Name: Aas Handayani

Class: PBI 1.2

NIM: 20400118021

MORPHOLOGY

1. What are the functional morphemes in the following sentence ?

“ when he arrived in the morning, the old man had an umbrella and a large plastic bag full of
books .”

When = conjunction

He = Pronoun

In = Preposition

The = Article

An = Article

And = Conjunction

A = Article

Of = Preposition

2. (a) list the bound morphemes in these words : fearlessly, misleads, previewer, shortened, unhappier

 Fearlessly
Less: suffix
Ly: suffix
 Misleads
Mis: prefix
S: suffix
 Previewer
Pre: prefix
Er: suffix
 Shortened
En: suffix
Ed: suffix
  Unhappier
Un: prefix
Er: suffix
(b) which of these words has a bound stem : construct, deceive, introduce, repeat?
 Construct: Is not word that has a bound stem
 Deceive: De- Ceive is Bound stem
 Introduce: Intro-Duce is Bound stem
 Repeat: Re-Peat is Bound stem

( c ) which of these words contains an allomorph of the morpheme “past tense” : are, have, must,
sitting, waits?
 Are + past tense : produces past form “were“ as irregular verb
 Have + past tense: produces past form “had” as irregular verb
 Must: does not contain an allomorph of the morpheme “past tense” because it does not
have past tense
 Sitting + past tense: produces past form “sat“ as irregular verb.
 Waits + past tense: produces past form “waited“ as regular verb.

3. what are the inflectional morphemes in these expressions ?

(a ) have you eaten yet ?

“en”, as past participle

(b ) do you know how long I’ve been waiting ?

“ing”, as present participle

(c ) she’s younger than me and always dresses in the latest style.

“ (‘s)”, as abbreviation

“er”, as comparative

“es”, as simple present tense

“est”, as superlative

(d ) we looked through my grandmother’s old photo albums.

“ed”, as past tense

 “(‘s)” , as possessive adjective

“s”, as plural

4. What are the Allomorphs of the morpheme “ plural “ in this set of English words : criteria, dogs,
oxen, deer, judges, stimuli?

All of them are the allomorphs of the morpheme “plural” because :

 Criteria : criterion + plural produces the irregular plural form “criteria” that ends in
“A”
 Dogs : dog + plural produces the regular form “dogs” that adds “-s”
 Oxen : ox + plural produces the irregular form “oxen” that adds “-en”
 Deer : deer + Ø to be zero-morph and produces the irregular form “deer”
 Judges : judge + plural produces the regular form “judges” that adds “-s”
 Stimuli : stimulus + plural produces the irregular form “stimuli” that changes from
stimulus becomes stimuli.

5. What is reduplication ?

Reduplication is the process repetition of word that has a same root word, sometimes change the
first or last letter from the word.

Ex: - Tip-Top

- Chit-Chat
- Teeny-Weeny
6. Provide equivalent forms, in the language listed, for the English translations shown on the right
below .

Ganda omulongo (“twin”) - (“twins”) → Abalongjo

Ilocano tawtawa (“windows”) - (“ window”) → Táwa

Kanuri nemkeji (“sweetness” ) - ( “ sweet “) → Kəĵi

Tagalog bili (“buy”) - (“will buy”) → Bibili

Tagalog kain (“ eat “) - (“Eat!”) → Kumain

7. What is “suppletion”? was there an example of an English suppletive form described in this chapter ?
 Suppletion is complement. But suppletion also can be defined as a word that has same meaning
but different form.
Ex: Nose = Nassal.

Note: I didn`t find suppletion`s example in this chapter. So, I just mentioned word from my
opinion.

8. The selection of appropriate allomorphs is based on three different effects :

lexical conditioning, morphological conditioning or phonological conditioning. What type of

conditioning do you think is involved in the relationship between the words in each of the following
pairs ?

 Stitch - stitches → phonological conditioning ( s/es that plural form )

 Exclaim – exclamation → morphological conditioning ( -ion is as suffix that sound
change
 Child – children → lexical conditioning (-en is as plural form )
 Conclude – conclusion → morphological conditioning (-ion is as suffix that sound change)
 Cliff – cliffs → phonological conditioning ( s/es that plural form )
 Tooth – teeth → lexical conditioning ( vowel change and as plural form )

9. What are enclitics and proclitics ? does English have both ? what are some typical English examples?
Why aren’t they just called affixes?

Enclitics common we use in English is

Ex: Will + Not = wont.

Proclitics is include as abbreviation word but it’s uncommon we use in English.

Ex: I love you = I y’love.

Enclitics and Proclitics aren’t called as affixes because they are abbreviation word and using the
abbreviation word as connector of words.