Study on usage of RAP (Recycled Asphalt pavement)

by

Beerappa R Naik (14ETCE001007)

U.G. Student, Civil Engineering Department,

Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India.

Under the guidance of

Mr. Nikhil T R

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil engineering,

Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India.

ABSTRACT
Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is the term given to removed or reprocessed pavement materials
containing asphalt and aggregates. RAP (Recycled asphalt pavement) produced from the
reconstruction of asphalt road pavements is one of the alternative material proposed. RAP can be
used as an alternative material for both fine and coarse aggregate; it is conventionally used as coarse
aggregate in asphalt pavement. These materials are generated when asphalt pavements are removed
for reconstruction, resurfacing or to obtain access to buried utilities. When properly crushed and
screened, RAP consists of high-quality, well-graded aggregates coated by asphalt. Asphalt pavement
is generally removed either by milling or full-depth removal.

Contents

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
Literature review……………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
Case Study………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5
Scenario in India……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
Recycling methods.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………7
Advantages……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
Limitations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...8
Scope for future cities……………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
Need for future cities……………………………………………………………………………………………………...8
Usage of RAP…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...9
Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9
References……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10

1
 INTRODUCTION
The bituminous pavement rehabilitation
alternatives are mainly overlaying, recycling and
reconstruction. In the recycling process the
material from deteriorated pavement, known as
recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), is partially or
fully reused in fresh construction.
Some of the advantages associated with
pavement recycling are
(i) Less user delay
(ii) Conservation of energy
(iii) Preservation of environment
(iv) Reduced cost of construction
(v) Conservation of aggregate and binder
(vi) Preservation of existing pavement
geometrics etc.
It is also reported that recycled mix has higher
resistance to shearing and scuffing, which in
turn increase the rutting resistance. Chances of
reflective cracking are found to be less with
recycled mix.
In the recycling process the material from
deteriorated pavement, is also known as
recycled asphalt pavement (RAP).It is partially or
fully reused in fresh construction. The
properties tested prior to its usage include the
physical properties of the RAP aggregate, the
compressive and flexural strengths. These
properties were compared with those of similar
concretes made with natural gravel aggregate.
Recycling of asphalt pavements is
one of the most effective and proved and also
approved recycling processes. It has been
organized and being used successfully for
rehabilitation processes in many countries
across the globe. The reuse of removed asphalt
pavement in India has not given more
importance in 20thcentury, because of the poor
economic conditions and lack of updated, new
technologies. The cost of new asphalt mix was
less compared to recycled one in India during
20th century , also the non-availability of
machinery was a constrain for not adopting this
technique. In India, at end of 20th century and
beginning of 21st century people started
research on the recycling of asphalt pavement.
Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP)
is mainly used in three ways, first one is using
RAP as an aggregate in asphalt hot mix with
original aggregate, and second one is extracting
the bitumen from the RAP, then using extracted
bitumen and coarse aggregates separately in an
asphalt mix and third newly adopted is using RAP
as aggregate in concrete.
The usage of RAP became very popular during
1970s due to increasing cost of crude oil because
of Arab oil embargo. From last few years, RAP is
being used as an aggregate in concrete,
developed countries like USA are doing research
from 15-20 years on this and they have started
using RAP from last 6-8 years. America is doing
lots of research on RAP, because they are getting
tones of RAP waste from their renovated roads
every year. The first two methods are adopted in
India and the third method is not implemented
practically but, it is under research from last few
years to determine suitability of using RAP as an
aggregate in concrete.
In the process of rehabilitation of roads, huge
quantity of RAP will be produced along with
some amount of dust entrapped within, which
causes certain percentage of environmental
deterioration. This leads to ecological imbalance
of nature. Instead of dumping RAP in to open
land, the material should be reused. So RAP
material can be used as a substitute of fine
aggregates and coarse aggregate after proper
milling processes in concrete in order make
project more economical, minimize natural
resources consumption and to reduce negative
impacts on an environment.
Milling:- It is the process of removing at least
part of the surface of a paved area such as
a road, bridge,or parking lot. Milling
removes anywhere from just enough
thickness to level and smooth the surface to
a full depth removal. There are a number of
2
different reasons for milling a paved area
simply repaving over the existing surface.
Recycling of the road surface is one of the
main reasons for milling a road surface.
Milling is widely used for pavement recycling
today, where the pavement is removed and
ground up to be used as the aggregate in
new pavement. For asphalt surfaces the
product of milling is RAP, which can be
recycled in the asphalt hot mix asphalt
(pavement) by combining with new
aggregate and asphalt cement (binder) or a
recycling agent. This reduces the impact that
resurfacing has on the environment. It may
be noted that one of the most significant
benefits of recycling of urban asphalt
pavements is that road levels can be
maintained without raising them each time a
maintenance or rehabilitation layer is placed
on the existing pavement. It is also to be
noted that most often when these streets are
rehabilitated the existing condition of the
surface requires removal. While removal of
the asphalt surface using different
excavators is a common practice, cold milling
is being routinely done across the country in
a large number of road projects using milling
machines of different sizes. Another major
concern is where all the removed asphalt
material will be placed if not recycled. Milling
of pavements is now so routine that its
benefits are often overlooked, and forgotten
is the fact that it was one of the key
developments that led to the use of RAP.
Through decades of overlays in cities and
towns, engineers had to deal with covering
curbs and gutters, loss of clearances below
bridges, dangerous drop‐offs at drainage
inlets, and building awkward cross sections.
For more rural roadways, overlays resulted in
a higher road way grade that had to be
matched on the shoulders with additional
borrow material. Milling helped maintain
desirable roadway cross sections and also
instead of
provided a means to efficiently remove
asphalt layers that were damaged due to
rutting, shoving, raveling, cracking, etc.
Today, in most urban areas, so much RAP has
accumulated that it seems there are no more
good options for storing it.
LITERATURE REVIEW
has used recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) as
a base on many projects in reconstruction
strategy. CDOT specifications allow RAP to be
alternative for aggregate base course (ABC).
RAP may be produced during cold milling of
existing hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement. A
Colorado procedure and a project special
condition to determine the macro-texture of
cold planned HMA pavement were
implemented in the 2007 paving season to
ensure satisfactory surface textures for the
placement of HMA overlays. RAP produced
during cold milling of HMA pavement
appears to be constantly well-graded as a
result of the new procedure. Stiffness
strength and permeability are two areas of
concern regarding the use of Recycled
Asphalt Pavement material one more
objective of the study is to compare the
stiffness strength and permeability of milled
RAP and fresh aggregate base course
material. Alternative research objective is to
establish reasonable fault design input values
to be used by pavement designers when
using RAP as a alternate for fresh aggregate
base course or sub-base material.
Economic and environmental considerations
have prompted the recycling of steel,
aluminium, plastic, and many materials. One
of these recyclable materials is hot mix
asphalt .This paper presents research
findings from the Investigation of Recycled
Asphalt Pavement mixtures project.
3
 The samples contained from 0 to 40 percent
RAP from a road of Tehran. RAP material was
blended with fresh aggregate such that all
samples tested had approximately the same
grading. Samples were examined for resilient
modulus. The resilient modulus test provides
a measure of the elastic properties of the
mixture.
 Studied on the production of high-RAP mixes
(i.e., mixes with more than 20% for surface
and intermediate) to evaluate the stiffness
characteristics of asphalt-concrete mixtures
containing various RAP amounts to achieve a
better understanding of how high RAP affects
the mixture performance properties that are
important for more hard-wearing and cost-
effective asphalt. The use of higher RAP
percentages with locally available binders
was adopted as an approach to decrease the
demand on specialty more expensive fresh
binder and fresh aggregates in Virginia.
Recent researches have established that RAP
replacement at proportions above 50% is
feasible to produce new HMA mixtures
obtaining acceptable results in the
mechanical properties.
- Presently, working as an engineer of road
department in local self-government of Surat
city author was facing the same in old city
area where many roads are having higher
elevated level as compared to corresponding
properties and have become a serious
problem. To overcome the above said
problem, milling process was procured in
Municipal Corporation and many roads were
milled in different depths as per the
requirement and viability and after milling
the roads were resurfaced with sufficient
wearing coats.
 This study included a survey of practicing
local engineers, field performance inspection
of new bituminous and bituminous overlay
construction, and laboratory testing. The
most common binder performance grades
were recognized along with the most
common percentage of recycled asphalt in
bituminous mixtures. Engineers regarded
rutting, cracking, and construction as the
most important issues when using recycled
asphalt pavement. About one-third of
Minnesota agencies eliminate RAP from wear
course mixture. Analysis of dynamic modulus
inclination from field cores showed that full-
depth sample were more useful for relating
field and laboratory performance than were
the wear or non-wear course sample.
Analysis showed stronger relationships
existed to low temperature act on grade and
to the percentage of fresh asphalt binder in
the mixture than to the percentage of RAP in
the mixture. Field performance associated
well to mixture master curves in the middle
part of the test frequency range.
Recommendations take in using low-
temperature grades of PG-34 take in RAP in
the wear course, and using material control
to achieve good performance. Other
consideration are specifying the source
material source, screening and separating by
particle size (fractionated RAP), or specifying
RAP asphalt content.
have concluded that Replacement of 25%
RAP gives maximum compressive strength
comparatively less than other replacement
percentages (About 85% of NC
Strength).Increase in RAP content decreases
the compressive strength, and with the use
of 25% RAP 28 days compressive strength of
32.26Mpa was obtained which was more
than mean compressive strength (30Mpa).
Hence using 25% RAP can be used in normal
concrete.
says that Performance of concrete increases
up to certain limited percentage of RAP .
4
Performance of Recycled Asphalt Pavement
as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete concluded
that RAP has the low specific gravity and
lower water absorption.Two mix proportions
of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 by weight of cement, sand
and RAP aggregate were made with
water/cement ratios of 0.50, 0.60 and 0.70.
In addition, control mixes were made with
natural aggregate having identical proportion
by weight of cement, sand, coarse aggregate
and water/cement ratio as their respective
mixes containing RAP.
3, Performance of reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) has a replacement of fine
aggregate in concrete has concluded that
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) was used
to replace fine aggregate in concrete at 0, 20,
40, 60, 80 and 100%. Workability, density
and compressive strength were carried out
on the specimens in line with specific
standards. Based on the results obtained,
RAP content of up to 40% was observed to
be viable for both density reduction and
compressive strength behaviour.
Concrete Containing RAP for Use in Concrete
Pavement of 50% ,60% and 70% of RAP
replacement concludes that the average
reduction in compressive strength was 18%,
38%, and 58% for the 3 mixes respectively.
The average reduction in flexural strength
was 10%, 20%, and 30% for the three mixes
respectively. The average reduction in
splitting tensile strength was 25%, 30%, and
60% for the three Mixes respectively.
, Feasibility of Reclaimed asphalt pavement
as aggregate in Portland Cement Concrete
concludes that RAP concrete is good for
making low strength concrete which can be
used for instant and temporary construction
works.
CASE STUDY
TUMKUR TO CHITRADURGA-NH4
An attempt has been made to combine 10%,
20%, 30% and 40% of RAP material obtained
by scarifying existing distressed asphalt
pavement surface of pre mixed carpet type
with virgin aggregate and soft grade bitumen
without using any rejuvenator.
In this investigation RAP to new aggregate
ratio, Experimental Investigations on the
Performance of Bituminous Mixes with a
Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Materials
has been adopted as 10:90, 20:80, 30:70 and
40:60. The mixing is done in the laboratory
manually in a heating bowl heated to a
temperature in the range of 140 to 1600C.
Various laboratory tests were carried out on
RAP mix and the results were compared with
virgin mix. The aged bitumen has shown the
available paving material at different
percentages of the virgin binder. There has
been consistent increase in the physical
properties (Penetration, Ductility, softening
point etc) of the old bitumen when
rejuvenated The proportioning of the
aggregates with recycled aggregates at all
specified percentages of 10,20,30 and 40
have given correct blending of the
aggregates meeting the specification
requirements .Based on the laboratory
studies it can be concluded that more than
10% and less than 40% RAP can be suitable
adopted in making the new roads with the
RAP Using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
makes the project more economical .
FLORIDA DOT’S RECYCLING PROGRAM
5
 FDOT’s recycling program started with a
few experimental projects in the late
1970s.The First project was in Palm Beach
County. In 1977 which used 25% RAP in hot-
mix asphalt (HMA) base layer. In 1978, a
second project was located in Bay County
and used 30% RAP. Both of those projects
used a batch plant. In 1979, a project in
Marion County used 65% RAP .In a structural
asphalt layer. An Asphalt emulsion
rejuvenator was used in this mix. The Drum
mix plant was used to produce the mix. Early
Performance of these projects was good,
which encouraged the agency to move
forward with implementation of a RAP
Recycling specification in 1980.The study also
noted that the performance of mixes
containing RAP had been equal or better
than the performance of mixes with all virgin
materials. One Study had found that the in-
service hardening rate of binders recovered
from asphalt mixes with RAP was slightly less
than for standard asphalt binders. On several
projects where the existing pavements had
extensive cracking, the entire asphalt
pavement was removed by milling and
repaved using mixes with RAP. The
performance of these projects was far
superior to conventional overlays which
typically led to reflection cracking in a few
years. Through, the 1980s and 1990s the
average RAP content used in asphalt mixes
steadily declined from about 50% to
25%.During these two decades, FDOT
Implemented a number of specification
changes that led to the decline. The Florida
DOT estimates that their recycling program
saved over $38 million in materials costs in
2010, the latest year for which
comprehensive data is available. In that year,
78.2% of all mixes produced for FDOT
projects contained RAP. Significant energy
benefits for using RAP that are the result of
reduced mining, processing, and
transportation of virgin aggregate and
extracting, refining, and transportation of
asphalt. FDOT estimates that every ton of
asphalt mix containing RAP conserves
200,000 BTUs of energy. With over 4.3
million tons of HMA containing RAP in 2010
for FDOT, the resulting energy savings was
over 8.6 billion BTUs
SCENARIO IN INDIA
Road network in India aggregates to about
4.2 million kilometers. This extensive road
network, the second largest in the world only
after US, caters to about 65 per cent of the
freight traffic and 87 per cent of the
passenger traffic. National Highways (NH)
constitute about 70,934 kilometers which is
only 2 percent of the total network.
However, it caters to nearly 40% of the total
road traffic. State Highways (SH) and Major
District Roads (MDR) together constitute the
secondary system of road transportation
which contributes significantly to the
development of the rural economy and
industrial growth of the country. 
Earlier in India, the market for asphalt
pavement recycling was in nascent
stage. Recycling techniques are at least 40
years old. NHAI through their circulars is only
´encouraging´ recycling .Now, new
specifications are in places, which allow the
use of RAP in the new DBM or asphalt layers.
This is a major value addition for the
contractor. The revised norms have added a
new chapter, on the use of RAP in
construction of new roads. The potential of
recycling of existing asphalt pavement
materials to produce new pavements is
extremely high. There is a shortage of
aggregates in some parts of India, especially
in the North and East, where RAP can be a
substitute.
The major challenge pertaining to Recycled
Asphalt Pavement is to create more
6
 awareness among the consultants and the
approving authorities.
RECYCLING METHODS
Based on the process adopted in recycling
the bituminous mix, it can be broadly
classified as central plant recycling and in-
situ recycling. If the RAP is modified at a
plant, away from construction site then the
process is known as central plant recycling.
In-situ recycling process the RAP modified in
place, where from it is available. Further, the
RAP could be heated to condition it. If heat is
applied then the process is known as hot mix
recycling. In case of cold mix recycling, old
materials are conditioned using recycling
agent (like, low viscosity emulsion) without
application of heat.
Another way of classification could be based
on the depth of the old pavement removed.
If the top layers of pavement fail, then the
upper layers are removed and laid again. This
process is known as surface recycling.
However, if base failure occurs then the
pavement layers up to base layer is removed
and constructed again. This process is known
as full depth reclamation.
ADVANTAGES OF USAGE OF RAP
 Affordable – One major advantage of using
RAP for road construction is that it’s very low
cost. Recycled asphalt requires far fewer raw
resources than virgin asphalt. Considering
the fact that asphalt contains a high volume
of oil and that oil prices are volatile, this can
make a huge difference. Its production also
requires less labour and fewer man hours,
further reducing expenses.
 Environmentally friendly – These days, all of
us are trying to do our part to reduce, reuse
and recycle. Asphalt is not a biodegradable
material, and any waste that is thrown into
landfills will remain there, taking up space
forever. In addition, non-renewable
resources must be used to generate virgin
asphalt. It’s much more environmentally
friendly to choose a material that minimizes
waste by re-purposing old asphalt.
 Excellent Bonding Qualities – Asphalt that
has been recycled still has some bitumen in
it. This means that, unlike other loose-fill
road materials, recycled asphalt aggregate
will bond together when wetted and
compacted, allowing for a semi permanent
roads that remains in place and minimizes
dust and dirt.
 Percolation – The composition of a RAP
roads allows it to hold up well in rain and
snow. It percolates well, preventing pooling
and flooding on the roads.
 Appearance – In addition to being affordable
and durable, roads that are surfaced with
RAP can be extremely attractive. They share
a look that is a cross between a picturesque
gravel surface and an asphalt surface.
LIMITATIONS OF USAGE OF RAP
 Leaching–Using RAP as fill material is the
unknown risk of leaching of pollutants from
the aggregate to the environment.
 Coloration – After use and exposure to the
sun and elements, the aggregate material
that is recycled and used for a RAP roads may
be of a different coloration than of virgin
asphalt.
 Variance in Quality – Depending on where
the asphalt is recycled, there could be some
7
 serious fluctuations in the quality of the
materials.
 Cold Temperature Performance–One
concern with the use of recycled asphalt
paving is that in cold climates the use of
recycled asphalt may contribute to the
cracking of pavements. This is more of a
concern when more than 25 percent recycled
asphalt paving is used in a mix with virgin
asphalt. The stiffness properties of the mix
increase under these conditions.
SCOPE FOR FUTURE STUDIES
Further investigation can be carried out for
more than 40% of the RAP materials with
respect to reducing the Virgin materials and
their Marshall Properties, ITS and Fatigue
test behavior can be evaluated.
NEED FOR THE STUDY IN THE CONTEXT
OF THE FUTURE OF THE CITIES IN INDIA
Reduction in CO2 emissions due to lower
demand of construction materials, Reduction
in the asphalt (bitumen) content, Reduction
in the overall cost, Almost same if not more
of the performance and durability
characteristics of a conventional dense
graded asphalt concrete materials. Cost is an
important factor in terms of recyclability and
reuse of material and can be an incentive to
use such material. The construction industry
will certainly recognize the economic
benefits of using recycled materials, such as
crushed RAP aggregates for base courses of
1. RAP material can be used as filling material
the pavements. The cost-effectiveness of
substituting conventional aggregate with
recycled materials is highly dependent on the
2. RAP material can be used as GSB (Granular
location, the quality and cost of local
aggregates. Recycling versus tipping fees and
distances to landfills are other important
3. RAP material can be used as WMM (Wet Mix
aspects for the feasibility of recycling.
In some urban areas recycling can be more
profitable than in rural areas. In rural areas
recycling can be expensive and impractical
due to high transportation cost and the lack
of nearby materials. On the other hand, if
materials are available, reuse of materials
that otherwise have to be transported can
be very cost effective. Overall, there is a
critical need to understand the use of
recycling of existing damaged asphalt
pavement materials to produce new
pavements with considerable savings in
materials, energy and cost in the Indian
context. In addition, aggregates and binders
from old asphalt pavements are still valuable
even though the damaged pavements have
reached the end of their service lives. In
particular, in the context of Future of Cities,
it may be noted that one of the most
significant benefits of recycling of urban
asphalt pavements is that road levels can be
maintained without raising them each time a
maintenance or rehabilitation layer is placed
on the existing pavement. It is also to be
noted that most often when these streets
are rehabilitated the existing condition of
the surface requires removal. While removal
of the asphalt surface using different
excavators is a common practice, cold
milling is being routinely being done across
the country in a large number of road
projects using milling machines of different
sizes. Another major concern is where all the
removed asphalt material will be placed if
not recycled.
USAGE OF RAP MATERIALS
without doing any analysis and tests in low
lying areas within the city.
Sub Base) after analyzing and adding the
required sieve size material.
Macadam) after analyzing and adding the
required sieve size material.
8
4. RAP material can be used to analyze it and
after carrying out Marshal tests as per the
guideline given in MS-2 of ASPHALT
INSTITUTE and recycle the RAP material up to
certain percentage of mixing with virgin
aggregate and virgin bitumen.
5. RAP material can be used by way of certain
percentage of mixing it with low CBR soil to
improve the CBR of the existing soil and
thereby reducing the crust thickness and cost
both as per IRC 37 method.
CONCLUSIONS
 RAP is a new technology with the help of
which bituminous pavements can be
constructed at a reduced cost as it involves
the usage of old bituminous pavement
materials. Also it ensures optimization of
resources and supports sustainable
development. Optimal percentage of RAP
depends upon the composition of recycled
bituminous material and type of layer in
which it is to be used. Numerous
transportation agencies have been recycling
RAP in unbound base and sub-base layers for
many years, however, there is a lack of
literature on actual field performance
because of concerns related to lower shear
strengths and excessive permanent
deformations resulting from large strains as
RAP content increases, there is a general
trend of using up to 50% RAP content by
weight in virgin aggregate base and sub-base
layers. There is a general lack of uniformity
among the RAP use specifications adopted by
various transportation agencies. RAP for use
in base and sub-base layers can be
characterized by performance-related
parameters and properties including those
needed for pavement design, such as
grading, resilient modulus, shear strength
beneath ,static tri-axial loading and
permanent deformation under repeated tri-
axial loading, and those identifying material
durability, such as frost susceptibility and
abrasion resistance as measured by
performing test. When the nuclear density
gauge is used for wet/dry density
measurements, the compaction acceptance
criteria need to be modified to account for
the RAP content. Current pavement design
procedures do not account for RAP material
properties.
 RAP materials can be effectively used as
aggregate in quality concrete/pavement in
place of virgin aggregate as a green initiative.
 Increase in addition of RAP adversely affects
performance of concrete and its mechanical
properties like compression strength and
workability of concrete.
 Strength values of pavement (compression)
is decreasing with increase in addition of RAP
materials. Since the addition of RAP
materials affects the strength, optimum
percentage of RAP materials to be used
should be found for each project
 RAP materials can be used as aggregate up to
40% replacement in either pavement /
concrete.
 RAP can be used as an aggregate substitute
material, but here it may also provide
additional asphalt cement binder, thereby
reducing the demand for asphalt cement in
new or recycled asphalt mixes containing
RAP.
REFERENCES
1. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE
PERFORMANCE OF BITUMINOUS MIXES
WITH RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT
(RAP) MATERIALS (CASE STUDY TUMKUR TO
CHITRADURGA-NH4) by Sunil S,
K.M.Mallesh, T. Chandrasekaraiah
2. Manjunatha KA,Narasimha murthy
,MR Murali mohan ,MV Antony sebastain
(2015) Feasibility study of RAP as aggregate
in cement concrete.
9
3. Michael J.Bergin, Mang Tia, and Nabil
Hossiney, (2010) ,Concrete Containing RAP
for Use in Concrete Pavement
4. Fidelis O. OKAFOR, 2010, Performance of
Recycled Asphalt Pavement as Coarse
Aggregate in Concrete
5. Sani Mohammed Bida, Muktarnuhu
Danraka, Jiya Mohammed ma Ali, 2013,
Performance of reclaimed asphalt pavement
(RAP) has a replacement of fine aggregate in
concrete
6. Nabil Hossiney, Mang Tia, and Michael J.
Bergin, 2010, Concrete Containing RAP for
Use in Concrete Pavement
7. Michael Berry ,Jerry Stephens ,Bethany
Bermel ,Adam Hagel ,David Schroeder, 2013,
Feasibility of Reclaimed asphalt pavement as
aggregate in Portland Cement Concrete
8. Munagala Sreenivasulu Reddy, Suvarna P ,A
detailed study on reclaimed asphalt
pavement in pavement quality cement
concrete
9. Dharmesh Kumar, Dr. R.K Pandey, A
Reappraisal Paper on Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement
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ONSUCCESSFUL UTILIZATION OF RECLAIMED
ASPHALT PAVEMENT and RECYCLED
ASPHALT SHINGLES IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
11. Jaspreet Singh, A.K Duggal An Experimental
Study on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in
Dense Bituminous Macadam
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AND RECYCLING”, https://www.roadtec.com
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Module-24-KSR.pdf
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10