ST.

MOTHER THERESA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

VAGAIKULAM TUTICORIN
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK – ME 8693 HEAT AND MASS TEANSFER

UNIT - I
CONDUCTION
General Differential equation of Heat Conduction– Cartesian and Polar Coordinates – One
Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction –– plane and Composite Systems – Conduction with
Internal Heat Generation – Extended Surfaces – Unsteady Heat Conduction – Lumped Analysis –Semi
Infinite and Infinite Solids –Use of Heisler’s charts. 9+6
PART- A
Q. Questions BT Competence
No Level
1. Define the Fourier’s law of heat conduction. Why is the negative
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sign used?
2. Point out Fourier’s Law of heat conduction. BTL-4 Analyzing
3. Write the expression to determine the thermal conductivity as the
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function of temperature and unit of thermal conductivity.
4. What is meant by lumped heat capacity analysis? When is it used? BTL-1 Remembering
5. Define the term thermal conductivity. Also list the behavior of
metal, liquid and gases thermal conductivity for increase in BTL-5 Evaluating
temperature.
6. Define efficiency and fin effectiveness. BTL-4 Analyzing
7. Write any two examples of heat conduction with heat generation. BTL-1 Remembering
8. Define critical thickness of insulation with its significance. BTL-3 Applying
9. Write the three dimensional heat transfer Poisson and Laplace
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equations in Cartesian co-ordinates.
10. What is meant by transient heat conduction? Also give any two
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examples.
11. Define thermal diffusivity. Briefly explain its importance in heat
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conduction problems.
12. What are Biot and Fourier numbers? BTL-5 Evaluating
13. What are boundary and initial conditions? BTL-3 Applying
14. Differentiate between steady and transient heat conduction. BTL-2 Understanding
15. What is Newtonian heating or cooling process? BTL-6 Creating
16. Difference between conductivity and conductance. What are their
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units?
17. Mention the importance of Biot Number. BTL-6 Creating
18. Write a note on electrical analogy for conduction problems. BTL-2 Understanding
19. Describe about Heisler Charts. BTL-1 Remembering
20. Briefly explain semi-infinite body and define the error function in
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transient state.
PART- B
1. (i) A furnace wall consists of three layers. The inner layer of 10 cm
thickness is made of firebrick (k =1.04 W/m-K). The intermediate
layer of 25 cm thickness is made of masonry brick
(K = 0.69 W/ m-K) followed by a 5 cm thick concrete wall (K =
1.37 W/m-K). When the furnace is in continuous operation the inner
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surface of the furnace is at 800°C while the outer concrete surface is
at 50°C. Calculate the rate of heat loss per unit area of the wall, the
temperature at the interface of the firebrick and masonry brick and
the temperature at the interface of the masonry brick and concrete.
(ii) An electrical wire of 10 m length and 1 mm diameter dissipates
200 W in air at 25°C.The convection heat transfer coefficient
between the wire surface and air is 15 W/m 2K. Calculate the critical BTL-2 Understanding
radius of insulation and also determine the temperature of the wire if
it is insulated to the critical thickness of insulation. (7+6)
2. A furnace wall is made up of three layer of thicknesses 25 cm,
10 cm and 15 cm with thermal conductivities of 1.65W/m-K,
4.83W/m K and 9.2 W/m-K respectively. The inside is exposed to
gases at 1250°C with a convection coefficient of 25 W/m 2°C and the
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inside surface is at 1100°C, the outside surface is exposed to air at
25°C with convection coefficient of 12 W/m2°C.Determine (i) The
unknown thermal conductivity (ii) The overall heat transfer
coefficient (iii) All the surface temperature. (13)
3. A pipe consists of 100 mm internal diameter and 8 mm thickness
carries steam at 170°C. The convective heat transfer coefficient on
the inner surface of pipe is 75 W/m2oC. The pipe is insulated by two
layers of insulation. The first layer of insulation is 46 mm in
thickness having thermal conductivity of 0.14 W/m°C. The second
layer of insulation is also 46 mm in thickness having thermal BTL-3 Applying
conductivity of 0.46 W/m°C. Ambient air temperature = 33°C. The
convective heat transfer coefficient from the outer surface of pipe =
 12 W/m2oC. Thermal conductivity of steam pipe = 46 W/m°C.
Calculate the heat loss per unit length of pipe and determine the
interface temperatures. Suggest the materials used for insulation. (7)
A long rod is exposed to air at 298°C. It is heated at one end.
At steady state conditions, the temperatures at two points along the
rod separated by 120 mm are found to be 130°C and 110°C
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respectively. The diameter of the rod is 25 mm OD and its thermal
conductivity is 116 W/m°C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient at
the surface of the rod and also the heat transfer rate. (6)
4. Derive the general 3-dimensional heat conduction equation in
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cylindrical coordinates. (13)
5.
Derive the dissipation equation through pin fin with insulated end(5) BTL-5 Evaluating
A temperature rise of 50°C in a circular shaft of 50 mm diameter is
caused by the amount of heat generated due to friction in the bearing
mounted on the crankshaft. The thermal conductivity of shaft
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material is 55W/m-K and heat transfer co efficient is 7 W/m 2K.
Determine the amount of heat transferred through shaft assume that
the shaft is a rod of infinite length. (8)
6. (i) An aluminum rod (k = 204 W/m-K), 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm
long protrudes from a wall which is maintained at 300°C. The end
of the rod is insulated and the surface of the rod is exposed to air at
30°C. The heat transfer coefficient between the rod's surface and air BTL-1 Remembering

is 10 W/m2K. Calculate the heat lost by the rod and the temperature
of the rod at a distance of 10 cm from the wall. (7)
6. (ii) A large iron plate of 10 cm thickness and originally at 800°C is
suddenly exposed to an environment at O°C where the convection BTL-2 Understanding
2
coefficient is 50 W/m K. Calculate the temperature at a depth of
 4 cm from one of the faces 100 seconds after the plate is exposed to
the environment. How much energy has been lost per unit area of
the plate during this time? (6)
7. (i) Explain the different modes of heat transfer with appropriate
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expressions. (4)
(ii) A composite wall consists. of 10 cm thick layer of building
brick, k =0.7 W/m-K and 3 cm thick plaster, k = 0.5 W/m-K. An
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insulating material of k = 0.08 W/m-K is to be added to reduce the
heat transfer through the wall by 40%. Find its thickness. (9)
8. (i) Considering the heating surface of a steam boiler to be a plane
wall of thickness 1.2 cm and having k = 50 W/m-K, determine the
rate of heat flow and surface temperature for the following data:
(i) Flue gas temperature = 1000°C
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(ii) Boiling water temperature = 200°C
(iii) Heat transfer coefficient on the flue gas side = 100W/m2K
(iv) Heat transfer coefficient on boiling water side =
5000W/m2K. (9)
8. (ii) Derive an expression for heat flow through a sphere and prove
that if the thickness of the sphere is small it can be taken as a flat BTL-1 Remembering
slab. (4)
9. Circumferential aluminum fins of rectangular profile (1.5 cm wide
and 1 mm thick) are fitted to a 90 mm engine cylinder with a pitch
of 10 mm. The height of the cylinder is 120 mm. The cylinder base
temperature before and after fitting the fins are 200°C and 150°C BTL-5 Evaluating
respectively. Take ambient at 30°C and h (average) = 100 W/m2-K.
Estimate the heat dissipated from the finned and the unfinned
surface areas of cylinder body. (13)
10. (i) Derive the heat conduction equation in cylindrical co-ordinates
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using an elemental volume for a stationary isotropic solid. (6)
(ii) A 3 cm OD steam pipe is to be covered with two layers of
insulation each having a thickness of 2.5 cm. The average thermal
conductivity of one insulation is 5 times that of the other. Determine
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the percentage decrease in heat transfer if better insulating material
is next to pipe than it is the outer layer. Assume that the outside and
inside temperatures of composite insulation are fixed. (7)
11. (i) Explain briefly the concept of critical thickness of insulation and
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state any two applications of the same. (6)
11. (ii) A 6 cm long copper rod (k = 300 W/m-K) 6mm in diameter is
exposed to an environment at 20°C. The base temperature of the rod
is maintained at 160°C. The heat transfer co-efficient is 20 W/m 2K. BTL-3 Applying
Calculate the heat given by the rod and efficiency and effectiveness
of the rod. (7)
12. What is meant lumped capacity? What are the physical assumptions
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necessary for a lumped capacity unsteady state analysis to apply? (5)
A hot cylinder ingot of 50 mm diameter and 200 mm length is taken
out from the furnace at 800C and then dipped in water till its
temperature falls to 500C (hw= 200 W/m2-K). Then it is directly
exposed to air till its temperature falls to 100C (ho= 20 W/m2K).
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The temperature of air and water is 30C. Taking the properties of
ingot as ρ = 800 kg/m3 , c = 0.2 kJ/kg-K, k = 60 W/m-K, find the
total time required for the ingot to reach the temperature from 800C
to 100C. (8)
13. A rectangular steel billet, measuring 500 x 400 x 200 mm in size
with an initial temperature of 30°C is heated in a furnace to a
temperature of 1000°C. Calculate the temperature at the centre of
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the billet 90 minutes after being put into the furnace. The thermal
conductivity of steel is 37.0 W/m-K and its thermal diffusivity is
0.025 m2/h. The local coefficient of heat transfer is 185 W/m2K.(13)
14. An aluminum plate (K=160W/mC,  = 2790 kg/m3, CP =
0.88KJ/kgC) of thickness L = 3 cm and at a uniform temperature of
225C is suddenly immersed at time t = 0 in a well stirred fluid
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maintained at a constant temperature T = 25C. Take h =
320W/m2C. Determine the time required for the centre of the plate
to reach 50C. (13)
 PART- C
1. A bar of square cross-section connects two metallic structures. One
structure is maintained at a temperature 200C and the other is
maintained at 50C. The bar, 20 mm x 20 mm is 100 mm long and is
made of mild steel (k= 0.06 kW/m-K). The surroundings are at
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20C and the heat transfer coefficient between the bar and the
surroundings is 0.01kW/m2K. Derive an equation for the
temperature distribution along the bar and hence calculate the total
heat flow rate from the bar to the surroundings. (15)
2. A Pipe (k = 180 W/m C) having inner and outer diameters 80 mm
and 100 mm respectively is located in a space at 25 C. Hot gasses
at temperature 160 C flow through the pipe. Neglecting surface
heat transfer coefficients, calculate :
i) The heat loss through the pipe per unit length,
ii) The temperature at a point halfway between the inner and BTL-3 Applying
outer surfaces, and
iii) The surface area normal to the direction of heat flow so that
the heat transfer through the pipe can be determined by
considering material of pipe as a plane wall of the same
thickness. (15)
3. A fin 5 mm thick and 45 mm long has its base on a plane plate
which is maintained at 125 C. The ambient temperature is 25 C.
The conductivity of fin material is 55 W/m C and the heat transfer
coefficient is 145 W/m2 C.
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Determine :
i) Temperature at the end of the fin,
ii) Temperature at the middle of the fin, and
iii) Heat dissipated by the fin (per meter width). (15)
4. A long aluminum cylinder 5.0 cm in diameter and initially at 200 C
is suddenly exposed to a convection environment at 70 C. With heat
transfer coefficient of 525 W/m 2.K. Calculate the temperature at the BTL-2 Understanding
radius of 1.25 cm 1 minute after the cylinder is exposed to the
environment. (15)
 UNIT - II
CONVECTION
Free and Forced Convection - Hydrodynamic and Thermal Boundary Layer. Free and Forced
Convection during external flow over Plates and Cylinders and Internal flow through tubes. 9+6
PART- A
1. What are the differences between natural and forced convection? BTL-3 Applying
2. Briefly explain the concept of free convection heat transfer
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mechanism.
3. Define the velocity and thermal boundary layers. BTL-2 Understanding
4. Define bulk temperature. How is it used? BTL-1 Remembering
5. Why the heat transfer coefficient for natural convection is much less
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than that for forced convection?
6. Define grashoff number and prandtl number. BTL-2 Understanding
7. Differentiate viscous sublayer and buffer layer. BTL-2 Understanding
8. State Newton's law of cooling. BTL-1 Remembering
9. Define laminar sublayer, buffer layer and turbulent layer in a
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boundary layer.
10. A square plate 40 x 40 cm maintained at 400 K is suspended
vertically in atmospheric air at 300 K. Determine the boundary layer BTL-5 Evaluating
thickness at trailing edge of the plate.
11. What is colburnand Reynolds analogy? BTL-6 Creating
12. Define Nusselt and Stanton numbers. BTL-1 Remembering
13. Distinguish between laminar & turbulent flow. BTL-2 Understanding
14. Differences between Biot and prandtl numbers. BTL-2 Understanding
15. What is Dittus-Boelter equation? BTL-6 Creating
16. Define momentum thickness. BTL-1 Remembering
17. Define critical Reynolds number. What is its typical value for flow
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over a flat plate and flow through a pipe?
18. Why heat transfer coefficient for natural convection is much lesser
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than that for forced convection?
19. What are the different methods of determining heat transfer
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coefficient in forced convection?
20. Briefly explain local and average value of skin friction coefficient. BTL-1 Remembering
 PART- B
1. Nitrogen at a pressure of 0.1 atm. flows over a flat plate with a free
stream velocity of 8 m/s. The temperature of the gas is, – 20°C. The
plate temperature is 20°C. Determine the length for the flow to turn
turbulent. Assume 5 × 105 as critical Reynolds number. Also BTL-3 Applying
determine the thickness of thermal and velocity boundary layers and
the average convection coefficient for a plate length of 0.3 m.
Properties are to be found at film temperature. (13)
2. (i) What is Reynold's analogy? Describe the relation between fluid
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friction and heat transfer. (4)
(ii) Air at 25°C flows over 1 m x 3 m (3 m long) horizontal plate
maintained at 200°C at 10 m/s. Calculate the average heat transfer
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coefficients for both laminar and turbulent regions. Take
Re(critical) = 3.5 x 105. (9)
3. Castor oil at 25°C flows at a velocity of 0.1 m/s part a flat plate, in a
certain process. If the plate is 4.5 m long and is maintained at a
uniform temperature of 95°C, calculate the following
(i) The hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thicknesses
on one side of the plate.
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(ii) The total drag force per unit width on one side of the plate.
(iii) The local heat transfer coefficient at the trailing edge and
(iv) The heat transfer rate ; properties of oil at 60°C are
ρ = 956.8 kg/m3, ∞ = 7.2 x 10 -8 m2/s; k = 0.213 W/m-K ;
ν = 0.65 x 10-4 m2/s. (13)
4. Engine oil at 80°C flows over a flat surface at 40°C for cooling
purpose, the flow velocity being 2 m/s. Determine at a distance of
0.4 m from the leading edge the hydrodynamic and thermal BTL-4 Analyzing
boundary layer thickness. Also determine the local and average
values of friction and convection coefficients. (13)
5. Air at 1 atm. and 30C is forced through a horizontal 30 mm
diameter 0.5 m long tube at an average velocity of 0.25 m/s. The
tube wall is maintained at 135C. Calculate (i) the heat transfer BTL-1 Remembering
coefficient and (ii) percentage error if the calculation is made strictly
on the basis of laminar forced convection. (13)
6. (i) A metal plate 0.609 m high forms the vertical wall of an oven and
is at a temperature of 161°C. Within the oven air is at a temperature
of 93.0°C and one atmosphere. Assuming that natural convection BTL-5 Evaluating
conditions hold near the plate, estimate the mean heat transfer
coefficient and the rate of heat transfer per unit width of the plate.(7)
(ii) A 10 mm diameter spherical steel ball at 260°C is immersed in
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air at 90°C. Estimate the rate of convective heat loss. (6)
7. Air at 20C is flowing along a heated plate at 134C at a velocity of
3 m/s. The plate is 2 m long and 1.5 m wide, Calculate the thickness
of the hydrodynamic boundary layer and the skin friction coefficient BTL-5 Evaluating
at 40 cm from the leading edge of the plate. The kinematic viscosity
of air at 20C is 15.06 x 10-6m2/s.
8. Air at 200 kPa and 200°C is heated as it flows through a tube with a
diameter of 25 mm at a velocity of 10 m/sec. The wall temperature
is maintained constant and is 20°C above the air temperature all
along the length of tube.
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Calculate:
(i) The rate of heat transfer per unit length of the tube.
(ii) Increase in the bulk temperature of air over a 3 m length of
the tube. (13)
9. (i) The Vertical 0.8 m high, 2 m wide double pane window consists
of two sheets of glass separated by a 2 cm air gap at atmospheric
pressure. If the glass surface temperatures across the air gap are BTL-3 Applying
o o
measured to be 12 C and 2 C, determine the rate of heat transfer
through the window. (7)
(ii) A steam pipe 10 cm outside diameter runs horizontally in a room
at 23°C. Take the outside surface temperature of pipe as 165°C. BTL-5 Evaluating
Determine the heat loss per unit length of the pipe. (6)
10. (i) Distinguish between free and forced convection giving examples. BTL-2 Understanding
(ii) A steam pipe 10 cm OD runs horizontally in a room at 23° C.
Take outside temperature of pipe as 165 ° C. Determine the heat loss
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per unit length of the pipe. Pipe surface temperature reduces to 80°
C with 1.5 cm insulation. What is the reduction in heat loss? (4+9)
11. Nitrogen gas at 0C is flowing over a 1.2 m long, 2 m wide plate
maintained at 80C with a velocity of 2.5 m/s. For nitrogen,
ρ = 1.142 kg/m3, Cp= 1.04 kJ /kg-K , ʋ= 15.63 x 10-6 m2/s and BTL-5 Evaluating
k=0.0262 W/m-K. To find (i) The average heat transfer coefficient
and (ii) the total heat transfer from the plate. (13)
12. (i) Find the convective heat loss from a radiator 0.6 m wide and 1.2
m high maintained at a temperature of 90°C in a room at 14°C. BTL-6 Creating
Consider the radiator as a vertical plate. (7)
(ii) Calculate the heat transfer from a 60 W incandescent bulb at
115°C to ambient air at 25°C . Assume the bulb as a sphere of 50 BTL-5 Evaluating
mm diameter. Also find the % of power lost by free convection. (6)
13. Discuss briefly the development of velocity boundary layer for flow
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through a pipe. (7)
The Nusselt number for flow over a rough plate is given by
Nux= 0.04, Re = 0.9 Obtain expressions for the local heat transfer
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coefficient and the ratio of the average heat transfer coefficient to
the local coefficient. (6)
14. Air at 25C flows over 1 m X 3 m (3m long) horizontal plate
maintained at 200C at 10 m/s. Calculate the average heat transfer
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coefficients for both laminar and turbulent regions. Take
Re(critical) = 3.5 X 105.
PART- C
1. A cylindrical body of 300 mm diameter and 1.6 m height is
maintained at a constant temperature of 36.5 C. The surrounding
temperature is 13.5 C. Find out the amount of heat to be generated
by the body per hour if ρ = 1.025 kg/m3; c p= 0.96 kJ/kg C; BTL-1 Remembering
-6 2 -1
v = 15.06 x 10 m /s; k= 0.0892 kJ/m-h- C and β = 1/298 K .
1/3
Assume Nu = 0.12 (Gr. Pr) (the symbols have their usual
meanings). (15)
2. A 15 cm outer diameter steel pipe lines 2 m vertically and 8 m
horizontally in a large room with an ambient temperature of 30 C. If
the pipe surface is at 250 C and emissivity of steel is 0.60,
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Calculate the total rate of heat loss from the pipe to the atmosphere.
Properties of air at 140 C are ρ = 0.854 kg/m3, c p= 1.01 kJ/kg K,
k = 0.035 W/m K, Pr = 0.684 and v = 27.8 x 10 -6 m2/s. (15)
3. Assuming a man as a cylinder of 40 cm diameter and 1.72 m high
with a surface temperature of 37 C. Calculate the heat lost from its
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body, while standing in wind flowing at 20 km per hour at 17 C.
Use the relation NuD = 0.027 ReD = 0.805 Pr 1/3. (15)
4. (i) It was found during a test in which water flowed with a velocity
of 2.44 m/s through a tube (2.54 cm inner diameter and 6.08 m
long), that the het lost due to friction was 1.22 m of water. Estimate BTL-2 Understanding
the surface heat transfer coefficient based on Reynolds analogy.
Take density = 998 kg/m3 and cp= 4.187 kJ/kg-K. (8)
(ii) Air at atmospheric pressure and 100 C enters a 2 m long tube (4
cm diameter) with a velocity of 9 m/s. A 1 kW electric heater is
wound on the outer surface of the tube. Find (a) the mass flow rate
of air, (b) the exit temperature of air and (c) the wall temperature at BTL-2 Understanding
outlet. Assume that the rate of heat absorption by air per unit area is
uniform throughout the length of the tube. Take for air,
R = 0.287 kJ/kg- K and cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K. (7)
 UNIT – III

PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Nusselt’s theory of condensation - Regimes of Pool boiling and Flow boiling. Correlations in boiling
and condensation. Heat Exchanger Types - Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient – Fouling Factors -
Analysis – LMTD method - NTU method. 9+6
PART- A
1. Distinguish between the two basic types of condensation. BTL-5 Evaluating
2. Briefly explain fouling. And how does it affect the rate of heat
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transfer?
3. Compare subcooled or local boiling and saturated boiling. BTL-4 Analyzing
4. Why does radiation play a significant role in film-boiling heat
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transfer?
5. Describe the different regimes involved in pool boiling. BTL-4 Analyzing
6. Develope the relation for overall heat transfer coefficient in heat
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exchanger with out fouling factor.
7. Define pool boiling . Give an example for it. BTL-1 Remembering
8. Distinguish fin efficiency and fin effectiveness . BTL-5 Evaluating
9. Define LMTD of a heat exchanger. BTL-1 Remembering
10. Distinguish pool boiling from forced convection boiling. BTL-2 Understanding
11. What advantage does the effectiveness - NTU methods have over
BTL-6 Creating
the LMTD method?
12. Differentiate boiling and condensation. BTL-2 Understanding
13. What are the five significant dimensionless numbers in boiling and
BTL-6 Creating
condensation heat transfer mechanisms?
14. Briefly explain the excess temperature in boiling. BTL-5 Evaluating
15. What are the factors are involved in designing heat exchangers? BTL-6 Creating
16. Define flow boiling. BTL-1 Remembering
17. How do you define the effectiveness of heat exchanger? BTL-2 Understanding
18. Show the heat flux curve for various regions of flow boiling. BTL-3 Applying
19. Define Film wise condensation. BTL-1 Remembering
20. Define effectiveness and NTU of a heat exchanger. BTL-1 Remembering
PART- B
1. Explain in detail about the different regimes of pool boiling and
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boiling curve with neat sketch. (13)
2. Water is boiled at a rate of 30 kg/h in a copper pan, 30 cm in
diameter, at atmospheric pressure. Estimate the temperature of the BTL-3 Applying
bottom surface of the pan assuming nucleate boiling conditions. (13)
3. Water is boiled at atmospheric pressure by horizontal polished
copper heating element of diameter D=5mm and emissivity 0.05
immersed in water. If the surface temperature of the heating element BTL-2 Understanding
is 350°C. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the wire to the
water per unit length of the wire. (13)
4. Hot oil (Cp=2200 J/kg K) is to be cooled by water (C p=4180 J/kg K)
in a 2 shell pass and 12 tube pass heat exchanger. The tubes are thin
walled and are made of copper with a diameter of 1.8 cm. The
length of the each tube pass in the heat exchanger is 3m, and the
overall heat transfer coefficient is 340 W/m 2 K. Water flows through BTL-6 Creating
the tube at a total rate of 0.1 kg/s, and the oil through the shell at a
rate of 0.2 kg/s. The water and the oil enter at 18°C and 160°C,
respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat
exchanger and the outlet temperature of the water and the oil. (13)
5. A tube of 1.5 m length and 20 mm outer diameter is to condense
saturated steam at 90C while the tube surface is maintained at
90C. Estimate the average heat transfer co-efficient and the rate of BTL-4 Analyzing
condensation of steam if the tube is kept horizontal. The steam
condenses on the outside of the tube. (13)
6. Saturated steam at 120C is condensing on the outer tube surface of
a single pass heat exchanger. The heat transfer coefficient is U0 =
1800 W/m2.K. Determine the surface area of a heat exchanger BTL-1 Remembering
capable of heating 1000 kg/h of water from 20C to 90C. Also
compute the rate of condensation of steam hfg = 2200 kJ/kg. (13)
7. A vertical tube of 50 mm outside diameter and 2 mm long it exposed
to steam at atmospheric pressure. The outer surface of the tube is
maintained at a temperature of 84°C by circulating cold water BTL-4 Analyzing
through the tube. Determine the rate of heat transfer and also
condensate mass flow rate. (13)
8. (i) Explain about fouling factor. (4) BTL-5 Evaluating
(ii) Hot oil with a capacity rate of 2500 W/K flows through the
BTL-1 Remembering
double pipe heat exchanger. It enters at 360°C and leaves at
 300°C.cold fluid enters at 30°C and leaves at 200°C. If the overall
heat transfer coefficient is 800 W/m2K. Determine the heat
exchanger area required for (i) parallel flow and (ii) counter flow(9)
9. Derive the LMTD for a parallel flow heat exchanger stating the
BTL-1 Remembering
assumptions. (13)
10. (i) Express the different types of fouling in the heat exchangers? (4) BTL-2 Understanding
(ii) Hot exhaust gases which enter the cross flow heat exchanger at
300°C and leaves at 100°C are used to heat water at a flow rate of 1
kg/s from 35°C to 125°C. The specific heat of the gas is 1000 J/ kg
BTL-3 Applying
.K. And the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the gas side
surface is 100 W/m2.K. Find the required gas side surface area using
the NTU method and LMTD method. (9)
11. The outer surface of the vertical tube, which is 1 m long and has an
outer diameter of 80 mm, is exposed to saturated steam at
atmospheric pressure and is maintained at 50°C by the flow of cool BTL-2 Understanding
water through the tube. What is the rate of heat transfer to coolant
and what is the rate at which the steam is condensed at the surface.
12. A counter flow concentric heat exchanger is used to cool the
lubricating oil for a large industrial gas turbine engine. The flow rate
of cooling water through the inner tube (d i = 20 mm) is 0.18 kg/s
while the flow rate of oil through the outer annulus (do = 40 mm) is
0.12 kg/s. The inlet and outlet temperature of the oil are 95°C and
65°C respectively. The water enters at 30°C to the exchanger.
BTL-5 Evaluating
Neglecting tube wall thermal resistance, fouling factors and heat
loss to the surroundings, calculate the length of the tube. Take the
following properties at the bulk mean temperature: Engine oil at
80°C; Cp=2131 J/kg°C; µ=0.0325 N-s/m2; k=0.138w/m°C. Water at
35°C; Cp=4174 J/kg °C; µ=725×10-6 N-s/m2; k=0.625w/m°C;
pr = 4.85. (13)
13. Water atmospheric pressure is to be boiled in polished copper pan.
The diameter of the pan is 350mm and is kept at 115°C. Calculate
the following
BTL-4 Analyzing
(i) Power of the burner
(ii) Rate of evaporation in kg/hr
(iii) Critical heat flux. (13)
14. Calculate for the following cases, the surface area required for the
heat exchanger which is required to cool 3200 kg/hr of benzene
(Cp=1.74 kJ/kg K) from 72°C to 42°C. The cooling water
(CP=4.18 kJ/kg °C) at 15°C has a flow rate of 2200 kg/hr.
BTL-1 Remembering
(i) single pass counter flow
(ii) 1-4 heat exchanger (one-shell pass and four -tube passes) and
(iii) Cross flow single pass with water mixed and benzene
unmixed. Assume all the cases U=0.28 kW/m2K. (13)
PART- C
1. The outer surface of a vertical tube 80 mm in outer diameter and
1 m long is exposed to saturated steam at atmospheric pressure. The
tube surface is maintained at 50C by flow of water through the BTL-2 Understanding
tube. What is the rate of heat transfer to coolant and what is the rate
of condensation of steam? (15)
2. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 2.45 bar condenses on the
surface of a vertical tube of height 1 m. The tube surface
temperature is kept at 117C. Estimate the thickness of the BTL-3 Applying
condensate film and the local heat transfer coefficient at a distance
of 0.2 m from the upper end of the tube. (15)
3. Hot exhaust gases, which enter a finned-tube, cross-flow heat
exchanger at 300C and leave at 100C, are used to heat pressurized
water at a flow rate of 1 kg/s from 35 to 125C. The exhaust gas
specific heat is approximately 1000 J/kg-K, and the overall heat BTL-4 Analyzing
transfer coefficient based on the gas-side surface area is Uh= 100
W/m2K. Determine the required gas-side surface area A h using the
NTU method. (15)
4. Water at the rate of 3.8 kg/s is heated from 38 to 55˚C in a shell and
tube heat exchanger. On the shell side one pass is used with water as
the heating fluid, 1.9 kg/s entering the exchanger at 93˚C. The
overall heat transfer coefficient is 1419 W/m2˚C, and the average
water velocity in the 1.9 cm diameter tubes is 0.366 m/s. Because of BTL-1 Remembering
space limitations the tube length must not be longer than 2.5 m.
Calculate the number of tube passes, the number of tube per pass,
and the length of the tube, consistent with this restriction. (15)
 UNIT – IV
RADIATION
Black Body Radiation – Grey body radiation - Shape Factor – Electrical Analogy – Radiation Shields.
Radiation through gases. 9+6
PART- A
1. State Stefan Boltzmann law and planks law. How are they related? BTL-6 Creating
2. List out the use of radiation shield. BTL-1 Remembering
3. What is thermal radiation? What is its wavelength band? BTL-2 Understanding
4. How do you define the black body and emissivity of a surface? BTL-2 Understanding
5. Differentiate opaque body & perfectly transparent surface. BTL-3 Applying
6. Distinguish between black body and gray body. BTL-2 Understanding
7. Explain emissive power and monochromatic emissivity. BTL-4 Analyzing
8. What you mean by radiosity and irradiation? BTL-3 Remembering
9.
Write down the heat transfer equation for Radiant exchange between BTL-4 Analyzing
infinite parallel gray planes.
10.
List out any two shape factor algebra. BTL-1 Remembering
11.
Define Planck's distribution law. BTL-1 Remembering
12.
Define Wien's distribution law. BTL-1 Remembering
13.
Describe Emissivity of a surface. BTL-2 Understanding
14.
Define Reflectivity. BTL-1 Remembering
15.
What is Radiation Shield? BTL-3 Applying
16.
Explain Kirchhoff 's law. BTL-5 Evaluating
17.
What do you mean by opaque body and white body? BTL-3 Remembering
18.
Explain Shape factor. BTL-5 Evaluating
19.
Formulate the equation for radiation between two gray bodies? BTL-6 Creating
20.
Define the terms absorptivity, transmissivity and reflectivity. BTL-2 Understanding

PART- B
1. Two parallel plates of size 1.0 m × 1.0 m spaced 0.5 m apart are
located in very large room; the walls are maintained at a temperature
of 27°C. One plate is maintained at a temperature of 900°C and
other at 400°C. The emissivities are the 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. If
BTL-3 Applying
the plates exchange heat between themselves and surroundings, find
the heat transfer to each plate and to them. Consider only the plate
surfaces facing each other. (13)
2. (i) What is view factor and shape factor? (4) BTL-4 Analyzing
(ii) State laws of black body radiation. (4) BTL-2 Understanding
(iii) Two large parallel plates are at temperatures T1 = 500 K and T2
= 300 K. The emissivity’s are ɛ1= 0.85 and ɛ2= 0.90. What is the BTL-5 Evaluating
radiation flux between the plates? (5)
3. Two parallel plates 2 m x 1 m are spaced 1 m apart. The plates are at
temperatures of 727C and 227C and their emissivities are 0.3 and
0.5 respectively. The plates are located in a large room, the walls of BTL-2 Understanding
which are at 27C. Determine the rate of radiant heat loss from each
plate and the heat gain by the walls. (13)
4. (i) The spectral emissivity function of an opaque surface at 1000 K
is approximated as
Ɛλ1=0.4, 0≤ λ 2µm;
BTL-6 Creating
Ɛλ2=0.7, 2 µm ≤ λ 6µm;
Ɛλ3=0.3, 6 µm ≤ λ ∞. Determine the average emissivity of the
surface and the rate of radiation emission from the surface, in W/m2.
(ii) Emissivity's of two large parallel plates maintained at 800 °C
and 300°C are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. Find the net radiant heat BTL-2 Understanding
exchange per meter for these plates? (6+7)
5. Liquid Helium at 4.2 K is stored in a dewar flask of inner diameter
= 0.48 m and outer diameter = 0.5 m. The dewar flask can be treated
as a spherical vessel. The outer surface of the inner vessel and the
inner surface of the outer vessel are well polished and the emissivity
BTL-4 Analyzing
of these surfaces is 0.05. The space between the two vessels is
thoroughly evacuated. The inner surface of the dewar flask is at 4.2
K while the outer surface is at 300 K. Estimate the rate of heat
transfer between the surfaces. (13)
6. Derive the general expression for the determination of view factor
BTL-3 Applying
between two differential surfaces with neat sketch. (13)
7. Calculate the following for an industrial furnace in the form of black
body and emitting radiation at 2500°C
i. Monochromatic emissive power at 1.2 µm length
BTL-3 Applying
ii. Wave length at which the emission is maximum
iii. Maximum emissive power
iv. Total emissive power and total emissive power of the furnace if
 it is assumed as a real surface with emissivity equal to 0.9. (13)
8. Two parallel plate of size 1.0 m by 1.0 m spaced 0.5 m apart are
located in a very large room, the walls of which are maintained at
temperature of 27°C. One plate is maintained at a temperature of
900°C and the other at 400°C. Their emissivities are 0.2 and 0.5 BTL-2 Understanding
respectively. If the plates exchange heat between themselves and
surroundings. Find the net heat transfer to each plate and to the
room. Consider only the plate surfaces facing each other. (13)
9. (i) A black body emits radiation at 2000 K. Calculate (i) the
monochromatic emissive power at 1 µm wavelength, (ii) wavelength
BTL-1 Remembering
at which the emission is maximum, and (iii) the maximum emissive
power . (7)
(ii) An enclosure measures 1.5 m x 1.7 m with a height of 2 m. The
walls and ceiling are maintained at 250C and the floor is at 130C.
BTL-1 Remembering
The walls and ceiling have an emissivity of 0.82 and the floor 0.7.
Determine the net radiation to the floor. (6)
10. An oven is approximated as a long equilateral triangular duct, which
heat surface maintained at a temperature of 1200 K. The other
surface is insulated while the third surface is at 500 K. The duct has
a width of a 1 m on a side and the heated and insulated surfaces have
an emissivity of 0.8. The emissivity of the third surface is 0.4. For BTL-4 Analyzing
steady state operation find the rate at which energy must be supplied
to the heated side per unit length of the duct to maintained at a
temperature at 1200 K. What is the temperature of the insulated
surface? (13)
11. (i) The filament of a 75 W light bulb may be considered as black
body radiating into a black enclosure at 70C. The filament diameter
BTL-4 Analyzing
is 0.10 mm and length is 50 mm. Considering the radiation,
determine the filament temperature. (7)
(ii) Emissivity of two large parallel plates maintained at 800°C and
300°C and of 10 cm. Calculate the shape factor between the top
BTL-3 Applying
surface and the side and also the shape factor between the side and
itself. (6)
12. A 12 mm outside diameter pipe carries a cryogenic fluid at 90 K,
BTL-3 Applying
another pipe of 15 mm outside diameter and 290 K surrounds it
 coaxially and the space between the pipes is completely evacuated.
(i) Determine the radiant heat flow for 3.5 m length of pipe. If the
surface emissivity for the both surface is 0.25.
(ii) Calculate the percentage reduction in heat flow if a shield of
13.5mm diameter and 0.06 surface emissivity is placed between
pipes. (13)
13. (i) Derive Wines displacement law of radiation from plank's law. (4) BTL-1 Remembering
Calculate the following for an industrial furnace in the form of a
black body and emitting radiation at 2500°C:
(i)monochromatic emissive power at 1.2µm length
BTL-1 Remembering
(ii)wave length at which the emissive in maximum
(iii)maximum emissive power
(iv)total emissive power (9)
14. Identify an expression for heat transfer rate using electrical analogy
(i) Without any shield between two parallel plates. BTL-1 Remembering
(ii)With shield in between two parallel plates. (13)
PART- C
1. Two coaxial cylinders of 0.4 m and 1 m diameter are 1 m long. The
annular top and bottom surfaces are well insulated and act as
reradiating surfaces. The inner surface is at 1000 K and has an
emissivity of 0.6. The outer surface is maintained at 400 K. The
BTL-3 Applying
emissivity of the surface is 0.4.
(i) Determine the heat exchange between the surfaces.
(ii) If the annular base surfaces are open to black surroundings
at 300 K, determine the radiant heat exchange. (15)
2. A cryogenic fluid is carried in a pipe of 10 mm OD at a temperature
of 100 K. The pipe is surrounded coaxially by another pipe of OD
13 mm with the space between the pipes evacuated. The other pipe
is at 5°C. The emissivity for both surfaces is 0.22. Determine the BTL-3 Applying
radiant heat flow for 3 m length. If a shield of emissivity of 0.05 and
of diameter 11.5 mm is placed between the pipes determine the
percentage reduction in heat flow. (15)
3. Determine the shape factor F 1–2 and F 2–1 for the following cases
BTL-3 Applying
shown in Fig. Also find F 2–2.
4. A cylindrical rod(ɛ = 0.7 ) of 50 mm diameter is maintained at
1000°C by an electric resistance heating and is kept in a room, the
walls (ɛ = 0.6) of which are at 15°C. Determine the energy which
BTL-4 Analyzing
must be supplied per meter length of the rod. If an insulated half
circular reflector of 0.45 m diameter is placed around the rod,
determine the energy supplied to the rod per meter length. (15)
 UNIT – V
MASS TRANSFER
Basic Concepts – Diffusion Mass Transfer – Fick’s Law of Diffusion – Steady state Molecular
Diffusion – Convective Mass Transfer – Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy –Convective
Mass Transfer Correlations. 9+6
PART– A
1. How does mass diffusivity of a gas depend on pressure and BTL-2 Understanding
temperature?
2. State the modes of mass transfer with suitable examples. BTL-2 Understanding
3. Define Fourier number & Biot number for mass transfer. BTL-2 Understanding
4. Define Mass concentration. BTL-1 Remembering
5. Define Mole fraction. BTL-1 Remembering
6. Evaluate free convective mass transfer. BTL-5 Evaluating
7. Give two examples of convective mass transfer. BTL-3 Applying
8. Write the physical meaning of Lewis number. BTL-6 Creating
9. Show the analogy of Momentum transfer. BTL-3 Applying
10. Show the analogy of Heat transfer. BTL-3 Applying
11. Define ‘Sherwood Number’ & Schmidt number. BTL-1 Remembering
12. Point out molecular diffusion. BTL-4 Analyzing
13. Point out eddy diffusion. BTL-4 Analyzing
14. Write the expression for determining the rate of mass convection. BTL-6 Creating
15. What are the factors considered in evaporation of water into air? BTL-1 Remembering
16. Summarize the mass transfer. BTL-2 Understanding
17. What is free convective mass transfer? BTL-1 Remembering
18. Classify the modes of mass transfer. BTL-4 Analyzing
19. State Fick’s law of diffusion. Give its expression. BTL-6 Creating
20. Evaluate the convective mass transfer. BTL-5 Evaluating
PART– B
1. Along a horizontal water surface an air stream with velocity U ∞ = 3
m/s is flowing. The temperature of the surface is 15 oC, the air
temperature is 20oC, the total pressure is 1 atm. (10 5 N/m2), and the
saturation pressure of the water vapour in the air at 20 oC is
BTL-6 Creating
2
2337 N/m . The relative humidity of the air is 33%. The water
surface along the wind direction has a length of 10 cm. calculate the
amount of water evaporated per hour per meter from the water
surface. The binary diffusivity of water vapour in the air may be
 taken as 3.3 x 10-5 m2/s. The saturation vapour pressure of water at
15oC is 1705 N/m2 and kinematic viscosity of the air is
1.5 x 105 m2/s. (13)
2. Dry air at 29C and 1 atm. flows over a wet flat plate 52 cm long
and velocity of 50 m/s. Calculate the mass transfer co-efficient of
BTL-2 Understanding
water vapour in air at the end of the plate.
Take D = 0.27 x 10-4 m2 / s.
3. (i) A vessel contains binary mixture of O 2 and N2 with partial
pressure in the ratio of 0.21 and 0.79 at 15 oC. The total partial
pressure of the mixture is 1.1 bar. Calculate the following:
BTL-3 Applying
(i) Molar concentrations
(ii) Mass densities
(iii) Mass fractions & Molar fraction of each species (7)
(ii) Air at 1 atm. and 25oC containing small quantities of iodine,
flows with a velocity of 6.2 m/s inside a 35 mm diameter tube.
Calculate the mass transfer coefficient for iodine. The thermo BTL-3 Applying
physical properties of air are: υ =15.5 x 10-6 m2/s ; D=0.82 x 10-5
m2/s. (6)
4. To maintain a pressure close to 1 atm. an industrial pipeline
containing ammonia gas is vented to ambient air. Venting is
achieved by tapping the pipe and inserting a 3 mm diameter tube,
which extends for 20 m into the atmosphere. With the entire system
BTL-4 Analyzing
operating at 25C, determine the mass rate of ammonia lost to the
atmosphere and the mass rate of contamination of the pipe with air.
What are the mole and mass fractions of air in the pipe when the
ammonia flow rate is 5 kg/h? (13)
5. (i) Air at 20˚C and 1 atm. pressure flows with a velocity of 2.5 m/s
inside a 12 mm diameter tube. The inside surface of the tube
contains a deposit of naphthalene. Determine the average mass
transfer coefficient for the transfer of naphthalene from the pipe BTL-5 Evaluating

surface into air. Take kinematic viscosity 15.7 x 10-6 m2/s for air and
DAB = 0.62 x 10-5 m2/s. (7)
(ii) Dry air at 15˚C and 92 kPa flows over a 2 m long wet surface
with a free stream velocity of 4 m/s. Determine the average mass BTL-5 Evaluating
transfer coefficient. (6)
6. Explain in detail about the analogy between heat and mass transfer
BTL-5 Evaluating
with neat sketches. (13)
7. Derive the steady state one dimensional expression for the rate of
BTL-1 Remembering
mass diffusion of species A through a plane wall with neat sketch.
8. CO2 and air experience equimolar counter diffusion in a circular
tube whose length and diameter are 1m and 50 mm, respectively.
The system is at a total pressure of 1 atm. and a temperature of
25oC. The ends of the tube are connected to large chambers in which
BTL-4 Analyzing
the species concentrations are maintained at fixed values. The partial
pressure of CO2 at one end is 190 mm of Hg while at the other end
is 95 mm Hg. Estimate the mass transfer rate of CO2 and air through
the tube. (13)
9. A steel sphere of radius 60 mm which is initially at a uniform
temperature of 325°C is suddenly exposed to an environment at
25°C; with convection heat transfer coefficient 500 W/m2K. BTL-4 Analyzing
Calculate the temperature at a radius 36 mm and the heat transferred
100 seconds after the sphere is exposed to the environment. (13)

10. Air at 25oC and 1 atmospheric pressure, containing small quantities

of iodine flows with a velocity of 5 m/s inside a 3 cm inner diameter
BTL-3 Applying
tube. Determine the mass transfer coefficient from the air stream to
the wall surface. Assume DAB (iodine air) = 0.82 x 10-5 m2/s (13)
11. (i) The dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures recorded by a
thermometer in moist air are 27oC and 17oC respectively. Determine
the specific humidity of air assuming the following values. BTL-1 Remembering
Pr = 0.74, Sc = 0.6, Mv=18, Ma = 29, Cp=1.004 kJ/kg.K,
p = 1.0132 x 105 N/m2 .
(10)
(ii) List out some practical examples of mass transfer? (3) BTL-1 Remembering
12. (i) Gaseous hydrogen is stored at elevated pressure in a rectangular
container having steel walls 10 mm thick. The molar concentration
of hydrogen in the steel at the inner surface is 1 kmol/m 3, while the
concentration of hydrogen in the steel at the outer surface is BTL-2 Understanding
negligible. The binary diffusion coefficient for hydrogen in steel is
0.26 x 10-12 m2/s. What is the molar diffusive flux for hydrogen
through the steel? (7)
 (ii) An open pan 20 cm in diameter and 8 cm deep contains water at
25˚C and is exposed to dry atmospheric air. If the rate of diffusion
BTL-2 Understanding
of water vapour is 2.37 x 10-7 kg/s, estimate the diffusion coefficient
of water in air. (6)
13. The water in a 5 m x 15 m outdoor swimming pool is maintained at
a temperature of 27oC. The average ambient temperature and
relative humidity are 27oC and 40 percent respectively. Assuming a
BTL-1 Remembering
wind speed of 2 m/s in the direction of the long side of the pool
estimate the mass transfer coefficient for the evaporation of water
from the pool surface. (13)
14. Water is available at the bottom of well of 2.5 m diameter and 5 m
deep. Estimation its diffusion rate in to dry air is 0.0925 m2/h and BTL-1 Remembering
the atmospheric pressure is 1.032 bar. (13)
PART– C
1. The case hardening of low carbon steel is done by the process of
carburization at high temperature that depends upon the transfer of
carbon by diffusion. If this process is affected at 1000 oC and a
carbon mole fraction 0.02 is maintained at the surface of the steel, BTL-4 Analyzing
estimate the time required to elevate the carbon content of steel from
an initial value of 0.04 percent to a value of 1.2 percent at a depth of
1 mm. The diffusivity of carbon in steel at 1000oC is 6 x 10-10 m2/s.
2. A spherical tank of 0.18 m radius made of fused silica has a wall
thickness of 2.5 mm. It is originally filled with helium at 6 bar gauge
and 0°C. Determine the rate of pressure drop with time at this
BTL-4 Analyzing
condition due to gas diffusion. D = 0.04 × 10 –12 m2/s, the density of
gas at the solid surface is given by 18 × 10–9 kg/m3 Pa. (also termed
solubility). (15)
3. Water flows down on the surface of a vertical plate at a rate of 0.05
kg/s over a width of 1m. The water film is exposed to pure carbon
dioxide. The pressure is 1.013 bar and the temperature is 25°C.
Water is essentially CO2 free initially. Determine the rate of
BTL-5 Evaluating
absorption of CO2. The molar concentration at this condition for
CO2 in water at the surface is 0.0336 kg-mol/ m3 of solution.
D = 1.96 × 10–9 m2/s, solution density = 998 kg/m3,
µ = 0.894 × 10–3 kg/ms, G=0.05 kg/ms, L = 1 m.
 The notation for convective mass transfer coefficient is hm.(15)
4. A tray 40 cm long and 20 cm wide is full of water. Air at 30°C flows
over the tray along the length at 2 m/s. The moving air at 1.013 bar
and partial pressure of water in the air is 0.007 bar. Calculate the BTL-4 Analyzing
rate of evaporation, if the temperature of the water is 25°C. Take for
air ρ = 1.2 kg/m3, υ = 15 x 10-6 m2/s , DAB = 0.145 m2/h. (15)