‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Chemical Technology 1
(10626474)
Chapter 7: Petrochemical Feed
stocks and Products
Dr. Raed Ma’ali

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 Objectives

• To study some petrochemical derived from

crude oil product.
• To study the preparation of some
petrochemicals and their uses and
applications.

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 Chemicals Bases on Methane
 Acetylene
2 CH4 (g) → C2H2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) T = 1200 0C
 Uses
It is used to prepare several compounds such as:
1) Vinyl Chloride
C2H2 + HCl → CH2=CHCl
 The catalyst is MgCl2, T = 100-210 0C, and P = 1 atm.
 Vinyl chloride is polymerized to produce PVC which is
used in many applications such as pipes, bottles, and
electrical and telephone cables.
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 Chemicals Bases on Methane
2) Vinyl Acetate
C2H2 + CH3COOH → CH3COOCH=CH2
 The catalyst is zinc acetate, T = 210 0C, and P= 1
atm.
 Vinyl acetate is polymerized to produce
polyvinyl acetate (PVA) which is used in the
production of adhesives and paints.

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 Chemicals Bases on Methane
3) Acrylic acid and Acrylates
C2H2 + CO + H2O → CH2=CHCOOH
 The catalyst is NiBr2, T = 225 0C, and P = 100
atm.
CH2=CHCOOH + ROH → CH2=CHCOOR + H2O
 Acrylates are used in many applications such as
protective coatings and adhesives.

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 Chemicals Bases on Methane
Chloromethanes [CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4]
Uses
Cl2 → 2 Cl* 1) CH3Cl is used in TEL
production, a solvent for butyl
Cl* + CH4 → *CH3 + HCl rubber, and refrigerant.
*CH3 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + Cl* 2) CH2Cl2 is used as paint
CH3Cl + Cl* → *CH2Cl + HCl remover, degreasing solvent,
and blowing agent for
*CH2Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + *Cl polyurethane foams.
CH2Cl2 + Cl* → *CHCl2 + HCl 3) CHCl3 is used to prepare
chloroflouro methane.
*CHCl2 + Cl2 → CHCl3 + *Cl 4) (CHClF2) which is used as
CHCl3 + Cl* → *CCl3 + HCl refrigerant.
*CCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + *Cl 4) CCl4 is used in dry clean
and degreasing solvent. 6
 Ethane Based Chemicals
 The main source of ethane is natural gas.
 Uses
1) Production of ethylene by using thermal cracking
process.
2) Production of ethyl chloride
C2H6 + Cl2 → CH3CH2Cl + HCl
3) Ethyl chloride can be used in TEL production, synthesis
of insecticides, solvent for oils, fats, and waxes and
alkylating agent.
4) Production of vinyl chloride which is polymerized to
produce PVC. 7
 Propane Based Chemicals
 The main source of propane is natural gas.
 Uses
1) Production of olefin by thermal cracking.
2) Production of propene by dehydrogenation
C3H8 → CH2=CHCH3 + H2
T = 540-680 0C and P = 5-20 atm.
Propene is used to prepare polypropylene.
3) Production of perchloroethylene and CCl4.
C3H8 + 8 Cl2 → CCl2=CCl2 + CCl4 + 8 HCl (480-640 0C )
Perchloroethylene is used as degreasing agent and
solvent in dry clean. 8
 n- Butane Based Chemicals
 The main source of n-butane is natural gas.
 Uses
1) Production of butadiene by steam cracking process
which is used to prepare poly butadiene.
2) Production of iso-butane by isomerization.
3) Oxidation of n-butane in the presence of cerium
chloride or cobalt oxide produces maleic anhydride
which is used to produce unsaturated polyester.
C4H10 + 7 O2→ + 8 H2 O

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 Iso-butane Based Chemicals
 Sources
1) The main source of iso-butane is natural gas.
2) Isomerization of n-butane.
 Uses
1) Alkylating agent to produce gasoline with
high octane number.
2) Production of iso-butene which is a precursor
for producing oxygenates.
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 Ethylene Based Chemicals
 Ethyl alcohol
 Preparation
It can be produced by the hydration of ethylene.
C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH
The catalyst is H2SO4 or H3PO4 supported on silica, T = 300
0C, and P = 680 atm.

 Uses
It is used as solvent, in cosmetics and pharmaceutical
production, and preparation of many compounds such as
acetaldehyde and acetic acid. 11
 Ethylene Based Chemicals
 Ethylene Oxide
 Preparation
• The reaction of ethylene with hypochlorous acid.
C2H4 + HOCl → HOCH2CH2Cl
2 HOCH2CH2Cl+Ca(OH)2 → 2 + CaCl2+ 2 H2O
• Ethylene Oxidation.
C2H4 + 0.5 O2 →
 Uses
1) Production of ethylene glycol.
2) Production of ethanol amine.
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 Ethylene Based Chemicals
 Ethylene dichloride
 Preparation
1) Chlorination of ethylene
C2H4 + Cl2 → ClCH2CH2Cl
The catalyst is FeCl3, and T = 125 0C.
2) Oxychlorination
C2H4 + 2 HCl + 0.5 O2 → ClCH2CH2Cl + H2O
 Uses
It can be used as solvent or a raw material to prepare
other products such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene
chloride.
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 Ethylene Based Chemicals
 Styrene
 Preparation
C6H6 + C2H4 → C6H5C2H5
The catalyst is AlCl3, T = 140-200 0C, P = 4-9 atm
C6H5C2H5 → C6H5CH=CH2 + H2
The catalyst is Fe2O 3 or Cr2O 3, and T = 600-660 0C.
 Uses
It is used to prepare polystyrene which is used in many
applications such as bottles, cups, and electrical insulator.
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