V5C_ESAS_HW1

A. Atom, Molecules and Mole Relations

Problem # 1: An element has the following natural abundances and isotopic masses:
90.92% abundance with 19.99 amu, 0.26% abundance with 20.99 amu, and 8.82%
abundance with 21.99 amu. Calculate the average atomic mass of this element.
Given:
90.92% abundance with 19.99 amu
0.26% abundance with 20.99 amu
8.82% abundance with 21.99 amu
Required:
Average Atomic Mass
Solution:
90.92% 0.26% 8.82%
( ) (19.99 𝑎𝑚𝑢) + ( ) (20.99 𝑎𝑚𝑢) + ( ) (21.99𝑎𝑚𝑢)
100 100 100

= 20.16 𝑎𝑚𝑢
Problem # 2: In a sample of 400 lithium atoms, it is found that 30 atoms are lithium-6
(6.015 g/mol) and 370 atoms are lithium-7 (7.016 g/mol). Calculate the average atomic
mass of lithium.
Given:
Sample of 400 lithium atoms
30 atoms in lithium-6 (6.015 g/mol)
370 atoms in lithium-7 (7.016 g/mol)
Required:
Average Atomic Mass of Lithium
Solution:
1. Calculating Percent Abundance for each isotope:
30
𝐿𝑖 − 6 = 400 = 0.075
370
𝐿𝑖 − 7 = 400 = 0.925

2. Calculating Average Atomic Weight

X = (6.015 g/mol)(0.075) + (7.016 g/mol)(0.925)
 X = 6.94 g/mol
Problem # 3: A sample of element X contains 100 atoms with a mass of 12.00 and 10
atoms with a mass of 14.00. Calculate the average atomic mass (in amu) of element X.
Given:
Sample Element X1 = 100 atoms with a mass of 12.00
Sample Element X2 = 10 atoms with a mass of 14.00
Required:
Average Atomic Mass (in amu) of element X
Solution:
1. Calculating the percent abundance for each isotope:
100
𝑋1 = 110 = 0.909
10
𝑋2 = 110 = 0.091

2. Calculating the Average Atomic Weight

X= (12.00)(0.909) + (14.00)(0.091)
X= 12.18 amu
Problem # 4: Copper has an atomic weight of 63.546 amu and Cu-63 has an atomic
mass of 62.9296 amu and an abundance of 69.15%. What is the atomic mass of the
second isotope?
Given:
Copper weight = 63.546 amu
Cu-63 atomic mass = 62.9296 amu w/ abundance of 69.15%
Required:
Atomic mass of the second isotope
Solution:
63.546 amu = (62.9296)(0.6915) + (x)(0.3085)
63.546 amu = 43.5158 amu + 0.3085x
63.546 amu – 43.5158 amu = 0.3085x
20.0302 = 0.3085x
20.0302 0.3085𝑥
=
0.3085 0.3085

X = 64.9277 amu
Problem # 5: Given that the percentage abundance of is 75% and that of is
25%, calculate the Ar of chlorine.
Given:

is 75%

is 25%
Required:
Ar of chlorine
Solution:
75 25
Ar = ( 100 𝑥 35 ) + ( 100 𝑥 37)

Ar = 26.25 + 9.25
Ar = 35.5
B. Protons, Neutrons & Electrons Relation
Problem # 1: An isotope has a mass number of A=11. The number of neutrons is N=6.
Determine the atomic number and name the isotope.
Given:
Isotope mass , A=11
Neutrons =6
Required:
Atomic number and Name of the isotope
Solution:
Z=A–N
Z = 11 – 6
Z=5
*Using the periodic table, the element with a periodic number of 5 is BORON. So the
isotope is boron-11
Problem # 2: Determine the mass number, atomic number (number of protons), and
number of neutrons for carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14.
Given:
Carbon-12
 Carbon-13
Carbon-14
Required:
Mass Number, Atomic number ( number of protons ) and Number of neutrons
Solution:
3a) carbon-12

A = 12, Z = 6 (from the periodic table), N =?

N = A - Z = 12 - 6
N=6

*An atom of the carbon-12 isotope has a mass number of 12, an atomic number
of 6, and 6 neutrons.

3b) carbon-13

A = 13, Z = 6 (from the periodic table), N =?

N = A - Z = 13 - 6
N=7

*An atom of the carbon-13 isotope has a mass number of 13, an atomic number
of 6, and 7 neutrons.

3c) carbon-14

A = 14, Z = 6 (from the periodic table), N =?

N = A - Z = 14 - 6
N=8

*An atom of the carbon-14 isotope has a mass number of 14, an atomic number
of 6, and 8 neutrons.

Problem # 3: Determine the mass number, A, atomic number, Z, and the number of
neutrons, N for each of the following isotopes, and then name the isotope of ,
and .

Given:
, and

Required:

Mass number A
 Atomic number Z

Number of neutrons N

Solution:

a)
mass number, A = 57, atomic number, Z = 26,
number of neutrons, N = 57 - 26 = 31.
The name of this isotope is iron-57.

b)
mass number, A = 96, atomic number, Z = 40,
number of neutrons, N = 96 - 40 = 56.
The name of this isotope is zirconium-96.

c)
mass number, A = 1, atomic number, Z = 1,
number of neutrons, N = 1 - 1 = 0.
The name of this isotope is hydrogen-1.

Problem # 4: A sample of naturally occurring silicon consists Si-28 (amu = 27.9769), Si-
29 (amu = 28.9765) and Si-30 (amu = 29.9738). If the atomic mass of silicon is 28.0855
and the natural abundance of Si-29 is 4.67%, what are the natural abundances of Si-28
and Si-30?

Given:

Si-28 (amu = 27.9769)

Si-29 (amu = 28.9765)
Si-30 (amu = 29.9738)
Mass Silicon = 28.0855
Natural Abundance of Si-29 = 4.67%

Required:

Natural Abundances of Si-28 and Si-30

Solution:

Let x = isotopic abundance of Si-28 (as a decimal)

Let y = isotopic abundance of Si-30 (as a decimal)

1st Equation: (27.9769) (x) + (28.9765) (0.0467) + (29.9738) (y) = 28.085

 2nd Equation: y = 1.000 - 0.0467 - x

Substitute equation 2 to equation 1:

> (27.9769) (x) + (28.9765) (0.0467) + (29.9738) (1.00 - 0.0467 - x) = 28.085

> 27.9769x + 1.3532 + 29.9738 – 1.400 – 29.9738x = 28.085
> - 1.9969x + 29.927 = 28.085
> -1.9969 x = 28.085 – 29.927
−1.9969 𝑥 28.085−29.927
> =
−1.9969 −1.9969

x = 0.9224 or 92.24% of Si-28

Substitute X to equation 2:
y = 1.000 - 0.0467 – x
y = 1.000 - 0.0467 – 0.9224
y = 0.0309 or 3.09% of Si-30

Problem # 5: Naturally occurring silicon consists of 3 isotopes, Si-28, Si-29 and Si-30,
whose atomic masses are 27.9769, 28.9765 and 29.9738 respectively. The most
abundant isotope is Si-28 which accounts for 92.23% of naturally occurring silicon.
Given that the observed atomic mass of silicon is 28.0855 calculate the percentages of
Si-29 and Si-30 in nature.
Given:
Si-28 = 27.9769
Si-29 = 28.9765
Si-30 = 29.9738
Si-28 Abundance = 92.23%
Mass of silicon = 28.0855
Required:
Percentages of Si-29 and SI-30
Solution:
Let x = isotopic abundance of Si-29 (as a decimal)
Let y = isotopic abundance of Si-30 (as a decimal)
1st Equation: (27.9769) (0.9223) + (28.9765) (x) + (29.9738) (y) = 28.0855
2nd Equation: y = 1.000 - 0.9223 - x = 0.0777 – x
 Substitute equation 2 to equation 1:
> (27.9769) (0.9223) + (28.9765) (x) + (29.9738) (0.0777 - x) = 28.0855
> 25.8031 + 28.9765x + 2.3290 – 29.9738x = 28.0855
> 28.1321 – 0.9973x = 28.0855
> -0.9973x = 28.0855 – 28.1321
−0.9973x 28.0855 – 28.1321
> =
−0.9973 −0.9973

X = 0.0467 or 4.67% of Si-29

Substitute X to equation 2:
➢ Y = 0.0777 – x
➢ Y = 0.0777 – 0.0467
Y = 0.031 or 3.1% of Si-30

C. Oxidation Number
Problem # 1: Assign oxidation states to each atom in H2O which oxygen atoms typically
have an oxidation state of -2 and hydrogen atoms have an oxidation state of +1.
Given:
Oxygen Atoms = oxidation state of -2
Hydrogen Atoms = oxidation state of +1
Required:
Oxidation state to each atom
Solution:
1st equation: (2 x +1) (2 H) + -2 (O) = 0
> (2)(+1)(2H) + -2(O) = 0
> +4H -2(O) = 0
> 4H = 2(O)
2nd equation: O = 2H
Substitute 2nd equation to 1st equation:
> (2 x +1) (2 H) + -2 (2H) = 0
> (4H)-(4H) = 0 , by its rule: it should be equal to zero
*The answer is true because The hydrogen atoms have an oxidation state of +1 and the
oxygen atom has an oxidation state of -2.
Problem # 2: Assign oxidation states to each atom in CaF2.Calcium is a Group 2 metal.
Group IIA metals have an oxidation of +2. Fluorine is a halogen or Group VIIA element
and has a higher electronegativity than calcium.
Given:
Group IIA metals = oxidation +2

Required:
Oxidation State of each atom in CaF2
Solution:
1st equation: +2 (Ca) + (2 x -1) (2 F) = 0
> 2Ca -4F = 0
2nd equation: Ca = 2F
Substitute 2nd equation to 1st equation:
> +2 (2F) + (2 x -1) (2 F) = 0
> 4F – 4F = 0 by its rule: it should be equal to zero
*The answer is true because the calcium atom has an oxidation state of +2 and the
fluorine atoms have an oxidation state of -1.
Problem # 3: What is the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in the sulfate ion - SO42-.
Oxygen is more electronegative than sulfur, so the oxidation state of oxygen is -2.
SO42- is an ion.
Given:
SO42
Oxygen = -2
Required:
Oxidation State of Sulfur Atom
Solution:
S + (4) (O) = -2
S + (4) (-2) = -2
S + -8 = -2
S = +6
* The sulfur atom has an oxidation state of +6.
Problem # 4: What is the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in the sulfite ion - SO32-?
Given:
Oxygen = -2
Required:
Oxidation State of Sulfur Atom
Solution:
S + (3 x -2) = -2
S + -6 = -2
S = +4
Problem # 5: Find the oxidation state of a carbon atom in C2H6.
Given:
C2
H6
Required:
Oxidation State
Solution:
2xC+6xH=0
2 x C + 6 x +1 = 0
2 x C = -6
C = -3
*Carbon has a -3 oxidation state in C2H6.
 D. Chemical Formula Writing

Problem # 1: Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of each of the following
substances: Caffeine, a stimulant found in coffee, contains 49.5% C, 5.15% H, 28.9%
N, and 16.5% O by mass and has a molar mass of 195 g/mol.
Given:
C= 0.495, H=0.0515, N=0.289, O=0.165 Mx=195g/mol
Required:
Empirical and Molecular formulas
Solution:
(a) Empirical (assume mass of compound = 100g)
𝑚𝑐 49.5𝑔
𝑛𝐶 = = = 4.121 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑐 12.011𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝐻 5.15𝑔
𝑛𝐻 = = = 5.109 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀ℎ 1.008𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑁 28.9𝑔
𝑛𝑁 = = = 2.063 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑛 14.007𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑂 16.5𝑔
𝑛𝑂 = = = 1.031 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜 16𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Divide number of moles by the smallest one
4.121 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 = =4
1.031 𝑚𝑜𝑙
5.109 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 = =5
1.031 𝑚𝑜𝑙
2.063 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 = =2
1.031 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1.031 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 = =1
1.031 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐶4 𝐻5 𝑁2 𝑂
(b) Molecular
Calculate formula mass
𝑀𝐶4𝐻5 𝑁2 𝑂 = 𝑀𝑐(4) + 𝑀ℎ(5) + 𝑀𝑛(2) + 𝑀𝑜
 = (12.011)(4) + (1.008)(5) + (14.007)(2) + 16
= 97.1𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Divide molar mass by empirical formula mass
𝑀𝑥 195 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 97.1 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 2
𝑀𝐶4 𝐻5 𝑁2 𝑂

Multiply subscripts in empirical formula by 2.

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐶8 𝐻10 𝑁4 𝑂2
.

Problem # 2: What is the formula of sodium bicarbonate?

Given: Bicarbonate formula – HCO3
Required: Sodium Bicarbonate Formula
Solution: Bicarbonate has the formula HCO3.
Sodium Bicarbonate = NaHCO3

Problem # 3: What is the empirical formula of caffeine (C8H10N4O2)

Given: Molecular (true) Formula = C8H10N4O2
Required: Empirical Formula
Solution: We can then reduce the Molecular Formula to the Empirical (simple)
Formula by dividing each of the subscripts by the greatest common factor. In this case
we divide by 2.
C4H5N2O

Problem # 4: What is the chemical formula for Acetic Acid?

Solution: C2H4O2
Problem # 5: Write the molecular and empirical formulas of this compound.

Answer:
molecular: C2H4
empirical: CH2

Problem # 6: Write the formula of Iron(II) Phosphate.

Solution:
FePO4
Fe(?)PO4(?)
*balance the charges of the ions*
2(-3) + 3(+2) = 0 zero total charge
Fe(3)PO4(2)
= Fe3(PO4)2

Problem # 7: Write the molecular and empirical formulas of this compound.

Answer:
molecular: C2H2
empirical: CH
Problem # 8: Write the formula for barium sulfide
Solution:
Ba S
Ba(?)S(?)
*balance the charges of the ions*
(-2) + (+2) = 0 zero total charge.
Ba(1)S(1)
= BaS

Problem # 9: Write the molecular and empirical formulas of this compound.

Answer:
molecular: H2SO4
empirical: H2SO4

Problem # 10: Write the formula for magnesium nitrate.

Solution:
Mg NO3
Mg(?)NO3(?)
*balance the charges of the ions*
2(-1) + (+2) = 0 zero total charge.
Mg(1)NO3(2)
= Mg(NO3)2
 E. Percent by Weight

Problem # 1: A saline solution with a mass of 355 g has 36.5 g of NaCl dissolved in it.
What is the mass/mass percent concentration of the solution?
Solution: We can substitute the quantities given in the equation for mass/mass percent:
%m/m=36.5g355g×100%=10.3%

Problem # 2: Which substance has a greater percent by mass of hydrogen: C4H8 or

C8H18?
Solution:
The percent of hydrogen can be calculated for each compound and C8H18 is found to
have a higher percentage of hydrogen by mass.
𝑛 𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % 𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝐶4 𝐻8 = 𝑥 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶4 𝐻8
8 𝑥 1.008 𝑔
= 𝑥 100
56.8 𝑔
= 14.37 %
𝑛 𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % 𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝐶8 𝐻18 = 𝑥 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶8 𝐻18
18 𝑥 1.008 𝑔
= 𝑥 100
114.22 𝑔
= 15.88 %
Problem # 3: Find the mass percentage of 6 g sodium hydroxide dissolved in 50 g of
water. (Note: since the density of water is nearly 1, this type of question often gives the
volume of water in milliliters.)
Solution:
First find the total mass of the solution:
total mass = 6 g sodium hydroxide + 50 g water total mass = 56 g
Now, you can find the mass percentage of the sodium hydroxide using the formula:
mass percent = (grams of solute / grams of solution) x 100
mass percent = (6 g NaOH / 56 g solution) x 100 mass percent = (0.1074) x 100
answer = 10.74% NaOH
 F. Molarity

Problem # 1: An aqueous solution is prepared by diluting 3.30 mL acetone (d = 0.789

g/mL) with water to a final volume of 75.0 mL. The density of the solution is 0.993 g/mL.
What is the molarity of acetone in this solution?
Solution:
1) Preliminary calculations:
mass of acetone: (3.30 mL) (0.789 g/mL) = 2.6037 g
moles of acetone: 2.6037 g / 58.0794 g/mol = 0.04483 mol <--- need to look up
formula of acetone
mass of solution: (75.0 mL) (0.993 g/mL) = 74.475 g
mass of water in the solution: 74.475 g - 2.6037 g = 71.8713 g
moles of water: 71.8713 g / 18.015 g/mol = 3.9896 mol
2) Molarity: 0.04483 mol / 0.0750 L = 0.598 M

Problem # 2: Sea water contains roughly 28.0 g of NaCl per liter. What is the molarity
of sodium chloride in sea water?
Solution:
MV = grams / molar mass
(x) (1.00 L) = 28.0 g / 58.443 g mol¯1
x = 0.4790993 M to three significant figures, 0.479 M

Problem # 3: A solution is prepared by bubbling 1.56 grams of hydrochloric acid in water.

Here, the volume of the solution is 26.8 mL. Calculate the molarity of the solution.
Solution:
The chemical formula of hydrochloric acid = HCl
The chemical formula for Water = H2O
The molecular weight of HCl = 35.5 ×1 + 1×1 = 36.5 moles/gram
The molecular weight of H2O = 1 ×2 + 16 ×1 = 18 moles/gram
Given, mass of hydrochloric acid in the solution = 1.56 g
 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 1.56
The number of moles of hydrochloric acid = 𝑛𝑇 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = =
36.5
4.27 𝑥 10−2 𝐿
Now, given volume of the solution = 26.8 mL
Expressing the volume in terms of litres,
26.8
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = = 2.68 𝑥 10−2 𝐿
1000
Now, we calculate the molarity of the solution using the formula given above.
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 4.27 𝑥 10−2
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = 1.59 𝑀
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 2.68 𝑥 10−2

G. Molality

Problem # 1: A sulfuric acid solution containing 571.4 g of H2SO4 per liter of solution
has a density of 1.329 g/cm3. Calculate the molality of H2SO4 in this solution
Solution:
1 L of solution = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3
1.329 g/cm3 x 1000 cm3 = 1329 g (the mass of the entire solution)
1329 g - 571.4 g = 757.6 g = 0.7576 kg (the mass of water in the solution)
571.4 g / 98.0768 g/mol = 5.826 mol of H2SO4
5.826 mol / 0.7576 kg = 7.690 m

Problem # 2: Calculate the molality (m) of a 7.55 kg sample of a solution of the solute
CH2Cl2 (molar mass = 84.93 g/mol) dissolved in the solvent acetone (CH3COH3C) if the
sample contains 929 g of methylene chloride
Solution:
mass solvent ---> 7550 g - 929 g = 6621 g = 6.621 kg
moles solute ---> 929 g/ 84.93 g/mol = 10.9384 mol
molality = 10.9384 mol / 6.621 kg = 1.65 m
Problem # 3: What is the molality of a 3.75 M H2SO4 solution with a density of 1.230
g/mL?
Solution:
1) Determine mass of 1.00 L of solution:
1000 mL x 1.230 g/mL = 1230 g
2) Determine mass of 3.75 mol of H2SO4:
3.75 mol x 98.0768 g/mol = 367.788 g
3) Determine mass of solvent:
1230 - 367.788 = 862.212 g
4) Determine molality:
3.75 mol / 0.862212 kg = 4.35 m (to three sig figs)

H. Normality

Problem # 1: How is a 1N solution of NaOH prepared?

Given:

• N=1
• m = unknown
• V = 1 liter
• Eq = 40.00g/eq

Solution:

Normality (N) = m /V × 1 / Eq

1 N = m /1L*× 1* / 40.00 g/eq

m = 1 eq/L × 1 L × 40.00 g/eq ; therefore m = 40 g

Problem # 2: If 31.87 mL of base is required in the standardization of 0.4258 g of KHP

(eq wt = 204.23), what is the normality of the base?
0.4258 g KHP x (1 eq/204.23g) x (1 eq base/1eq acid) = 2.085 x 10-3 eq base/0.03187
L = 0.6542 N
Problem # 3: What is the normality of an acid if 21.18 mL were needed to titrate 0.1369
g Na2CO3?

0.1369 g Na2CO3 x (1 mol/105.99 g) x (2 eq/1 mol) x (1 eq acid/1 eq base) = 2.583 x

10-3 eq acid/0.02118 L = 0.1212 N

I. Equivalent Weight

Problem # 1: Find the GEW of CaCO32H2O

Solution: Determine the GMW of the compound.
NOTE: Water, being a relatively neutral substance, is not considered when
determining the TPIV of a hydrate. However, its weight must be considered when
determining the GMW.
CaCO3 • 2H2O
Ca 40.1 X 1 = 40.1
C 12.0 X 1 = 12.0
O 16.0 X 3 = 48.0
H 1.0 X 4 = 4.0
O 16.0 X 2 = + 32.0
136.1 g/mol

Multiply the GMW, expressed in grams per mole, times the 1/TPIV, expressed in
moles per equivalent, used as an appropriate factor.
136.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
× = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟎𝟓 𝒈/𝑬𝒒
𝑚𝑜𝑙 2𝐸𝑞
Problem # 2: What is the equivalent weight of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
Solution:
Equivalent Weight = Molar weight of the Compound ÷ Charge on the Compound.
Molar weight of Sodium Carbonate [CaCO3] = Atomic weight of Calcium + Atomic
Weight of Carbon + Atomic Weight of Oxygen
= 40 + 12 + 16 × 3
40 + 12 + 48 = 100 g/mol
Charge on CaCO3 = Ca^2+ +CO32^-
Charge on CaCO3 = 2
So, Gram Equivalent Weight of CaCO3 = 100 ÷ 2 = 50.

Problem # 3: What is the equivalent weight of oxalic acid?

Solution:
The Formula of oxalic acid is H2C2O4

Therefore, the equivalent weight of the acid is

molecular weight (126 g/mol) divided by n-factor (which is the valency=2)

Therefore,
126/2 = 63.

J. pH Levels
Problem # 1: What percent of formic acid (HCOOH) is dissociated in a 0.1 M solution of
formic acid? The Ka of formic acid is 1.77 x 10-4.
Solution:
Species [ ]o △[ ] [Equilib]
HCOOH 0.1 M -x 0.1-x
H+ ≈0 +x x
HCOO- ≈0 +x x

Ka = [H+] [HCOO-] / [HCOOH] = x2 / 0.1 – x ≈ x2 / 0.1 = 1.77 x 10-4

x = [H+] = 0.0042 M
ph = - log [H+] = 2.4
% Dissociation = (x / 0.1) 100 %
% Dissociation = 4.2

Problem # 2: What is the pH of a solution if [H+] = 5.31 x 10-9?

Solution: pH = -log[H+] = -log (5.31 x 10-9) = 8.27
Problem # 3: What is the pH of a 0.0235 M HCl solution?
Solution: pH = -log[H+] = -log(0.0235) = 1.629

Problem # 4: What is the pH of a 6.2 x 10-5 M NaOH solution?

Solution:
pOH = -log[OH] = -log (6.2 x 10-5) = 4.21
pH = 14.00 – pOH = 14.00 – 4.21 = 9.79

Problem # 5: What is the pH of a 6.50 x 10-3 M KOH solution?

Solution:
pOH = -log[OH] = -log (6.50 x 10-3) = 2.187
pH = 14.00 – pOH = 14.00 – 2.187 = 11.813

K. Dilution – Neutralization
Problem # 1: What volume of 0.075 M HCl is required to neutralize 100 milliliters of
0.01 M Ca(OH)2 solution?
Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the number of moles of OH-.
Molarity = moles/volume
moles = Molarity x Volume
moles OH- = 0.02 M/100 milliliters
moles OH- = 0.02 M/0.1 liters
moles OH- = 0.002 moles
Step 2: Calculate the Volume of HCl needed
Molarity = moles/volume
Volume = moles/Molarity
Volume = moles H+/0.075 Molarity
moles H+ = moles OH-
 Volume = 0.002 moles/0.075 Molarity
Volume = 0.0267 Liters
Volume = 26.7 milliliters of HCl
Problem # 2: What is the concentration of sodium hydroxide if it takes 43.21 mL of
sodium hydroxide to neutralize 25.00 mL of 0.273 M hydrochloric acid?
Solution:
Using the balanced chemical equation
HCl+NaOH→H2O+NaCl
The reaction uses one mole of sodium hydroxide for every one mole of hydrochloric
acid.
The equation for equilibrium of a neutralization reaction is
nbMaVa=naMbVb
na = moles of acid
nb = moles of base
Ma = Molarity of Acid
Va = Volume of Acid
Mb = Molarity of Base
Vb = Volume of Base
na = 1 mole
nb = 1 mole
Ma = 0.273 M
Va = 25.00 mL
Mb = ???
Vb = 43.21 mL
1mol(0.273M)(25.00mL)=1mol(xM)(43.21mL)
6.825MmL43.21mL=xM
0.158M=x
Problem # 3: Glacial acetic acid, pure HC2H3O2 (FW = 60.0), has a concentration of
17.54 M. If 85.5 mL of glacial acetic acid are diluted to 250 mL, what is the acetic acid
concentration?
Solution:
This is a dilution problem: use M1V1 = M2V2
(17.54 M)(85.5 mL) = M2 (250mL)
M2 = 6.00 M