSTRUCTION gave an opportunity to work in the different party of the construction work
which helps me to gain more knowledge by seeing what they work in their own office and what
are their main responsibilities to the client and also each other. Working with a consultant team
gets me more knowledge than that of the contractor in case that the consultation work includes
the duty of the site engineers and in the consultant office there are different office that are more
important for me to upgrade my knowledge in different aspects of work. The consultant team by
its nature includes designer team including structural engineers, architects, sanitary, electrical and
mechanical engineers, the contract administration and supervision team includes site
coordinators, supervisors and quantity workers and the financial office. This helps to get more
knowledge than the contractors.
From the design team especially from the structural designers got some clues about how to
design and the phases and different procedure in the designing of any structure starting from
the roof to the footing. The architects also helped to know every symbols used in any drawing
and room orientations, how each room of the specified space can be together without being
disturbed by one another. In the sanitary and electrical engineers also help by teaching about
the riser diagram and installation of each junction in place for a building. They helped to
understand what is going to be done while working in the consultant office. The contractors
also avail practical knowledge to improve the practical knowledge.

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Internship report 2019-20

1.1 About organization

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 1

1.4 ABOUT THE COMPANY

BUILDER AND DEVOLUPER : SOMASHEKHAR A M

#05,12th Main, kuvempuroad, Hemanna layout,

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 2

1.5 Main products and services

1) Designing – sub team

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 3

2.1.1 Flow in the Section

1) Design and supervision team

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 4

Position is responsible for multiple construction projects or a single project of a

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 5

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 6

3.1.1 Post tension slab

Post tension slab is a combination of conventional slab reinforcement and additional

Working Principle of Post Tensioning

Fig 3.1: Typical Details of Post Tension Slab

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 7

3.1.2 Components of Post Tensioning Slab

Fig 3.2: Type of Ducts used to encase steel tendons.

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 8

The basic element of a post-tensioning system is called a tendon. A post-tensioning tendon is

Fig 3.3: Steel tendons used in Post Tensioning of Slab.

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 9

Fig 3.4: Slab Anchor.

3.1.3 Construction of Post Tensioned Slab

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 10

3.1.4 Advantages of Post Tension Slab

3. Reduces Dead load

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 11

3.1.5 Difference between post tensioning slab and normal slab

3.1.6 Types of prestressing:-

1. Pre-tensioning: Steel tendon is tensioned before the construction of member and

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 12

I. The space remain in the duct is filled with mortar by grouting.

3.2 Construction of Foundation – Depth, Width, Layout and Excavation

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 13

Fig 3.5 layout of column

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 14

Fig 3.6 Excavation for footing

3.2.1 Depth of Foundation

1. Availability of adequate bearing capacity

3. Depth of frost penetration in case of fine sand and silt.

4. Possibility of excavation near by

5. Depth of ground water table

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 15

Fig 3.7 Depth of foundation

3.2.2 Width of Foundation /Footings

3.2.3 Processes involved in Construction of Foundation

1. Excavation of earth work in trenches for foundation.

2. Laying out cement concrete.

3. Laying the footing in case of raft or column construction.

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 16

4. Laying Anti termite treatment.

5. Laying Brick work up to plinth level.

6. Laying Damp proof course on the walls.

7. Refilling of earth around the walls

Fig 3.8 Compacting pcc bed

3.2.4 Precautions while designing a Foundation

Dept of Civil Engineering, SJBIT Page 17